• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.10-22
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• 2016

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the characteristics of the autonomic innervation of the heart in Precocious Puberty (PP) Girls.Methods: We studied 87 girls visiting Dongshin University Suncheon Oriental Medicine hospital from first Januarty 2013 to 31th December 2015. Among the 87 girls who were selected 14 people under the age of 8. The subjects were categorized in two groups, 2 PP girls and 12 healthy controls. We studied the difference of Heart rate variability (HRV) between two groups by Independent samples T-test using SPSS for windows (version 22.0).Results: The Standard deviation of all normal R-R intervals (SDNN), The spuare root of the sum of the spuare of difference between adjacent normal R-R intervals (RMS-SD) of PP group was non-significantly lower than non-PP group. Total power (TP), Very low frequency power (VLF), High frequency power (HF), Low frequency power (LF) of PP group was non-significantly lower than non-PP group, LF/HF ratio of PP group was significantly higher than non-PP group. Normalized high frequency power (HF norm) of PP group was non-significantly lower than non-PP group. Normalized low frequency power (LF norm) of PP was non-signficantly higher than non-PP group.Conclusion: The results suggest that imbalance of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system from girls of precocious puberty can be seen.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.81-89
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• 2016

Purpose: This study is to analyze influencing factors of smoking intention among nonsmoking middle school students with regard to smoking attitude, knowledge and social influence. Methods: Data were collected from non smoking students of 5 middle schools in D metropolitan city. The 1,892 enrolled subjects provided informed voluntary consent prior to completing a structural questionnaire covering smoking attitudes, knowledge, social influences and general characteristics. The data were analysed using SPSS/Win 21.0 program by -test and logistic regression analysis. Results: Among the nonsmoking students, 85.5% never had an intention to smoke. In relation to general characteristics, smoking intention was significantly associated with sex, school records, socioeconomic status, relationship with parents, smoking experience, and smokers around them. In relation to attitude, knowledge, and social influence, smoking intention was significantly associated with a lower attitude score, a lower knowledge score, and a lower social norm. In the logistic regression analysis, smoking intention was associated with a lower attitude score (2.99 times), a lower social norm (2.65 times), being male (2.35 times), low socioeconomic status (2.22 times). and having smoking experience (2.70 times). Conclusion: It is needed to develop promotional strategies that could provide adjusted systematic smoking prevention education for the preferred smoking group and afford smoking prevention programs considering subject characteristics to help young adolescents avoid access to smoking in their early age.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.1-21
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• 1983

The purposes of this study were to(a) develop theoretical modifications of the extended gate control theory of pain using Fishbein's model and（b) test the efficacy of these modifications. Attitude, social subjective norm, personal subjective norm, habit and state anxiety were operationalized to represent internal stimuli for the cognitive-evaluative and motivational-affective dimensions of the theory. Pain expression was operationalized as sensory and affective responses to pain, and pain endurance. Sixty-two female nurses from 20 to 50 years of age participated. A semantic differential scale measured attitude and motivations to comply; a Likerty-type scale measured personal and social norms and habit. Spielberger's STAI measured state anxiety, Pain was produced using a modified submaximum effort tourniquet technique. Pair expression was measured using ratio scales of sensory intensity and unpleasantness developed by Gracely and his associates. Pain endurance was measured by subtracting time of pain threshold from pain tolerance. The first hypothesis examining whether pain endurance would be more significantly related to the affective response than to the sensory response was net rejected. Four remaining hypotheses, testing the ability of the five variables to predict the sensory and affective responses were not rejected. However, the habit of pain expression and the attitude toward pain expression contributed to the prediction of both sensory and affective responses to pain. The interaction between the cognitive-evaluative and the sensory-discriminative dimensions and the interaction between the cognitive-evaluative and motivational-affective dimensions were partially supported by the data from these two variables. The interaction between the motivational-affective and the sensory-discriminative dimensions was also supported by the relationship of sensory to affective responses. The variables which did not significantly predict pain expression appeared to have potential for prediction. Revision and testing of the tools for better reliability, validity, and clinical usuability are needed. The study contributed to theory building. The identification of variables which pre-dict pain behavior must occur before effective nursing interventions can be developed.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.133-145
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• 2006

Objective : The purpose of this experimental-controlled study was to investigate the characteristics of the autonomic nervous system in students with Keongke by using HRV(Heart rate variability) and PSV(Pupil size variability). Method : The study group was consisted of 11 students with self recognition as the experimental group, and 25 normal students as the control group. Informations on gender and age were obtained by medical charts and personal interviews. By using heart rate variability and pupil size variability, we measured the value of HRT(Heart rate), SDNN(Standard deviation of NN intervals), LFnorm(Low frequency normalization), HFnorm(High frequency normalization), LF/HF ratio, Pupil area, B.S.(Basic size), C.R.(Max Constriction Rate) and 1s.d.(1sec Dilation Rate). I compared the degrees of the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. Result : 1. In the result of heart rate variability between experimental and control group, none of the parameters of experimental group were significantly different from control group. And even though there were no statistical significance, there were some numerical differences in SDNN, LF norm, HF norm. 2. In pupil size variability, C.R. and 1s.d. of the experimental group were increased compared to control group. Conclusion : The study results suggest that the group with Keongke has differences of autonomic nervous system as compared to those in normal state. Measurement value of PSV is a new technical approach to estimate the autonomic nervous system.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.1 no.2 s.2
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• pp.52-67
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• 1992

In Cho-Sun Dynasty, since Czhu-Ja Ga Rae be introduced in late Korea dynasty, many kinds of $Y\^{a}e\;Se\^{o}$ by a personal or national edition had been published, based on supports of the political ideology. Especially, in the age of governing by $'Y^{a}e'$ in 16 17c, after completion of publishing $'Oh\;R^{a}e\;Yi(1474),'$ 'Geong Guk Dae Jeon (1469)' in late 15c, norm of $'Ga\;R^{a}e'$ has prevailing and the quantity of publishment of it is more growing. Generally, the contents of these kinds of $Y^{a}e\;Se^{o}$ is intended to interprete the czhu-Ja $'Ga\;R^{a}e'$. and furthermore, some kinds of it, descripted directly architectural institutions as a part of $Y^{a}e\;J^{a}e$ through architectural drawings, with quatating chinese scholar's theory. It can be said that architectural institution on $Y^{a}e\;S^{e}o$ may be a kind of political institution as a tool for execution of a ideal ideology in Confucianism. In this Context, it can be concluded that the governing-class in Cho-Sun Dynasty refered to the architectural institution on $Y^{a}e Se^{o}$ as a ideal norm and, in constructing or organizing buildings, it was taken in account as a 'frame of reference'. The Locus of this study is on architectural drawings on $Y^{a}e\;Se^{o}$, for certifying interrelationship the institution which is executed in the drawings and the architectural characteristics of construction and organization in Cho-Sun Dynasty.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.292-303
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• 2001

The purpose of the study was to find out the level of knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, social interaction, and behavioral intention of nursing students regarding AIDS. It also identified factors that predict behavioral intentions and to provide care for patients with AIDS using Theory of Reasoned Action. The subjects consisted of 117 nursing students at three universities. Data was collected with self reporting in a questionnaire of with 67 items. Data was analyzed by an SPSS pc+ program. The results were as follows; 1. The mean age of the subjects was 20.98 years. The mean score for HIV/AIDS knowledge was 24.444 out of 32. Mostly Korean students were quite knowledgeable about the basic facts and symptoms of AIDS but confused about the made of transmission such as public toilets, prevention methods, and especially infection control. 2. This study found that social interaction, attitudes and subjective norms of Korean nursing students explained the intention to care for AIDS patients. The students who had a more positive attitude toward caring for AIDS patients and those who perceived more support from their significant others for caring the AIDS patients reported a more positive intention to care for AIDS patients. 3. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, 47.58% of the variance in AIDS patient care intention was accounted for by social interaction (33.41%), attitude (9.1%), and subjective norm (5.0 %). According to the finding of this study, and social interaction are the most significant predictors of intentions. Therefore it can be suggested that a HIV/AIDS prevention program should focus on transmission modes and prevention methods, especially in infection control. AIDS education efforts aimed at nursing students should place greater emphasis on correcting these kinds of misconceptions. Nursing intenvention for reducing fear of contagion, improving perception of social interaction, fostering positive attitudes and increasing intention to care for AIDS patients should be provided for nursing students. They also recommended that nursing students be adequately prepared to care for AIDS patients because of the increasing probability that they will encounter AIDS patients. Therefore it is important that education about HIV/AIDS should be incorporated within current undergraduate curriculum.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.270-278
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• 2010

We examined whether visual perception related to consumption norms could influence food consumption and satiety by using modified soup bowls with elevated bottoms. Twenty-six healthy women (BMI 19.9 $kg/m^2$ Age 24 yr) participated in the study once a week for 2 weeks. The subjects were served beef shank soup in one of two soup bowls (180 g soup in the modified bowl or 250 g soup in the normal bowl). The results showed that subjects who ate from the modified soup bowl consumed less soup (135.3 kcal vs 180.0 kcal, P<0.001) and had lower total energy intake (390.6 kcal vs 438.1 kcal, P<0.01) than those who ate from the normal soup bowl. However, despite consuming fewer calories, satiety levels of those who ate from the modifed soup bowl were not significantly different from those using the normal soup bowl. In conclusion, these results indicate that the modified soup bowl which created a distorted visual perception ot the amount of soup in the bowl leads to decreased soup intake and total energy intake without altering satiety. The reduced amount of soup in the modified soup bowl may also implicitly suggest what might be interpreted as an appropriate amount to consume, and also in essence suggest reduced consumption norm.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.401-423
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• 2018

This study aims to analyze the intention of public library use of citizens by applying Ajzen's extended theory of planned behavior (ETPB). A questionnaire survey was conducted to identify the relationship between personal characteristics, factors from ETPB, such as attitude, subject norm, and perceived behavioral control, and the intention of public library use, Library knowledge was also added as an additional independent factor in this study. The results showed that attitude and library knowledge were more important factors than others. Subject norm and perceived behavioral control had also positive effects on the intention, Additionally, some personal characteristics, such as age, educational background, and household income, and public library use experience made significant differences in the intention. Based on the results, this study made some suggestions for expanding the scope of public library users.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.145-159
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• 2021

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to identify the preceding factors that form pro-social tourism behavior intent in a pendemic situation and to present theoretical and practical implications for the role of individuals for a safe tourism environment. Design/methodology/approach - This study conducted an analysis by collecting 420 valid questionnaires targeting citizens who have lived in Korea continuously for more than one year. For the analysis, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and a structural equation model (SEM) were used, and a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MCFA) and a multi-group structural equation model (MSEM) were used to verify the difference by age group. Findings - First, cognitive and affective risk perception for Covid-19 had a significant (+) effect on the ascription of responsibility to tourists, and affective risk perception and ascription of responsibility had a significant (+) effect on personal norms. Second, personal norms have been shown to have a significant (+) influence on prosocial tourism behavior intention, and prosocial tourism behavior intention has a significant (+) influence on WTP on safety tourism. Research implications or Originality - Tourism behavior in a pendemic situation can affect the spread of infection. In this respect, this study attempted to confirm how moral norms affect pro-social tourism behavior from a personal point of view. In addition, we tried to present practical implications by identifying the impact of personal norms on willing to pay for a safe tourism environment.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.175-194
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• 2015

As the explosive growth of SNS users, SNS affects every aspect of our lives. Beyond the individual's scope there is a powerful influence in society. Now cyber bullying is a big problem of this society. To analyze the relationship between the SNS user features and cyber bullying phenomenon, various SNS user's personal and social characteristics were set to variables affecting the cyber bullying phenomenon on the SNS. For the research, questionnaire survey was conducted for total 200 subjects among 10~60 age band in each region across the country. We set a research model including the items that are found to be affected in cyber bullying through the prior researches. To analyze interrelation of cyber bullying phenomenon and the general characteristics of SNS users, multiple regression analysis and other analyses were conducted. As a statistical result, we found the correlation among variables and the suggestion points for a SNS platform development direction.