• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.99-107
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• 1999

A series of organosulfur compounds were synthesized with the aim of developing chemopreventive compounds active against hepatotoxicity and chemical carcinogesis. 2-(Allylthio) prazine (2-AP) was effective in inhibiting cytochrome P450 2E1-mediated catalytic activities and protein expression, and in inducing microsomal epoxide hydrolase and major glutathione S-transferases. 2-AP reduced the hepatotoxicity caused by toxicant sand elevated cellular GSH content. Development of skin tumors, pulmonary adenoma and aberrant crypt foci in colon by various chemical carcinogens was inhibited by 2-AP pretreatment. Anticarcinogenic effects of 2-AP at the stage of initiation of tumors were also observed in the aflatoxin B1 ($AFB_1$)-induced three-step medium-term hepatocarcinogenesis model. Reduction of $AFB_1$-DNA adduct by 2-AP appeared to result from the decreased formation of $AFB_1$-8,9-epoxide via suppression of cytochrome P450, while induction of GST 2-AP increases the excretion of glutathione-conjugated $AFB_1$ . 2-AP was a radioprotective agent effective against the lethal dose of total body irradiation and reduced radiation-induced injury in association with the elevation of detoxifying gene expression. 2-AP produces reactive oxygen species in vivo, which is not mediated with the thiol-dependent production of oxidants and that NF-KB activation is not involved in the induction of the detoxifying enzymes. the mechanism of chemoprotection by 2-AP may involve inhibition of the P450-mediated metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens and enhancement of electrophilic detoxification through induction of phase II detoxification enzymes which would facilitate the clearance of activated metabolites through conjugation reaction.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.21-33
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of antioxidant vitamins on the cellular oxidant damage by observing the mitogenicity in the mouse spleen and the strand breaks of DNA in mouse blood induced by $AFB_2$. Intraperitoneal(i.p.) injections of vitamin C(VC) of 10 mg/kg and vitamin E(VE) of 63.8 mg/kg were repeatedly administered to male ICR mice of 6 weeks old at intervals of 4 times every 2 days. After one hour vitamin treatments, $AFB_1$ of 0.4 mg/kg was injected into the $AFB_2$ plus vitamin treated groups in the same way. On the other hands, into the $AFB_2$ only treated group, only $AFB_2$ was injected without vitamins in the same method as above. The results of the experiment are as follows ; as regard to comet assay, DNA strand breaks were clearly present and they formatted a typical comet tail in the mice blood of the $AFB_2$ only treated groups. However, comet tails apparently disappeared in $AFB_2$ plus antioxidant vitamins treated groups since oxidant damage was controlled in an almost similar level to the control group. Mitogenicity of the spleen also showed a similar tendency as before, and these differences were more remarkably observed in the reaction against Con-A, which is a T-cell mitogen. In these data, the statistical significance was p<0.01. The LDL and VLDL levels were 408.72, 504.47 mg/dl respectively in the $AFB_2$ only treated groups. Compared with the $AFB_1$ only treated groups, those of $AFB_2$ plus antioxidant vitamin treated groups decreased to 272.06(VC), 305.28 mg/dl(VE), respectively. On the other hand, HDL levels were diminished to 32.60, 29.60 mg/dl in $AFB_2$ only treated groups, compared to 42.23, 41.14 mg/dl in the $AFB_2$ plus antioxidant vitamins treated groups. But, blood glucose levels were not statistically significant.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.930-935
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• 2004

Ames test와 SOS chromotest를 이용하여 유기 게르마늄과 게르마늄을 첨가하여 재배한 콩나물의 항돌연변이 효과를 검토하였다. 균주 Salmonella typhimurium TA100에서 AFB$_1$에 의하여 유발된 돌연변이는 Ge-132와 게르마늄 가루에 의하여 농도 의존적으로 저해 효과가 높게 나타났으며, 특히 유기 게르마늄을 20 mg/plate 첨가하였을 때 대조군에 비하여 87%의 돌연변이 유발 억제율을 나타내었다. 똑같은 실험계에서 게르마늄을 첨가하여 재배한 콩나물의 즙액과 methanol 추출물은 수돗물로 재배한 콩나물에 비하여 돌연변이 유발억제 작용이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 또한 직접돌연변이원인 MNNG와 4-NQO에 의해 유발된 돌연변이는 일반콩나물의 즙액을 200 $\mu$L/plate 첨가하였을 때 각각 37∼39%, 38∼48%의 저해효과를 나타낸 반면 같은 농도에서 게르마늄 콩나물의 즙액은 61%와 75%의 억제율을 나타내어 게르마늄 첨가 콩나물은 간접 돌연변이원뿐만 아니라 직접 돌연변이원에 의해서 유발된 돌연변이도 억제함을 알 수 있었다. 한편 E. coli PQ37 균주를 사용한 SOS chromotest에서 유기 게르마늄은 사용된 농도의 증가에 따라 돌연변이 유발억제작용이 증가하였으며, 게르마늄 콩나물의 methanol 추출물은 일반 콩나물에 비하여 높은 돌연변이 유발 억제작용을 나타내었다. 따라서 Ames test와 SOS chromotest를 통하여 게르마늄을 첨가하여 재배한 콩나물은 수돗물로 재배한 콩나물에 비하여 항돌연변이 효과가 우수한 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in chemical, microbial and sensory characteristics, and antimutagenicity of buchu(leek, Allium odorum) kimchi during fermentation at 15$^{\circ}C$. Reducing sugar contents and pH of buchu kimchi were decreased during the fermentation. The reduction rate of reducing sugar of glutinous rice paste and shrimp added buvhu kimchi(GSBK) was faster than those of control buchu kimchi(CBK) and glutious rice paste added bucku kimchi(GBK). Acidity increased rapidly until 4 days,a nd optimum acidity (0.6%) of bucku kimchi was reached within 2 day. Also total bacterial and lactic acid bacterial counts greatly increased after 4 days of the fermentation. The numbers of lactic acid bacteria after 8 day- fermentation in CBK and GSBK, and 10 day-fermentation in GBK were the highest values, 4.5$\times${TEX}$10^{8}${/TEX} CFU/ml, 4.8$\times${TEX}$10^{8}${/TEX} CFU/ml and 6.1$\times${TEX}$10^{8}${/TEX} CFU/ml, respectively. In the sensory evaluation, appearance of sample was good at 0 day, taste from overall quality of buchu kimchi were asquired the highest values at 6th day. The methanol extracts from buchu kimchi(GBK) showed antimutagenicity against aflatoxin {TEX}$B_{1}${/TEX}({TEX}$AFB_{1}${/TEX})in Salmonella typhimurium TA100. The inhibition ration were 58~69% with treatment of the 5% methanol extracts, and when the adding concentration increased the effect increased.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.111-119
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• 2013

11종(아플라톡신 $B_1$, $B_2$, $G_1$, $G_2$, 오크라톡신 A, 푸모니신 $B_1$, $B_2$, 제랄레논, 데옥시니발레놀, T-2 toxin과 HT-2 toxin) 곰팡이독소 동시분석법을 정립하였다. 1/6 면역친화컬럼을 이용하여 정제하였으며, LC/MS/MS로 분석하였다. 각각 독소별 정성한계는 S/N=3에서 0.1-3.0 ${\mu}g/kg$이었으며, 정량한계는 S/N=10에서 0.3-10.0 ${\mu}g/kg$이었다. 회수율(recovery)은 70.45-111.11%이었으며, 상대표준편차(RSD)는 0.10-14.45%로 나타났다. 동 분석법을 이용하여 대표적인 한국산 농산물인 백미, 보리, 옥수수에 대한 곰팡이독소 오염실태를 조사하였다. 푸모니신, 데옥시니발레놀, 제랄레논이 백미와 보리에서 각각 평균 29.8, 6.4, 36.2%와 2.3, 55.8, 34.9%의 평균 오염율을 보였으며, 다른 독소들은 나타나지 않았다. 옥수수에서는 1개의 시료에서 푸모니신($B_1+B_2$)이 100.90 ${\mu}g/kg$ 검출되었다. 하지만, 곰팡이독소 오염 수준은 현재 우리나라 각 곰팡이독소 허용 최대기준치 이내로 나타났다. 한편, 벼의 가공단계, 재배지역, 벼 품종 및 품질 등급에 따른 곰팡이독소 오염현황을 비교하였다. 벼에서 현미, 백미로 가공될수록 곰팡이독소 오염도는 감소하였다. 동일 품종의 경우에 상대적으로 기온이 높은, 낮은 위도의 지역에서 재배된 벼가 곰팡이독소가 많이 오염된 것으로 나타났으며, 벼의 품질 등급이 낮아질수록 높은 곰팡이독소 오염도를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 종합적으로 살펴보았을 때 국내산 주요 농산물의 곰팡이독소 오염수준이나 위해도가 기준치 이내이며, 위험한 수준은 아닌 것으로 판단된다. 그러나, 곰팡이독소는 코덱스 등 국제사회에서 중요하게 다루어지고 있고, 현재까지 알려지지 않은 위험성이나 신규 독소들에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있는 만큼 우리나라도 충분한 연구를 통하여 우리 식품에 대한 안전성 논란에 사전 대비토록 하여야 할 것이다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.96-104
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity, antimutagenic and anticancer effects and dyeing properties of the fermented indigo extract. The physiological effects of natural color extracts from colorant plants(gardenia, beet and indigo) were studied. The methanol extract of indigo showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of E. coli and Staph. aureus, and also showed a strong antimicrobial effect on Trich. mentagrophytes compared to others. The methanol extract of indigo showed antimutagenic activities against aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA 100. The proliferation of Clone M-3 mouse melanoma cells and A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells was inhibited by the methanol extract of indigo. So we decided to use natural indigo for dyeing the fabrics because of those effects. Dried indigo leaves were fermented at variouss temperature and the fermented indigo was reduced by using alkaline(NaOH, Ca(OH)2) and glucose to dye the fabrics. The values of K/S fermented indigo showed the highest value when it was fermented at 3$0^{\circ}C$. The indigo fermented at 3$0^{\circ}C$ had the greatest number of total bacterial counts and we identified one of the main microorganisms as Aspergillus niger. This microorganism was responsible for the indigo fermentation and accelerated indigo fermentation. So it can be supposed to reduce the fermentation period of indigo by inoculating Aspergillus niger into the indigo leaves at 3$0^{\circ}C$.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.61-70
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• 1986

Sterigmatocystin bears a close structural relationship to aflatoxin $B_1$ and is a carcinogenic compound that has been shown to affect various species of experimental animals. Reaction and toxicity of sterigmatocystin in the artificial gastric juice were investigated. Sterigmatocystin was degraded in artificial gastric juice and extracted by the method of A.O.A.C. After cleaned up by silica gel column chromatography, this substance was detected and characterized by thin layer chromatography, UV, IR and mass spectra. It showed $R{\mathcal{f}}$ 0.4 and brick-red color by TLC. Especially, in the mass spectrum of it, fragment peak at m/e 327 was due to the loss of the $-CH_3$ and $-H_2O$, fragment peak at m/e 341 was due to the loss of the $H_2O$ and $-H^+$, and fragment peak at m/e 239 was due to the loss of the 2-chloro-tetrahydrofuran and methyl group from the parent molecule. Therefore, a degraded substance of sterigmatocystin reacted in artificial gastric juice (Sub. K) was estimated with additional formation of hydrochloric acid. In four-day-old chicken embryos, the mean lethal dose $(LD_{50})$ was $140\;{\mu}g/egg$, and 90 to 100% of the embryos were killed with 1 mg/egg. This $LD_{50}$ $140\;{\mu}g/egg$ compared with an $LD_{50}$ $14.69\;{\mu}g/egg$ for sterigmatocystin (acute toxicity) showed the substance to be much less toxic than sterigmatocystin.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.702-710
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• 2011

국내 유통되는 견과류 및 그 가공품, 건조과실류 총 225건을 대상으로 면역친화성칼럼으로 정제한 후 RRLC-MS/MS을 이용하여 아플라톡신에 대한 오염도를 조사하였다. 보다 효율적인 아플라톡신 분석을 위해 RRLC-MS/MS를 이용하여 직선성, 정확성, 정밀성, 검출한계 및 정량한계로 분석법의 유효성 검증을 하였다. 상관계수($R^2$)는 0.9999 이상의 우수한 직선성을 보였고, 아플라톡신의 회수율은 71.1-97.2%였고, RSD는 0.25-4.50%로 우수한 재현성을 나타냈다. 검출한계는 $0.02-0.05{\mu}g/kg$였고, 정량한계는 $0.05-0.10{\mu}g/kg$였다. 확립된 분석법에 의해 분석한 결과 그 오염 수준은 $B_1$은 $0.10-9.94{\mu}g/kg$, $B_2$는 $0.08-1.54{\mu}g/kg$, $G_1$은 $0.04-3.21{\mu}g/kg$,$G_2$는 $0.06-0.14{\mu}g/kg$였다. 본 연구결과에서 나타난 오염수준은 국내규격 기준 이하였으나, 곰팡이독소의 생성 특이성을 고려한다면 다양한 식품 유형에 대한 지속적인 아플라톡신 함량조사와 함께 다른 곰팡이독소에 대한 연구도 필요하다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1149-1155
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• 2020

Silage is one of the main feed components of ruminants around the world and can make up about 50-80% of the rations of dairy cows during the winter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usability of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) aqueous and ethanol extracts to improve the hygienic quality of perennial ryegrass, red clover and blue alfalfa silage samples and estimate their effect on mycotoxins concentrations. Under laboratory conditions, 63 silage samples (21 perennial ryegrass, 21 blue alfalfa, 21 red clover) were fermented with inserted aqueous and ethanol extracts of oregano and thyme and two commercial inoculants with mesophilic lactic acid bacteria. After 96 days of fermentation, in silage samples were established fermentation parameters, microbiological status and mycotoxins concentrations. It was determined that the best results for achieving hygienic quality of perennial ryegrass and red clover silage samples was by insertion of aqueous and ethanol extracts of oregano and thyme. In blue alfalfa samples, the best results of silage hygienic indicators were determined by inserting aqueous and ethanol extracts of oregano. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and T-2 toxin concentrations in perennial ryegrass, red clover and blue alfalfa silage samples were best reduced by inserting aqueous and ethanol extracts of oregano and thyme. The present study shows that these extracts can be used to improve silage hygienic quality, reduce mycotoxins concentrations and thus ensure the wellness of cattle.

• 분석과학
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.150-157
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• 2011

아플라톡신은 Aspergillus flavus와 A. parasiticus에 의해 생성되는 독소대사산물로 발암물질이며 곡류(옥수수, 쌀, 보리), 땅콩, 과실류 및 종자류의 생산과 저장과정에서 생성된다. 곰팡이가 생성되기 쉬운 조건에서 오랜 기간 저장된 종자류에서 아플라톡신이 생성될 가능성이 있으며 이를 원료로 하여 유지로 가공 할 때도 아플라톡신이 이행될 우려가 있다. 또한 곡류나 두류 등을 가공하여 만든 영유아용식품도 아플라톡신 오염 가능성이 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 식용유지 및 영유아용식품에 대해 액체 추출법의 아플라톡신 시험법 적용가능 여부를 검토하고 필요시 새로운 분석방법을 확립하고자 하였다. 식용유지에 대한 아플라톡신은 MSPD (Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion)법으로 아플라톡신을 추출해 내고 면역친화성 칼럼을 사용해 정제하여 형광검출기가 장착된 고성능액체크로마토그래피(HPLC/FLD)를 이용해 분석하였다. 아플라톡신($B_1$, $B_2$, $G_1$, $G_2$) 검량선의 직선성은 상관계수가 0.999 이상을 나타냈고 회수율은 85.9~93.0%의 양호한 결과를 얻었으며 상대표준편차는 5.7% 이하였다. 식용유지에서 액체 추출법과 비교해 볼 때, MSPD-면역친화성컬럼법을 사용하여 회수율을 향상시켜 시험법을 확립하였다. 영유아용식품에 대한 아플라톡신 분석방법은 액체 추출법이 적합하였으며 아플라톡신($B_1$, $B_2$, $G_1$, $G_2$)에 대한 회수율은 89.5~92.3%로 양호한 결과를 얻었다.