• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제38권11호
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• pp.1094-1104
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• 2010

익형주위 착빙 현상과 관련한 기존 연구는 수치적으로 예측된 결빙형상과 실험 결과를 정성적으로 비교하는데 그쳐, 해석 결과의 정확도에 대한 판단과 외기 조건 변화에 따른 결빙형상의 체계적 분석에 한계가 있었다. 이에 본 논문에서는 실린더와 익형의 결빙 형상을 가용한 실험 및 타 수치해석 결과와 비교, 검증하고 정량적으로 분석하는 연구를 수행하였다. 먼저, 개발된 코드로부터 획득한 결빙형상을 얼음의 최대두께와 얼음의 진행방향, 얼음의 분포, 얼음의 면적을 기준으로 나타낸 후 이를 정량적으로 분석하였다. 정량적 분석을 통해 유사한 결빙 형상을 직관적으로 비교할 수 있었다. 개발한 수치해석 코드는 아랫면에서의 결빙 면적, 얼음의 두께를 작게 예측하였다. 이를 개선하기 위하여 보다 정밀한 유동장 계산을 통해 획득한 입자의 궤적이 요구된다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.81-96
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• 2020

Wind measurements were made on the Canton Tower at a height of 461 m above ground during the Typhoon Vincente, the wind-induced accelerations and displacements of the tower were recorded as well. Comparisons of measured wind parameters at upper level of atmospheric boundary layer with those adopted in wind tunnel testing were presented. The measured turbulence intensity can be smaller than the design value, indicating that the wind tunnel testing may underestimate the crosswind structural responses for certain lock-in velocity range of vortex shedding. Analyses of peak factors and power spectral density for acceleration response shows that the crosswind responses are a combination of gust-induced buffeting and vortex-induced vibrations in the certain range of wind directions. The identified modal frequencies and mode shapes from acceleration data are found to be in good agreement with existing experimental results and the prediction from the finite element model. The damping ratios increase with amplitude of vibration or equivalently wind velocity which may be attributed to aerodynamic damping. In addition, the natural frequencies determined from the measured displacement are very close to those determined from the acceleration data for the first two modes. Finally, the relation between displacement responses and wind speed/direction was investigated.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.253-272
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• 2016

The paper concerns with the method and results of wind tunnel investigations of the Strouhal number (St) of a stationary iced cable model of cable-supported bridges with respect to different angles of wind attack. The investigations were conducted in the Climatic Wind Tunnel Laboratory of the Czech Academy of Sciences in $Tel{\check{c}}$. The methodology leading to the experimental icing of the inclined cable model was prepared in a climatic section of the laboratory. The shape of the ice on the cable was registered by a photogrammetry method. A section of an iced cable model with a smaller scale was reproduced with a 3D printing procedure for subsequent aerodynamic investigations. The St values were determined within the range of the Reynolds number (Re) between $2.4{\cdot}10^4$ and $16.5{\cdot}10^4$, based on the dominant vortex shedding frequencies measured in the wake of the model. The model was oriented at three principal angles of wind attack for each of selected Re values. The flow regimes were distinguished for each model configuration. In order to recognize the tunnel blockage effect the St of a circular smooth cylinder was also tested. Good agreement with the reported values in the subcritical Re range of a circular cylinder was obtained. The knowledge of the flow regimes of the airflow around an iced cable and the associated St values could constitute a basis to formulate a mathematical description of the vortex-induced force acting on the iced cable of a cable-supported bridge and could allow predicting the cable response due to the vortex excitation phenomenon.

• 항공우주시스템공학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.24-31
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• 2014

The modern version of aircrafts is allowed to guarantee the superior handing qualities within the entire flight envelope by imposing the adequate stability and flying qualities on a target aircraft through the various techniques of flight control law design. Generally, the flight control law of the aircraft in service applies the various techniques of the verified control algorithm, such as dynamic inversion and eigenstructure assignment. The supersonic trainer employs the RSS(Relaxed Static Stability) concept in order to improve the aerodynamic performance in longitudinal axis and the longitudinal control laws employ the dynamic inversion with proportional-plus-integral control method. And, lateral-directional control laws employ the blended roll system of both beta-betadot feedback and simple roll rate feedback with proportional control method in order to guarantee aircraft stability. In this paper, the lateral-directional flight control law is designed by applying dynamic inversion control technique as a different method from the current supersonic trainer control technique, where the roll rate command system is designed at the lateral axis for the rapid response characteristics, and the sideslip command system is adopted at the directional axis for stability augmentation. The dynamic inversion of a simple 1st order model is applied. And this designed flight control law is confirmed to satisfy the requirement presented from the military specification. This study is expected to contribute to design the flight control law of KF-X(Korean Fighter eXperimental) which will proceed into the full-scale development in the near future.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.325-336
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• 2018

The physical infrastructure of the power systems, including the high-voltage transmission towers and lines as well as the poles and wires for power distribution at a lower voltage level, is critical for the resilience of the community since the failures or nonfunctioning of these structures could introduce large area power outages under the extreme weather events. In the current engineering practices, single circuit lattice steel towers linked by transmission lines are widely used to form power transmission systems. After years of service and continues interactions with natural and built environment, progressive damages accumulate at various structural details and could gradually change the structural performance. This study is to evaluate the typical existing transmission tower-line system subjected to synoptic winds (atmospheric boundary layer winds). Effects from the possible corrosion penetration on the structural members of the transmission towers and the aerodynamic damping force on the conductors are evaluated. However, corrosion in connections is not included. Meanwhile, corrosion on the structural members is assumed to be evenly distributed. Wind loads are calculated based on the codes used for synoptic winds and the wind tunnel experiments were carried out to obtain the drag coefficients for different panels of the transmission towers as well as for the transmission lines. Sensitivity analysis is carried out based upon the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) to evaluate the structural capacity of the transmission tower-line system for different corrosion and loading conditions. Meanwhile, extreme value analysis is also performed to further estimate the short-term extreme response of the transmission tower-line system.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.616-625
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• 2017

Measurements using five real-time particle samplers were compared to measurements using three NRM (National Reference Method system) filter-based samplers(Gravimetric method) at Incheon, Korea, between May and August, 2014. The purpose of this study was to suggest the quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) method of each instrument for use in a real-time continuous particle sampler to measure the mass of airborne particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than $2.5{\mu}m$ ($PM_{2.5}$). Five real-time particle samplers of BAM1020, FH62C_14, TEOM, PM-711 and SPM-613 were evaluated by comparing its measured 23 hr average $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations with those measured with NRM filter-based samplers simultaneously. The parameters(e.g. Inlet heating condition, Slope factor, Film response, Intercept, Background, Span value) of the real-time samplers were optimized respectively by conducting test performance evaluation during 7 days in field sampling. For example, inlet heating temperature of TEOM sampler controls $35{\sim}40^{\circ}C$ to minimize the fluctuation of the real-time measurement data and background value of BAM1020 is the key factor affecting the accuracy of $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentration. We classified the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration according to relative humidity (80%) to identify water absorbed in aerosols by measuring the ${\beta}$-ray samplers(BAM1020, FH62C_14) and TEOM. ${\beta}$-ray samplers were not strongly affected by relative humidity that the difference of the average $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was about 5%. On the other hand, The TEOM sampler overestimated $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentration about 15% at low relative humidity (<80%).

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.455-463
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 부유식 해상 풍력 발전기의 로터 축과 타워 상단에 작용하는 동적 하중을 계산하였다. 부유식 해상 풍력 발전기는 부유식 플랫폼, 타워, 낫셀, 허브, 그리고 3개의 블레이드로 구성되어 있는 다물체계 시스템이다. 본 연구에서는 이들 모두를 각각 6 자유도를 갖는 강체로 가정하였다. 부유식 해상 풍력 발전기의 타워는 플랫폼에 고정되어 있고, 3개의 블레이드는 허브에 고정되어 있다. 낫셀은 타워의 상부에 회전 관절로 연결되어 있으며, 블레이드와 허브로 구성된 로터는 낫셀과 회전 관절로 연결되어 있다. 본 연구에서 부유식 풍력 발전기의 운동 방정식은 다물체계 동역학을 기반으로 한 운동방정식 구성 방법 중 하나인 recursive formulation을 이용하여 구성하였다. 외력으로는 부유식 플랫폼에 작용하는 비선형 유체 정역학 힘과 선형 유체 동역학적 힘 그리고 계류력을 고려하였고, 블레이드에 작용하는 풍력을 고려하였다. 이와 같이 구성한 운동 방정식을 해를 구하여 풍력 발전기를 구성하고 있는 각 요소들의 각 연결 부위에 작용하고 있는 구속력을 계산하였다. 그 결과, 동적 상태에서 풍력 발전기에 작용하는 하중은 정적 상태에서 풍력 발전기에 작용하는 하중보다 큰 것을 알 수 있으며, 따라서 부유식 풍력 발전기의 구조해석의 입력 값으로서 정적 하중보다 동적 하중을 고려하는 것이 더 엄격한 해석 기준이라고 할 수 있다.

• 항공우주시스템공학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2021

현대 전투기는 정안정성 완화 개념을 적용하여 기동성과 성능을 향상시키는데, 천음속 비행영역에서는 충격파 형성과 더불어 감속기동 중 발생하는 공력중심 전방이동 현상에 의해 갑작스런 기수 들림이 발생하는 경향을 갖는다. 또한 천음속 중간 받음각 비행영역은 항공기 모델링이 어려워 모델 기반의 제어 방식은 이 문제를 해결하는데 한계를 갖는다. 이번 논문에서는 초음속 경전투기 모델을 이용하여 천음속 영역에서 감속선회 기동 중 모델 기반 증분형 동적 모델역변환 방식의 천음속 피칭모멘트 보상 제어(TPMC)와 모델과 센서를 기반으로 하는 Hybrid 증분형 동적모델 역변환(IDI) 제어의 성능을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, Hybrid 증분형 동적모델 역변환 제어는 천음속 피칭모멘트 보상 제어에 비해 빠른 초기 반응과 동등한 최대 수직가속도 제한 성능을 가지면서 조종사가 예측 가능한 비행성을 제공하여 천음속 중간 받음각 비행영역에서 하중제한 초과 방지 제어기의 성능을 크게 개선하였다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.616-626
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• 2002

연구배경 : PM2.5는 호흡기질환의 악화 및 호흡기 질환에 의한 사망률과 밀접하게 관계가 있다. PM2.5에 의한 호흡기 염증반응의 악화가 그 원인으로 생각되나 염증반응의 조절기전은 확실하지 않다. 본연구에서는 PM2.5에 의한 폐장의 염증반응을 조절하는데 중요한 역할을 하는 전사인자인 $NF{\kappa}B$의 활성화 기전을 알아보아 염증 조절기전에 대한 이해를 높이고자 시도되었다. 방 법 : 폐상피세포주인 A549 세포에서 PM2.5 자극에 의한 $NF{\kappa}B$의 활성화 및 ROS, 그리고 RNS 분비를 관찰 하였다. iNOS 억제제인 L-NIL가 $NF{\kappa}B$ 활성화에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 결 과 : PM2.5는 A549 세포에서 $NF{\kappa}B$의 활성화를 유도 하였다. PM2.5로 A549 세포를 자극시 즉각적인 RNS의 분비는 관찰되었으나 명확한 ROS의 증가는 관찰되지 않았다. RNS 억제제인 L-NIL 처리시 $NF{\kappa}B$ 활성화는 억제되었다. 결 론 : A549 세포에서 PM2.5에 의하여 유도된 즉각적인 $NF{\kappa}B$ 활성화 과정에는 RNS가 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 생각된다.