• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제26권6_spc호
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• pp.674-679
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• 2016

According to the conventional studies on the noise and cardiovascular effect, railway noise is better associated with hypertension and adverse cardiovascular events than road traffic noise. But the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the hypothesis that exposure to acute railway noise would the unfavorable effect of cardiovascular and autonomic system in healthy young subjects. Using a randomized, sham-controlled cross-over design, ten subjects were assigned to receive either an exposure to high speed train noise (84 dB) for 30 minutes or a control condition (non noise), separated by two days. Blood pressure, heart rate, augmentation index and heart rate variability as indices of cardiovascular and autonomic system function were measured at baseline, during, and recovery from two trials. The results show that exposure to acute railway noise significantly increased diastolic blood pressure and augmentation index, which may cause of adverse cardiovascular effects.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.69-83
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• 2019

Objectives The purpose of this study is to review the effectivenss of Neurofeedback Therapy in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders Methods 16 randomized controlled trials (RCT) of Neurofeedback Treatment in ADHD from 2009 to 2019 in PubMed were reviewed and analyzed their methods of assessment, treatment, results and adverse effect. Results In 16 RCT, the most frequently used diagnostic tool in ADHD was DSM-IV. Most of the studies reported Neurofeedback Treatment isn't superior than placebo or medication group but still effective in ADHD. In 6 out of the 16 studies, there were no adverse effect reported. Conclusion Most of the studies have shown neurofeedback treatment was effective in ADHD symptoms. More clinical studies are needed to prove the effectiveness of neurofeedback in ADHD.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2007

Recently, the tropospheric ozone has gained a global attention for its adverse effect on vegetation as well as its contribution to the global warming. Although a number of studies have been carried out for the urban ozone, the effect of ozone on vegetation is still largely unknown in Korea. The present work aimed at performing the first evaluation of forest damage by ozone using the national air monitoring data from the year 2000 to the year 2005. Moreover, it also explored the relevance of adverse effect of ozone to the recent events on leaf chlorosis of black locust, Robinia pseudo-acacia, leading to early foliage widely observed in Korea since 2001. In the nineties, forest damages caused by ozone such as leaf chlorosis occurred in Europe and North America and led to invoke comprehensive field and laboratory studies. As a result, AOT40, implying the accumulated dose over a threshold 40 ppb, was developed to assess the forest damage by ozone. 19 air monitoring stations were selected across Korea to calculate AOT40 from the year 2000 to the year 2005. The calculated AOT40 generally increased during April and May and reached the maximum after May. The increase of AOT40 diminished substantially from the mid-June as the rainy season started. The calculated AOT40 in the nine rural sites from the year 2002 to th ε year 2005 ranged from 6.8 to 29.4 ppm-hr. And all the AOT40 at th ε year 2005 exceeded the critical value of 10 ppm-hr for forest damage. Morevoer the calculated AOT40 of Korea appeared higher than the AOT40 of Europe in the year 2004/2005 and comparable to the AOT40 of China in the year 2000. Despite the high levels of the calculated AOT40 since the year 2001 and the consistency of time of seasons between high AOT40 values and occurrence of chlorosis of black locust, further studies are required to conclude that the chlorosis of black locust occurred from the year 2001 to the year 2005 were resulted from a damage by ozone.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.331-343
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of short-wave therapy (SWT) for treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA) as compared to placebo and control, and to assess the question of whether the effects are related to the mode, dosage, and application method. Methods: We searched randomized, placebo-controlled trials using electronic databases. We also manually reviewed sources in order to identify additional relevant studies. Results: Eight studies (597 participants) with OA were included in the meta-analysis. Pulse SWT had a significant effect on pain relief compared with control treatment, while did not favour compared with the placebo group. Pulse SWT had a significant effect on functional improvement compared with control and placebo treatment. Continuous SWT had no effect on pain relief and functional improvement. Capacitive SWT a significant effect on pain relief, functional improvement, and muscle strength. Continuous and capacitive SWT had increased muscle strength significantly. We found no clinical significance of all outcomes except pain and functional improvement in pulsed SWT with low dose. There was no difference in adverse events. None of the participants experienced any serious adverse events. Conclusion: Low dose pulsed SWT provided a short-term clinical benefit for pain relief and functional improvement. Pulsed SWD with low and high dose had effects on pain and function. There seems to be a placebo effect. We found significant effects on pain and function in capacitive SWT. Despite some positive findings, this analysis lacked data on how effectiveness is affected by mode, dosage, and application method of SWT. Further well-designed clinical studies are required in order to confirm the effectiveness of SWT.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

Ground effect includes a reduction of induced drag, increase of lift, and nose-down moment during landing. These phenomena, occurring late in the landing maneuver, are considered to be of little significance because they tend to counteract and/or compensate in this respect. Even though it is unlikely to affect any flare profile variations appreciably, some pilots have reversed perception about such phenomenon and overestimate during landing. It is becoming a negative factor and is making an adverse effect on landing maneuver. This study examines the perception of ground effect of large aircraft pilots, reviews literature regarding ground effect, and makes suggestions that pilots can correctly recognize and respond to the effect during landing flare maneuvers.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2015

Background: The authors studied the hemodynamic effect influent by using the novel high concentration of lidocaine HCl for surgical removal impacted lower third molar. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic change when using different concentrations of lidocaine in impacted lower third molar surgery. Methods: Split mouth single blind study comprising 31 healthy patients with a mean age of 23 years (range 19-33 years). Subjects had symmetrically impacted lower third molars as observed on panoramic radiograph. Each participant required 2 surgical interventions by the same surgeon with a 3-week washout period washout period. The participants were alternately assigned one of two types of local anesthetic (left or right) for the first surgery, then the other type of anesthetic for the second surgery. One solution was 4% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and the other was 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine. A standard IANB with 1.8 ml volume was used. Any requirement for additional anesthetic and patient pain intra-operation was recorded. Post-operatively, patient was instructed to fill in the patient report form for any adverse effect and local anesthetic preference in terms of intra-operative pain. This form was collected at the seven day follow up appointment. Results: In the 4% lidocaine group, the heart rate increased during the first minute post-injection (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant change in arterial blood pressure during the operation. In the 2% lidocaine group, there was a significant increase in arterial blood pressure and heart rate in the first minute following injection for every procedure. When the hemodynamic changes in each group were compared, the 4% lidocaine group had significantly lower arterial blood pressure compared to the 2% lidocaine group following injection. Post-operatively, no adverse effects were observed by the operator and patient in either local anesthetic group. Patients reported less pain intra-operation in the 4% lidocaine group compared with the 2% lidocaine group (P < .05). Conclusions: Our results suggest that a 4% concentration of lidocaine HCl with 1:100,000 epinephrine has better clinical efficacy than 2% lidocaine HCl with 1:100,000 epinephrine when used for surgical extraction of lower third molars. Neither drug had any clinical adverse effects.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2007

tert-Butyl acetate is an organic solvent used for coatings, industrial cleaning, and surface treatment applications. This study investigated the potential adverse effects of tert-butyl acetate on pregnant dams and embryo-fetal development after maternal exposure on gestational days 6 through 19 in rats. The test chemical was administered to pregnant rats by gavage at dose levels of 0, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 mg/kg/day. All dams were subjected to a caesarean section on day 20 of gestation and their fetuses were examined for any external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities. At 2,000 mg/kg, treatment-related clinical signs, including piloerection, abnormal gait, decreased locomotor activity, loss of fur, reddish tear, anorexia, nasal discharge, vocalization and coma, were observed in a dose-dependent manner. All dams died between the 2nd day and 5th day of treatment due to a severe systemic toxicity. At 1,500 mg/kg, minimal maternal toxicity including an increase in the incidence of decreased locomotor activity and loss of fur, and an increase in the weights of adrenal glands and liver was observed. On the contrary, no significant adverse effect on the embryo-fetal development was detected. There were no adverse effects on either pregnant dams or embryo-fetal development at <1,000 mg/kg. These results show that a 14-day repeated oral dose of tert-butyl acetate in rats caused a minimal maternal toxicity including increases in the incidence of clinical signs and the weights of adrenal glands and liver, but no embryotoxicity and teratogenicity at 1,500 mg/kg/day. Under these experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of tert-butyl acetate is estimated to be 1,000 mg/kg per day for dams and 1,500 mg/kg per day for embryo-fetal development.

• 대한치위생과학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2020

This study analyzed 183 for dental hygienists working at dental hospitals and clinics in Daegu to survey organizational socialization of them. The adversity index of the study subjects averaged 58.60±9.16 points out of a total score of 100, with the highest individual initiative of 16.58±3.09 points, and a low of 13.86±3.66 points for continuity of the situation. Organizational socialization averaged 123.40±12.82 points out of 190, with the highest personal characteristics of 30.37±3.71 points, and the lowest occupational identity of 10.34±1.94. The adversity index of the participants was significantly higher in graduate school or higher (F=3.112, p=0.047), the lower the intensity of their work (F=2.860, p=0.060), and the more often the degree of turnover (F=5.196, p<0.006). In organizational socialization, age (F=9.290, p<0.001), educational background (F=8.655, p<0.001), and higher position (F=5.425, p=0.005) were significantly higher when working in hospitals (F=4.534, p=0.012). The higher the position (F=5.425, p=0.005), the higher the work experience (F=5.320, p=0.002), the lower the turnover (F=22.935, p<0.001), and the highrer the intensity of the work(F=7.02, p<0.001). The study subjects' organizational socialization showed a significant correlation with the adverse event index (r=0.395, p<0.000). The regression analysis using organizational socialization as a dependent variable showed that the degree of turnover (β=0.300, p<0.001) had a significant effect on organizational socialization. The total explanatory power of this variable was 41.6%, with significant effects on individual initiative (β=0.255, p<0.000) and personal control (β=0.180, p<0.009) among the adverse events index. The above findings confirmed that a high adverse event index of dental hygienists has the effect of increasing organizational socialization. Dental hygienists' adversity index is average, meaning they live a smooth life in smooth conditions, however, when major adversity arises, organizational socialization is highly necessary. In addition, to strengthen the organizational socialization of new dental hygienists, as well as experienced dental hygienists, a customized program should be administered to raise the adverse index of dental hygienists, and provide a human management tool through regular confirmation of the program.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.12.1-12.7
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• 2017

Background: Despite the widespread use of dexamethasone in veterinary and human medicine, it is reported to cause some severe pregnancy related side effects like abortion in some animals. The mechanism of the response is not clear but seems to be related to interspecies and/or breed difference in response which may involve alterations in the concentrations of some reproductive hormones. Methods: Twenty Sahel goats comprising 18 does and 2 bucks were used for this study. Pregnancies were achieved by natural mating after synchronization. Repeated dexamethasone injections were given at 0.25 mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected biweekly for hormonal assay. Uterine biopsies were harvested at days 28 and day 78 of gestation through caesarean section for immunohistochemical analysis using 3 pregnant does randomly selected from each group at each instant. Data were expressed as Means ${\pm}$ Standard Deviations and analyzed using statistical soft ware package, GraphPad Instant, version 3.0 (2003) and progesterone receptor (PR) were scored semi-quantitatively. Results: Dexamethasone treatments had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on progesterone and estrogen concentrations in pregnant Sahel goats but up regulated PR from 2+ to 3+ in second trimester. Conclusion: As dexamethasone adverse effect on placenta is an established fact, the lack of effect on progesterone level in this study may be due to the fact that unlike other species whose progesterone production during pregnancy is placenta - dependent, in goats is corpus luteum - dependent. Consequently dexamethasone adverse effect on placenta reported in literatures did not influence progesterone levels during pregnancy in Sahel goat. The up regulation of progesterone receptor (PR) in Sahel goat gravid uterus is a beneficial effects and that dexamethasone can safely be used in corpus luteum - dependent progesterone secreting pregnant animal species like Sahel goat and camel. Therefore source of progesterone secretions during pregnancy should be considered in clinical application of dexamethasone in pregnancy.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제20권4호통권51호
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• pp.365-374
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• 2005

Ambient air particulate matters are classified into two distinct modes in sire distribution, namely the coarse and fine particles. Correlation between high particulate concentration and adverse effect on human populations has long been recognized. However, the toxicology of these adverse efforts has not been clarified. We investigated the genotoxic effect of PM 2.5 collected from urban area in Seoul by comet assay (A549 cells), CBMN assay (CHO-K1 cells) and EROD-microbioassay (H4IIE cells). Results from in vitro micronucleus assay and comet assay showed that PM 2.5 samples collected from traffic area, residential area and indoor air induced chromosomal damage and DNA breakage in a non-cytotoxic dose. The complex mixture effect of these PM 2.5 extracts was quantified by EROD-microbioassay in terms of its bio-TEQ (biologiral -TCDD equivalent concentration) which was 70.87$\pm$28.07, 93.55$\pm$21.80 and 14.31 $\pm$ 1.10 ng/g-PM 2.5 in traffic area, residental area and indoor air samples, respectively. Conclusively, we suggested that PM 2.5 collected from traffic area and residential area contains CYPIA inducer and genotoxic materials.