• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1562-1582
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• 2024

The prediction of pedestrian trajectory is conducive to reducing traffic accidents and protecting pedestrian safety, which is crucial to the task of intelligent driving. The existing methods mainly use the past pedestrian trajectory to predict the future deterministic pedestrian trajectory, ignoring pedestrian intention and trajectory diversity. This paper proposes a multi-modal trajectory prediction model that introduces pedestrian intention. Unlike previous work, our model makes multi-modal goal-conditioned trajectory pedestrian prediction based on the past pedestrian trajectory and pedestrian intention. At the same time, we propose a novel Gate Recurrent Unit (GRU) to process intention information dynamically. Compared with traditional GRU, our GRU adds an intention unit and an intention gate, in which the intention unit is used to dynamically process pedestrian intention, and the intention gate is used to control the intensity of intention information. The experimental results on two first-person traffic datasets (JAAD and PIE) show that our model is superior to the most advanced methods (Improved by 30.4% on MSE_0.5s and 9.8% on MSE_1.5s for the PIE dataset; Improved by 15.8% on MSE_0.5s and 13.5% on MSE_1.5s for the JAAD dataset). Our multi-modal trajectory prediction model combines pedestrian intention that varies at each prediction time step and can more comprehensively consider the diversity of pedestrian trajectories. Our method, validated through experiments, proves to be highly effective in pedestrian trajectory prediction tasks, contributing to improving traffic safety and the reliability of intelligent driving systems.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.238-245
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• 2024

In this paper, we propose a framework for improving the performance of semantic segmentation of agricultural multispectral image using feature fusion techniques. Most of the semantic segmentation models being studied in the field of smart farms are trained on RGB images and focus on increasing the depth and complexity of the model to improve performance. In this study, we go beyond the conventional approach and optimize and design a model with multispectral and attention mechanisms. The proposed method fuses features from multiple channels collected from a UAV along with a single RGB image to increase feature extraction performance and recognize complementary features to increase the learning effect. We study the model structure to focus on feature fusion and compare its performance with other models by experimenting with favorable channels and combinations for crop images. The experimental results show that the model combining RGB and NDVI performs better than combinations with other channels.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.55-71
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• 2022

Recently, the domestic department store industry is growing into a complex shopping cultural space, which is advanced and differentiated by changes in consumption patterns. In addition, competition is intensifying across 70 places operated by five large companies. This study investigates the determinants of the visits to department stores using the big data concept's automatic vehicle access system (pos) and proposes how to strengthen the competitiveness of the department store industry. We use a negative binomial regression test to predict the frequency of visits to 67 branches, except for three branches whose annual sales were incomplete due to the new opening in 2021. The results show that the demand for visiting department stores is positively associated with airport, terminal, and train stations, land areas, parking lots, VIP lounge numbers, luxury store ratio, F&B store numbers, non-commercial areas, and hotels. We suggest four strategies to enhance the competitiveness of domestic department stores. First, department store consumers have a high preference for luxury brands. Therefore, department stores need to form their own overseas buyer teams to discover and attract new luxury brands and attract customers who have a high demand for luxury brands. In addition, to attract consumers with high purchasing power and loyalty, it is necessary to provide more differentiated products and services for VIP customers than before. Second, it is desirable to focus on transportation hub areas such as train stations, airports, and terminals in Gyeonggi and Incheon. Third, department stores should attract tenants who can satisfy customers, given that key tenants are an important component of advanced shopping centers for department stores. Finally, the department store, a top-end shopping center, should be developed as a space with differentiated shopping, culture, dining out, and leisure services, such as "The Hyundai", which opened in 2021, to ensure future growth potential.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2006

There is growing concern that dietary soy intake is associated with protection of breast cancer. However, questions persist on the potential adverse effects of the main soy constituent genistein(GS) on female reproductive physiology. In this study, we examined whether prepubertal exposure to GS affected on the onset of puberty and the associated reproductive parameters such as hormone receptor expressions in female rats. GS(100mg/kg/day) was administrated daily from postnatal day 25(PND 25) to the day when the first vaginal opening(VO) was observed, and the animals were sacrificed on the day after VO occurred. Gross anatomy and tissue weight were compared to test the GS's effect on the cell proliferation. Furthermore, histological studies were performed to assess the structural alterations in tissues. Specific radioimmunoassay(RIA) were carried out to measure serum LH levels. To determine the transcriptional changes in progesterone receptors(PR), total RNAs were extracted from ovary and uterus and were applied to semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). As a results, advanced VO was shown in the GS group(PND $31.2{\pm}0.6$) compared to the vehicle group (PND $35.3{\pm}0.7$). GS treatment significantly increased wet weight of ovaries and uteri compared to the vehicle group. Increased serum LH levels were also shown in the GS group. Graafian follicles and corpora lutea(CL) were observed only in the ovaries from GS treated animals. Similarly, hypertrophy of luminal and glandular uterine epithelium were found only in the GS group. Collectively, these effects were probably due to the estrogenic effects of GS. In the semi-quantitative RT-PCR studies, the transcriptional activities of PR in both ovary and uterus from GS-treated group were significantly higher than those from the vehicle group. The present studies demonstrated that acute exposure to GS, at levels comparable to the ranges of human exposure, during the critical period of prepubertal stage activates the reproductive system resulting precocious puberty in immature female rats.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2007

The effects of bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra var. henenis Strapf) leaf extract (BLE) on the changes of ultraviolet (UV) light B radiation-induced apoptotic sunburn cell (SBC) and epidermal ATPase-positive dendritic cell (DC) in SKH1-hr or ICR mouse were investigated. The mice were treated with UVB ($200mJ/cm^2$) and were sacrificed 24 hours later. BLE (50 mg/kg of body weight) or vehicle (saline) was given i.p. at 36 and 12 hours before irradiation, and 30 minutes after irradiation. BLE cream (0.2%) or cream base (vehicle) was also topically treated at 24 hours and 15 minutes before irradiation, and immediately after irradiation. The skin of SKH1-hr mouse prepared from the back of untreated mice exhibited about 0.3 SBC/cm length of epidermis, and 24 hours after UV irradiation, the applied areas show an increased number of SBCs. But the frequency of UVB-induced SBC formation was significantly reduced by intraperitoneal injection (59.0%) and topical application (31.8%) of BLE extract. The numbers of DC in normal ICR mouse were $628.00{\pm}51.56\;or\;663.20{\pm}62.58\;per\;mm^2$ of ear epidermis. By 1 day after UVB treatment, the number of ATPase-positive $cells/mm^2$ were decreased by 39.0% or 27.1% in i.p. or topical application group with vehicle. The frequency of UVB ($200mJ/cm^2$)-induced DC decrease was reduced by treatment of BLE as 25.7% in i.p. group and 3.2% in topical application group compared with the irradiation control group. The results presented herein that BLE administration could reduce the extent of skin damages produced by UVB.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.133-144
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• 2004

A model and a measure which can evaluate the risk of rear end collision are developed. Most traffic accidents involve multiple causes such as the human factor, the vehicle factor, and the highway element at any given time. Thus, these factors should be considered in analyzing the risk of an accident and in developing safety models. Although most risky situations and accidents on the roads result from the poor response of a driver to various stimuli, many researchers have modeled the risk or accident by analyzing only the stimuli without considering the response of a driver. Hence, the reliabilities of those models turned out to be low. Thus in developing the model behaviors of a driver, such as reaction time and deceleration rate, are considered. In the past, most studies tried to analyze the relationships between a risk and an accident directly but they, due to the difficulty of finding out the directional relationships between these factors, developed a model by considering these factors, developed a model by considering indirect factors such as volume, speed, etc. However, if the relationships between risk and accidents are looked into in detail, it can be seen that they are linked by the behaviors of a driver, and depending on drivers the risk as it is on the road-vehicle system may be ignored or call drivers' attention. Therefore, an accident depends on how a driver handles risk, so that the more related risk to and accident occurrence is not the risk itself but the risk responded by a driver. Thus, in this study, the behaviors of a driver are considered in the model and to reflect these behaviors three concepts related to accidents are introduced. And safe stopping distance and accident occurrence probability were used for better understanding and for more reliable modeling of the risk. The index which can represent the risk is also developed based on measures used in evaluating noise level, and for the risk comparison between various situations, the equivalent risk level, considering the intensity and duration time, is developed by means of the weighted average. Validation is performed with field surveys on the expressway of Seoul, and the test vehicle was made to collect the traffic flow data, such as deceleration rate, speed and spacing. Based on this data, the risk by section, lane and traffic flow conditions are evaluated and compared with the accident data and traffic conditions. The evaluated risk level corresponds closely to the patterns of actual traffic conditions and counts of accident. The model and the method developed in this study can be applied to various fields, such as safety test of traffic flow, establishment of operation & management strategy for reliable traffic flow, and the safety test for the control algorithm in the advanced safety vehicles and many others.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.270-279
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• 2005

Under the research project supported by Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), we have conducted the development of GPR systems for landmine detection. Until 2005, we have finished development of two prototype GPR systems, namely ALIS (Advanced Landmine Imaging System) and SAR-GPR (Synthetic Aperture Radar-Ground Penetrating Radar). ALIS is a novel landmine detection sensor system combined with a metal detector and GPR. This is a hand-held equipment, which has a sensor position tracking system, and can visualize the sensor output in real time. In order to achieve the sensor tracking system, ALIS needs only one CCD camera attached on the sensor handle. The CCD image is superimposed with the GPR and metal detector signal, and the detection and identification of buried targets is quite easy and reliable. Field evaluation test of ALIS was conducted in December 2004 in Afghanistan, and we demonstrated that it can detect buried antipersonnel landmines, and can also discriminate metal fragments from landmines. SAR-GPR (Synthetic Aperture Radar-Ground Penetrating Radar) is a machine mounted sensor system composed of B GPR and a metal detector. The GPR employs an array antenna for advanced signal processing for better subsurface imaging. SAR-GPR combined with synthetic aperture radar algorithm, can suppress clutter and can image buried objects in strongly inhomogeneous material. SAR-GPR is a stepped frequency radar system, whose RF component is a newly developed compact vector network analyzers. The size of the system is 30cm x 30cm x 30 cm, composed from six Vivaldi antennas and three vector network analyzers. The weight of the system is 17 kg, and it can be mounted on a robotic arm on a small unmanned vehicle. The field test of this system was carried out in March 2005 in Japan.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.18
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• pp.135-183
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• 2003

Aerospace force is a determining factor in a modem war. The combat field is expanding to space. Thus, the legitimacy of establishing aerospace force is no longer an debating issue, but "how should we establish aerospace force" has become an issue to the military. The standard limiting on the military use of space should be non-aggressive use as asserted by the U.S., rather than non-military use as asserted by the former Soviet Union. The former Soviet Union's argument is not even strongly supported by the current Russia government, and realistically is hard to be applied. Thus, the multi-purpose satellite used for military surveillance or a commercial satellite employed for military communication are allowed under the U.S. principle of peaceful use of space. In this regard, Air Force may be free to develop a military surveillance satellite and a communication satellite with civilian research institute. Although MTCR, entered into with the U.S., restricts the development of space-launching vehicle for the export purpose, the development of space-launching vehicle by the Korea Air Force or Korea Aerospace Research Institute is beyond the scope of application of MTCR, and Air Force may just operate a satellite in the orbit for the military purpose. The primary task for multi-purpose satellite is a remote sensing; SAR sensor with high resolution is mainly employed for military use. Therefore, a system that enables Air Force, the Korea Aerospace Research Institute, and Agency for Defense Development to conduct joint-research and development should be instituted. U.S. Air Force has dismantled its own space-launching vehicle step by step, and, instead, has increased using private space launching vehicle. In addition, Military communication has been operated separately from civil communication services or broadcasting services due to the special circumstances unique to the military setting. However, joint-operation of communication facility by the military and civil users is preferred because this reduces financial burden resulting from separate operation of military satellite. During the Gulf War, U.S. armed forces employed commercial satellites for its military communication. Korea's participation in space technology research is a little bit behind in time, considering its economic scale. In terms of budget, Korea is to spend 5 trillion won for 15 years for the space activities. However, Japan has 2 trillion won annul budget for the same activities. Because the development of space industry during initial fostering period does not apply to profit-making business, government supports are inevitable. All space development programs of other foreign countries are entirely supported by each government, and, only recently, private industry started participating in limited area such as a communication satellite and broadcasting satellite, Particularly, Korea's space industry is in an infant stage, which largely demands government supports. Government support should be in the form of investment or financial contribution, rather than in the form of loan or borrowing. Compared to other advanced countries in space industry, Korea needs more budget and professional research staff. Naturally, for the efficient and systemic space development and for the prevention of overlapping and distraction of power, it is necessary to enact space-related statutes, which would provide dear vision for the Korea space development. Furthermore, the fact that a variety of departments are running their own space development program requires a centralized and single space-industry development system. Prior to discussing how to coordinate or integrate space programs between Agency for Defense Development and the Korea Aerospace Research Institute, it is a prerequisite to establish, namely, "Space Operations Center"in the Air Force, which would determine policy and strategy in operating space forces. For the establishment of "Space Operations Center," policy determinations by the Ministry of National Defense and the Joint Chief of Staff are required. Especially, space surveillance system through using a military surveillance satellite and communication satellite, which would lay foundation for independent defense, shall be established with reference to Japan's space force plan. In order to resolve issues related to MTCR, Air Force would use space-launching vehicle of the Korea Aerospace Research Institute. Moreover, defense budge should be appropriated for using multi-purpose satellite and communication satellite. The Ministry of National Defense needs to appropriate 2.5 trillion won budget for space operations, which amounts to Japan's surveillance satellite operating budges.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.79-86
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• 2019

Recently, the use of lithium ion battery(LIB) has increased. As a result, the price of lithium and the amount spent lithium on ion battery has increased. For this reason, research on recycling lithium in waste LIBs has been conducted1). In this study, the effect of roasting for the selective lithium leaching from the spent LIBs is studied. Chemical transformation is required for selective lithium leaching in NCM LiNi_xCo_yMn_zO₂) of the spent LIBs. The carbon in the waste EV cell powder reacts with the oxygen of the oxide at high temperature. After roasting at 550 ~ 850 ℃ in the Air/N₂ atmosphere, the chemical transformation is analysed by XRD. The heat treated powders are leached at a ratio of 1:10 in D.I water for ICP analysis. As a result of XRD analysis, Li₂CO₃ peak is observed at 700 ℃. After the heat treatment at 850 ℃, a peak of Li₂O was confirmed because Li₂CO₃ is decomposed into Li₂O and CO₂ over 723 ℃. The produced Li₂O reacted with Al at high temperature to form LiAlO₂, which does not leach in D.I water, leading to a decrease in lithium leaching ratio. As a result of lithium leaching in water after heat treatment, lithium leaching ratio was the highest after heat treatment at 700 ℃. After the solid-liquid separation, over 45 % of lithium leaching was confirmed by ICP analysis. After evaporation of the leached solution, peak of Li₂CO₃ was detected by XRD.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.131-138
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the trend of technological development in major countries related to the propulsion equipment of railway vehicles. The propulsion system is the main equipment of electric vehicles. A lot of time and investment are required in order to ensure the development of technology. Therefore, developed countries have maximized their effort to develop technologies with safety, reliability, and convenience of maintenance. They have also done their utmost to prevent technology transfer to other countries after the development of new technologies. For example, Toshiba of Japan developed a new 3,300V/1,500 A class IGBT power device, but was reluctant to export it to foreign countries in order to protect this technology. In this study, we analyzed the patents applied for related to propulsion control systems and presented the direction of development during the technical development of these systems. The patent analysis of the core technologies was conducted using the Thomson Innovation DB. We examined the number of patents applied for by country, year and major applicant. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the proportion of patent applications per country was in the order of China, 48%, Europe 16.6%, and the United States 14.9%. The patent situation of the top 10 principal applicants revealed that (the top three were?) ABB 14%, GE 13%, and CRRC 12%. At the same time, we also conducted a qualitative analysis of the level of technical development by evaluating such factors as the influence index, quotation, market securing power and citation. Based on the result of the patent analysis, we presented the direction of technical development of the propulsion control equipment of railway vehicles. Based on the analysis results, it was found that domestic applicants considerably reduced their efforts to protect their patents from foreign companies. Nowadays, most of the electric motors used in Korea are induction motors. In advanced countries, permanent magnet electric motors are employed in new railway lines. Therefore, intensive investment is needed in new developments.