• 한방비만학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.15-25
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• 2007

Objectives In clinical studies, the visceral fat obesity has been emphasized because of its correlation with the metabolic syndrome. But the subcutaneous adipose tissue also would correlate with the risk factor of metabolic syndrome. Especially deep tissue, which is a subdivision of the subcutaneous adipose tissue would be more related. This study is to investigate the relationship between subcutaneous adipose tissue and various diseases. Methods We searched for papers which had subcutaneous adipose tissue, deep subcutaneous adipose tissue and obesity for subjects in the Pubmed site. Results : 24 papers were found. Subcutaneous adipose tissue, deep subcutaneous adipose tissue especially, was related with the insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, sex hormones and other diseases. Conclusions Subcutaneous adipose tissue is a risk factor of insulin resistance but not lipoprotein. But deep subcutaneous adipose tissue was related with lipoprotein. So deep tissue, which is a subdivision of the subcutaneous adipose tissue is a more important risk factor of the metabolic syndrome.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.287-294
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• 2023

건강한 adipose tissue는 대사 항상성 통해 비만을 막는데 중요하다고 할 수 있다. Adipose tissue는 포도당과 지질 대사를 통해 에너지 균형에 중요한 역할을 한다. 영양분 상태에 따라, adipose tissue는 지질을 저장하여 커지기도 하고, 지질 분해를 통해 에너지를 소비하기도 한다. 게다가, adipose tissue는 호르몬 분비기관으로 작용이 부각되고 있다. 다양한 adipose tissue 호르몬이 존재하며, metabolic signaling을 통해 다른장기와 조직에 영향을 준다. 예를 들면, adipose tissue에서 분비하는 대표적인 펩타이드 호르몬(adipokine)은 섭식조절을 위해 뇌의 중추신경을 자극한다. 또한 adipocytes도 염증성 cytokines을 분비하여 adipose tissue의 immune cells을 표적으로 한다. 당연하게도, adipocytes는 지질에서 만들어지는 호르몬(lipokine)이 분비되어 특정 수용체와 결합하여 paracrine 및 endocrine으로 영향을 준다. 이러한 adipose tissue 호르몬에 의한 장기 조직 간의 상호작용을 이해하기 위해서는, 세부적인 adipocytes 및 다른 표적 세포에서 metabolic sig- naling이 규명되어야 한다. 그러므로, 과체중이나 비만의 건강하지 못한 adipose tissue에서는 metabolic sig- naling의 비정상적인 조절이 일어난다고 할 수 있다. 새로운 adipose metabolic signaling을 표적으로 하는 치료제는 항 비만 약물개발을 이끌어 낼 수 있다. 본 총설논문은 비만과 대사질환 관점에서 adipose tissue 호르몬과 metabolic signaling의 최신 연구결과를 요약 정리한다.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.603-615
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• 2016

In this study, in order to determine the validity and accuracy of MR imaging of 3D gradient dual echo 2-point DIXON technique for measuring abdominal adipose tissue volume and distribution, the measurements obtained by CT were set as a reference for comparison and their correlations were evaluated. CT and MRI scans were performed on each subject (17 healthy male volunteers who were fully informed about this study) to measure abdominal adipose tissue volume. Two skilled investigators individually observed the images acquired by CT and MRI in an independent environment, and directly separated the total volume using region-based thresholding segmentation method, and based on this, the total adipose tissue volume, subcutaneous adipose tissue volume and visceral adipose tissue volume were respectively measured. The correlation of the adipose tissue volume measurements with respect to the observer was examined using the Spearman test and the inter-observer agreement was evaluated using the intra-class correlation test. The correlation of the adipose tissue volume measurements by CT and MRI imaging methods was examined by simple regression analysis. In addition, using the Bland-Altman plot, the degree of agreement between the two imaging methods was evaluated. All of the statistical analysis results showed highly statistically significant correlation (p<0.05) respectively from the results of each adipose tissue volume measurements. In conclusion, MR abdominal adipose volumetry using the technique of 3D gradient dual echo 2-point DIXON showed a very high level of concordance even when compared with the adipose tissue measuring method using CT as reference.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.100030.1-100030.14
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• 2024

Both brown and white adipose tissues (BAT/WAT) are innervated by the peripheral nervous system, including efferent sympathetic nerves that communicate from the brain/central nervous system out to the tissue, and afferent sensory nerves that communicate from the tissue back to the brain and locally release neuropeptides to the tissue upon stimulation. This bidirectional neural communication is important for energy balance and metabolic control, as well as maintaining adipose tissue health through processes like browning (development of metabolically healthy brown adipocytes in WAT), thermogenesis, lipolysis, and adipogenesis. Decades of sensory nerve denervation studies have demonstrated the particular importance of adipose sensory nerves for brown adipose tissue and WAT functions, but far less is known about the tissue's sensory innervation compared to the better-studied sympathetic nerves and their neurotransmitter norepinephrine. In this review, we cover what is known and not yet known about sensory nerve activities in adipose, focusing on their effector neuropeptide actions in the tissue.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1837-1841
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• 2003

In an attempt to isolate novel molecules that may play a regulatory role in adipocyte differentiation, we devised an experimental strategy to identify adipose tissue-specific genes by modifying cDNA microarray technique. We used genefilter membranes containing approximately 15,000 rat non-redundant EST clones of which 4,000 EST were representative clones of known genes and 11,000 ESTs were uncharacterized clones. A series of hybridization of genefilter membranes with cDNA probes prepared from various rat tissues and nucleic acids sequence analysis allowed us to identify two adipose-tissue specific genes, adipocyte-specific secretory factor (ADSF) and H-rev107. Verification of tissue-specific expression patterns of these two genes by Northern blot analysis showed that ADSF mRNA is exclusive expressed in adipose tissue and the H-rev107 mRNA is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue. Further analysis of gene expression of ADSF and H-rev107 during 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation revealed that the ADSF and H-rev107 gene expression patterns are closely associated with the adipocyte differentiation program, indicating their possible role in the regulation of adipose tissue development. Overall, we demonstrated an application of modified cDNA microarray technique in molecular cloning, resulting in identification of two novel adipose tissue-specific genes. This technique will also be used as a useful tool in identifying novel genes expressed in a tissue-specific manner.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.300-306
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• 2000

This experiment was carried out to determine the contributions of acetate, glucose, amino acids and amino acid metabolites as carbon precursors for the incorporation of radioisotope, in intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissue and the effects of insulin on lipogenesis and adrenergic agent, norepinephrine on lipolysis in both tissues. The rate of incorporation of $C^{14}$ labelled acetate, glucose, leucine, isoleucine and ${\alpha}$-ketoisocaproic acid into adipose tissue has been measured in subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissues. The rate of incorporation was greater (p<0.05) from acetate than glucose in both subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissue and the rate of incorporation of carbon precursors into adipose tissues was greater in subcutaneous than in intramuscular adipose tissues. In comparison of amino acids, the rate was highest (p<0.05) with leucine followed by isoleucine and ${\alpha}$-ketoisocaproic acid in subcutaneous adipose tissue, in which there were no differences. Also, in intramuscular tissue, leucine was highest (p<0.05), and the rate of incorporation decreased in the same order. The rates of carbon precursor incorporation appeared to be higher in subcutaneous than in intramuscular tissue. For incorporation of radio-labelled acetate and glucose into intramuscular adipose tissue. preincubated for 48 hrs with insulin and IGF-1, insulin was the most effective to stimulate the incorporation of precursors in both substrates but there was no difference between insulin and IGF-1 in glucose incorporation. For glyceride-fatty acid synthesis, acetate was significantly (p<0.05) greater than glucose in both subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissue, and glyceride-glycerol synthesis was greater (p<0.05) for glucose than acetate in both adipose tissues. The rates of lipogenesis from both precursors were slightly greater in subcutaneous than intramuscular adipose tissue. There was significant (p<0.05) site effect in insulin treatment for glyceride-fatty acid synthesis. But there were no significance in control and norepinephrine. For glyceride-glycerol synthesis, there was no site effect caused by hormonal treatment. Insulin was the most effective (p<0.05) in glyceride fatty acid synthesis, while norepinephrine was the same as control. Compared with control, glyceride-glycerol synthesis from acetate in insulin treatment was significantly (p<0.05) low in subcutaneous, but high in intramuscular tissue. At the same time, in both tissues, it was lower in norepinephrine treatment than in control. Glyceride-glycerol synthesis from glucose was highest (p<0.05) in norepinephrine treatment followed by insulin although there was no significance between insulin and control. Lipolysis was not affected by insulin but was increased by norepinephrine when added to adipose tissue incubations in vitro. Rates of basal lipolysis were greater in subcutaneous adipose tissue than in intramuscular adipose tissue.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2014

Recent findings, notably on adipokines and adipose tissue inflammation, have revised the concept of adipose tissues being a mere storage depot for body energy. Instead, adipose tissues are emerging as endocrine and immunologically active organs with multiple effects on the regulation of systemic energy homeostasis. Notably, compared with other metabolic organs such as liver and muscle, various inflammatory responses are dynamically regulated in adipose tissues and most of the immune cells in adipose tissues are involved in obesity-mediated metabolic complications, including insulin resistance. Here, we summarize recent findings on the key roles of innate (neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils) and adaptive (regulatory T cells, type 1 helper T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells) immune cells in adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in obesity. In particular, the roles of natural killer T cells, one type of innate lymphocyte, in adipose tissue inflammation will be discussed. Finally, a new role of adipocytes as antigen presenting cells to modulate T cell activity and subsequent adipose tissue inflammation will be proposed.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제40권11호
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• pp.855-863
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• 2017

Adipose tissue plays a central role in regulating dynamic cross-talk between tissues and organs. A detailed description of molecules that are differentially expressed upon changes in adipose tissue mass is expected to increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie obesity and related metabolic co-morbidities. Our previous studies suggest a possible link between endophilins (SH3Grb2 proteins) and changes in body weight. To explore this further, we sought to assess the distribution of endophilin A2 (EA2) in human adipose tissue and experimental animals. Human paired adipose tissue samples (subcutaneous and visceral) were collected from subjects undergoing elective abdominal surgery and abdominal liposuction. We observed elevated EA2 gene expression in the subcutaneous compared to that in the visceral human adipose tissue. EA2 gene expression negatively correlated with adiponectin and chemerin in visceral adipose tissue, and positively correlated with $TNF-{\alpha}$ in subcutaneous adipose tissue. EA2 gene expression was significantly downregulated during differentiation of preadipocytes in vitro. In conclusion, this study provides a description of EA2 distribution and emphasizes a need to study the roles of this protein during the progression of obesity.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.26-35
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• 2017

Obesity is a worldwide problem that is associated with metabolic disorders. Obesity is caused by the accumulation of an abnormal amount of body fat in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is a major metabolic organ, and it has been classified as either white adipose tissue (WAT) or brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT and BAT are characterized by different anatomical locations, morphological structures, functions, and gene expression patterns. WAT is mainly involved in the storage and mobilization of energy in the form of triglycerides. On the other hand, BAT specializes in dissipating energy as heat through uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1)-mediated non-shivering thermogenesis. Novel type of brown-like adipocyte within WAT called beige/brite cells was recently discovered, and this transdifferentiation process is referred to as the "browning" or "britening" of WAT. Recently, Brown fat and/or browning of WAT have been highlights as a new therapeutic target for treatment of obesity and its related metabolic disorders. Here, we describe recent advances in the study of BAT and browning of WAT, focusing on proteomic approaches.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1089-1099
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• 2021

With the development of sequencing technology, numerous, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been discovered and annotated. Increasing evidence has shown that lncRNAs play an essential role in regulating many biological and pathological processes, especially in cancer. However, there have been few studies on the roles of lncRNAs in livestock production. In animal products, meat quality and lean percentage are vital economic traits closely related to adipose tissue deposition. However, adipose tissue accumulation is also a pivotal contributor to obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and many other diseases, as demonstrated by human studies. In livestock production, the mechanism by which lncRNAs regulate adipose tissue deposition is still unclear. In addition, the phenomenon that different animal species have different adipose tissue accumulation abilities is not well understood. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of lncRNAs and their four functional archetypes and review the current knowledge about lncRNA functions in adipose tissue deposition in livestock species. This review could provide theoretical significance to explore the functional mechanisms of lncRNAs in adipose tissue accumulation in animals.