• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.479-485
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• 2001

A study of the levels of phthalate and adipate esters, which are suspected as endocrine disruptors, in food packaging wraps and packaged foods were carried out. Among 11 wrap samples, 8 household wraps purchased at retail markets were polyvinyl chloride(PVC) and polyethylene(PE), while 3 commercial wraps at wholesale markets were PVC. All of 51 selected food samples, such as 12 samples of vegetable, 11 samples of fruit, 6 samples of bread and rice cake, 4 samples of meat and poultry, 4 samples of fish and 14 samples of side dish, packaged with commercial PVC wraps containing adipate esters were purchased at retail markets. The level of di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate(DEHA) and diisononyl adipate(DINA) was from 2.2 to 17.9% and from 4.2 to 22.3% in household PVC wraps, respectively. In the commercial PVC wraps, the level of DEHA showed from 18.3 to 22.5%, while other phthalate esters were not detected. The phthalate and adipate esters were not detected in PE wraps. The level of DEHA in packaged foods, such as vegetable, fruit, bread and rice cake, meat and poultry, fish and side dish, were determined up to $8.2\;{\mu}g/cm^2,\;17.4\;{\mu}g/cm^2,\;31.0{\mu}g/cm^2,\;8.3\;{\mu}g/cm^2,\;2.1\;{\mu}g/cm^2$ and $92.3\;{\mu}g/cm^2$, respectively. The results suggested that migration levels of DEHA in foods were closely related to the fat content, wrapping condition of food and stroage time and temperature.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.360-364
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• 2002

The most common 8 phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and adipate in sediment were measured 5 times from 1999 to 2001 at 11 sites of river in Korea. Ultrasonication extraction with dichloromethane was done for extraction of the sediment. After concentration GC/MS-SIM analysis was performed. Three compounds (DEP, DBP and DEHP) among eight phthalic acid esters were detected from the sediment samples, and the other PAEs were not detected in any samples. DEHP (27.3~63.6%) was detected with higher frequency than any other compounds for sediment samples. And this compound had shown the highest average concentration (81.7~427.6 ng/g).

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.616-623
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• 2000

The most common phthalate acid esters (8 compounds) and adipate were determined from water and sediment simultaneously. After liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane for water and sonication extraction with dichloromethane for sediment, these were determined by the GC/MS with SIM mode. There were good linearities (above $R^2=0.993$) on the range of the 0.1-20 ng/ml (water) and 10-500 ng/g (sediment), and the detection limits of method were below 0.1 ng/ml and 10 ng/g for water samples and sediment samples, respectively. The method shows a good precision and accuracy for measurement of phthalates and adipate.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2000

The level of plasticizer such as diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-propyl phthalate (DprP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-n-pentyl phthalate (DPP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) was determined in disposable sanitary gloves. Samples of disposable sanitary gloves were taken at retail shops, and their overall extractions in carbon tetrachloride were measured, after establishment of soxhlet appratus in 6 hours. All of 8 samples of disposable sanitary gloves at retail shops were polyethylene (PE). All of the manufactures was voluntarily labelled their boxes of gloves in line Korea Food Code. The level of phthalate esters and DEHA in all of 8 samples were not exceed the detection limit. The detection limits of DEP, DprP, DBP, DPP, BBP, DEHP, DCHP and DEHA were 1.8, 1.9, 1.3, 1.1, 0.9, 0.7, 2.1 and 0.8 mg/L, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.1244-1250
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• 2000

A method for simultaneous quantitative determination of plasticizers such as diethyl phthalate(DEP), di-n-propyl phthalate(DprP), di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP), di-n-pentyl phthalate(DPP), butylbenzyl phthalate(BBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP), dicyclohexyl phthalate(DCHP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate(DEHA), which are suspected as endocrine disruptors, in food was studied. A analysis method was optimized for the quantification of plasticizers in Jjambbong, which is a kind of fatty noodle, by using GC/FID. The detection limits of DEP, DprP, DBP, DPP, BBP, DEHP, DCHP and DEHA were 3.5, 5.3, 2.2, 2.2, 7.2, 1.7, 1.9 and 3.0 mg/kg, respectively. Much higher recovery was obtained by extraction with acetone/n-hexane(1:1) rather than hexane solvent system. The recovery of DEP, DprP, DBP, DPP, BBP, DEHP, DCHP and DEHA were 72.7, 85.9, 91.4, 97.1, 100.8, 103.2, 104.3 and 95.8% after 4 time extractions, respectively. The migration of plasticizers from PVC wraps into PVC wrap covered Jjambbong was conducted after shaking(120 rpm) for 30min at room temperature with chosen solvent system. It was found that the migration level of DEHA were 577, 706, 770 mg/kg into Jjambbong, respectively, while the other plasticizers were not observed.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.235-245
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• 2006

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) are ubiquitously distributed chemicals that are widely used as plasticizers and also found at low levels in foods. The aims of this study were to determine whether perinatal exposure to DBP, DINP and DEHA could alter normal patterns of neonatal development. Dams were provided with pulverized soy-free diet containing 20, 200, 2,000 and 10,000 ppm of DBP, 40, 400, 4.000 and 20,000 ppm of DINP, or 480, 2,400 and 12,000 ppm of DEHA from gestational day 15 to postnatal day 21. Exposure to the high doses of DBP, DINP and DEHA during gestational period significantly decreased food consumption and body weight gain of dams. These chemicals reduced neonatal body weight as well as that of the after maturation. Also, exposure to DINP of all the doses used and the higher doses (2,400 and 12,000 ppm) of DEHA decreased AGD at PND 1 in male neonates, though that to DBP did not affect AGD in males. In female neonates, an increase in AGD was observed in DBP- and DINP-exposed animals at the highest doses. Moreover, these chemicals affected survival rate of pups at PND 5, and delayed onset of eye opening in all chemica1-exposed groups at PND 17. These results suggest that perinatal exposure to these chemicals may affect the normal development and/or growth of offspring.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.247-253
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• 2006

Our previous research has identified granulin (grn) and p130 genes as sex steroid-inducible genes in the rat hypothalamus, which might be involved in sexual differentiation of the brain. Phthalate esters that are used as plasticizers and also found at low levels in foods such as dairy products are often mentioned as suspected endocrine disrupters. The purpose of the present study is to elucidate whether perinatal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) affects hypothalamic sex steroid-inducible genes. The present study assessed the effects of perinatal exposure to DBP, DINP and DEHA on sex steroid hormones levels and hypothalamic gm and p130 mRNA expressions at postnatal day (PND) 3 and 7. Pregnant rats were fed a soy-free diet containing 20, 200, 2,000 and 10,000 ppm of DBP, 40, 400, 4,000 and 20,000 ppm of DINP, or 480, 2,400 and 12,000 ppm of DEHA from gestational day (GD) 15 to GD 3 or 7. At PND 3 and 7, perinatal exposure to these chemicals did not substantially affect serum concentrations of testosterone and estradiol. At PND 3, the expression of grn mRNA levels in males was decreased by DEHA, and that of p130 was decreased by DBP, DINP and DEHA, though the effects were not dose-dependent. At PND 7, the expression of gm gene in female pups was increased by higher doses of DBP and all the doses, except for 4,000 ppm, of DINP, while that in male pups decreased by 480 and 12,000 ppm of DEHA. Hypothalamic expression of p130 mRNA in males was increased by lower doses of DBP and all the doses of DINP, whereas that of females was decreased by 480 and 2,400 ppm of DEHA. These results suggest that these chemicals may affect the expression of gm and p130 genes by directly acting on the hypothalamus, thus leading to inappropriate expression of these genes.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.651-662
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• 2006

Phthalate esters that are used as plasticizers and also found at low levels in foods such as dairy products are often mentioned as suspected endocrine disrupters. The purpose of the present study is to elucidate whether perinatal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) affects several aspects of reproductive function in rats especially sexual differentiation of the brain. To this end, the dams were provided with pulverized soy-free diet containing 20, 200, 2,000 and 10,000 ppm of DBP, 40, 400, 4,000 and 20,000 ppm of DINP, or 480, 2,400 and 12,000 ppm of DEHA from gestational day (GD) 15 to postnatal day (PDN) 21, the day of weaning, and serum sex steroid hormone, gonadotropin levels and sexual behaviors after maturation were assessed. At Postnatal week (PNW) 20-21, serum levels of sex steroids and gonadotropins in both male and female rats, as well as estrous cyclicity in females, were not changed by perinatal exposure to DBP, DINP and DEHA, indicating that these chemicals did not affect sexual differentiation of the brain controlling the endocrine system of hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. On the other hand, inhibitory influences on sexual behaviors, especially on ejaculation in males and lordosis in females, were observed by perinatal exposure to these chemicals. These results suggest that these chemicals may act directly on discrete regions of the hypothalamus regulating sexual behaviors, but not regulating gonadotropin secretion, thereby affect sexual differentiation of the brain with a resultant decrease in sex-specific behaviors in adulthood.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.964-969
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• 2000

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate(DEHA) has been used extensively as a plasticizer in the manufacture of plastic products such as PVC films. Though, phthalate esters plasticizers have been known to induce endocrine system-mediated responses, few studies have been conducted for the screening of estrogenic activity of DEHA, an adipate plasticizer. This study was initiated to evaluate the estrogenic activity of DEHA by in vitro E-screen assay and in vivo uterotrophic assay. MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were treated with $DEHA(5{\times}10^{-9}{\sim}5{\times}10^{-4}\;M)$, for 144 hr, and cell proliferation was determined by sulforhodamine B(SRB) assay. DEHA dissolved in corn oil was administered subcutaneously to ovariectomized(OVX) female Sprague-Dawley rats at dosage levels of 0, 2, 20 and 200 mg/kg/day for three consecutive days. Rats were sacrificed 24 hr after final treatment and vagina and uterus(wet and blotted) weights were obtained. E-screen assayed DEHA did not generate cell proliferation at treated concentrations$(5{\times}10^{-9}{\sim}5{\times}10^{-4}\;M)$, whereas 17 ${\beta}-estradiol$(E2), the positive control, induced cell proliferation at low concentrations$(5{\times}10^{-14}{\sim}5{\times}10^{-9}\;M)$. In the uterotrophic assay, DEHA did not change vagina and uterus(wet and blotted) weights at dosage levels up to 200 mg/kg/day treatment. These results demonstrated that DEHA did not exhibit the estrogenic activity as determined by in vitro E-screen assay and in vivo uterotrophic assay.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22
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• pp.47-53
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• 2004

Among the phthalic esters, di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which are categorized endocrine disrupting chemicals, account toy up to 80％ of the world production. Nine phthalic esters were quantitatively determined in water and in sediment samples from Gawngyang Bay and Seomjin River estuary. This might be the first report in contamination of phthalates in the marine environment of Korea. DBP and DEHP were detected with the high concentration and high frequency, while the other phthnlic compounds were below the detection limits. The aveyage concentyations of DBP and DEBP in sediment from Gawngyang Bay were 33.8 ng g$\^$-1/ and 67.4 ng g$\^$-1/ on a dry weight basis, respectively. The concentrations in surface watey from Seomjin River estuary were in the range of 62.7∼333.8 ng L$\^$-1/ for DBP and 25.6 ng L$\^$-/∼116.1 ng L$\^$-1/ for DBHP. In sediments from Seomjin River estuary, DBP ranged 9.1∼149.3 ng g$\^$-1/, and DEHP 46.3∼156.3 ng g$\^$-1/. Phthalic esters concentrations found in Seomjin River estuary were much less than those in other rivers in Korea. Distribution pattern of DBP and DEHP concentrations in Seonliin River estuary indicates that both compounds aye introduced to Gwangyang Bay through run-off.