• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.121-132
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• 2017

Purpose: This review was performed to establish a reference intake of water for Korean (KDRI-water) adults in 2015 by examining current knowledge of the relationship between water intake and health and the general status of water intake and loss. We expect that this study will be utilized for further refinement of KDRI-water. Methods: Documents were searched using RISS, NDSL, DBPIA, CINAHL, and Pubmed with the keywords 'water intake, water supply, water ingestion, hydration, dehydration, water balance, and fluid balance'. Results: Water balance is essential for the maintenance of health. Based on this assumption, numerous studies have been performed to investigate the association of water intake with several diseases such as urolithasis, obesity, diabetes, and cancer as well as other health problems, including constipation, cognition, and fetal weight. Effects of water intake for prevention or relief of these health problems vary. Water is supplied to the body by eating foods and drinking liquids such as plain water and beverages. Metabolic water is another source of water input. Water is lost through urine, skin, respiration, and feces. KDRI-water 2015 was set by adequate intake (AI) based on water intake volume, which was the sum of water intakes from foods and fluids reported by the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with extra milk intake of 200 mL. AIs in some age groups were modified considering their estimated energy requirements. Conclusion: Accurate data of water intake is critically important for the establishment of KDRI-water. Therefore, improvement of systems investigating water intake is required, and more studies on the status of water intake and loss in Korean people are needed for definite KDRI-water establishment.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.311-324
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• 2011

This study was performed to assess the nutritional status of low income elderly women aged ${\geq}$65 years residing in Gyeongnam Masan (n=124). Nutrition intakes, food intake frequency, and health-related behaviors including smoking, drinking, and exercise were investigated. Nutrition intake was calculated by the 24-hour recall method using CAN-pro (ver. 3.0). Average daily intakes of energy were $1,142.3{\pm}39$ kcal (71.4% of EER) in subjects aged 65~74 years and $1,071.0{\pm}41.7$ kcal (66.9% of EER) in subjects aged ${\geq}$75 years and the subjects consumed energy less than both 75% of estimated energy requirement (EER). The proportions of energy derived from protein, fat, and carbohydrate were 15.4:15.5:70.6 (aged 65~74 years), and 15.3:13.4:70.8 (aged ${\geq}$75). Nutrients consumed at less than estimated average requirements (EARs) were Ca (60.4%), P (98.4%), Zn (91%), vitamin E (48% of adequate intake, AI), vitamin $B_1$ (63.3%), vitamin $B_2$ (54%), niacin (87.7%), vitamin C (62.5%), and folate (50.5%). Especially, the intakes of Ca (58%), vitamin E (41% of AI), vitamin $B_1$ (60%), vitamin $B_2$ (50%), folate (46.5%), and vitamin C (54%) were 75% less than the EAR for people aged ${\geq}$75 years. According to the food intake frequency survey, the intakes of calcium, milk, fruits, and vegetables were very poor. In conclusion, this study suggests that a nutritional support program for elderly women of low socioeconomic class must be provided by the government to improve the quality of remaining life.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.531-540
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• 2012

This study was carried out in order to investigate the status of food and nutrient intakes depending on the types of chronic disease of the elderly at welfare centers in Seoul. The total number of subjects was 299 elderly over the age of 60 (82 men and 217 women); they were grouped by the disease status: normal, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM) and arthritis patients groups. The dietary intakes were obtained by a 24-hour recall and analyzed by CAN-Pro 4.0; they were then compared with the dietary reference intakes for the Korean (KDRIs). In the results of anthropometric data according to chronic disease, the waist circumference of the normal group in males and females was lower than the other groups; in particular, the normal female group showed a lower level of waist-hip ratio, body mass index (BMI) and body fat % than those of the other groups. The arthritis group showed a higher intake of milk products than the other groups (p < 0.05); consequently, calcium intake was significantly higher than that of the other groups (p < 0.001). Vitamin A intake in the arthritis group was significantly higher than the intake in the normal and DM groups (p < 0.01). Normal and arthritis groups showed significantly higher intake of zinc and copper than the CVD group (p < 0.01). In general, about 80% of the subjects in this study revealed insufficient intakes of riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, dietary fiber, vitamin D, biotin and potassium, compared with the estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake (AI). However, sodium intake of all groups was higher than the AI of KDRIs. In conclusion, nutrient intake, according to the chronic disease, showed significant difference in some of the micronutrients, vitamin A, Ca, Zn and Cu. Therefore, we suggest that dietary guidelines, such as reducing the intake of salty foods and sweet drinks and increasing the intake of foods with sufficient calcium, vitamin D and vitamin C, are necessary to the improvement of eating habits for the elderly.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.558-573
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the main sources of dietary sodium and potassium intake in Koreans by gender, age and regions. Methods: We used the data from 2010-2012 KNHANES. A total of 20,387 subjects aged 8 years and older were included. Intakes were compared by gender, age (8-18, 19-49 and >50 years) and geographical regions in Korea. Dishes were classified into 28 dish groups based on cooking methods. Statistical analysis was performed by using the SAS 9.3 and SUDAAN 11.0.1 software. Results: The mean sodium intake of Koreans was $4866.5{\pm}35.9mg/day$, which was 2.4 times higher than the adequate intake (AI) of sodium for Koreans. We found that daily sodium intakes were significantly different by age, gender and regions. Men and aged over 50 years had significantly higher sodium intake than women and other age groups. The mean potassium intake in Koreans was $3002.2{\pm}19.4mg/day$ and daily potassium intakes were significantly different by age, gender and regions. Women and age 50 years and over had significantly higher potassium intakes than men and other age groups. The average Na/K ratio was $2.89{\pm}0.01$ and was highest in men and in the age group of 19-49 years. The major sources of dietary sodium were soup and stew, followed by Kimchi, noodles and dumpling, pickled vegetables and seasonings, which represented 63.1 % of total sodium intakes. Soup and stew or Kimchi were the primary sources of dietary sodium intake. The major sources of dietary potassium were cooked rice, followed by soup and stew, Kimchi, fruits and beverages. Conclusions: Sodium and potassium intakes and the major sources of those were significantly different by gender, age groups and regions. Therefore, different approaches based on gender, age and regions are needed to decrease sodium intake and increase potassium intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.437-446
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• 2016

본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 5기의 2011년 자료를 이용하여 만 19세 이상 남녀를 대상으로 비타민D 섭취량과 혈중 25OHD 농도, 골밀도와의 관계를 분석하였다. 평균 비타민D 섭취량은 남성이 $3.84{\pm}0.23{\mu}g/day$, 여성은 $2.22{\pm}0.11{\mu}g/day$로 나타났으며, AI 미만 섭취 비율은 남성은 71.6~96.6%,여성은 80.2~98.5%로 모두 높게 나타났으며 여성이 남성에 비해 더 높았다. 혈중 25OHD 농도는 연령이 높아질수록 증가했으며, 혈중 25OHD의 결핍수준을 20 ng/mL 미만으로 보았을 때 남성은 47.8~81.1%, 여성은 59.4~92.8%의 결핍률을 보였고 젊은 층의 결핍률이 더 높았다. 50세 미만과 이상으로 나누어 비타민D 섭취량과 혈중 25OHD 농도, BMD와의 관계를 조사한 결과 50세 미만 연령층군에서는 비타민D 섭취량이 $10{\mu}g/day$ 이상인 군이 $5{\mu}g/day$ 이하인 군에 비하여 유의하게 혈중 25OHD 농도가 더 높았으며, 50세 이상 여성에서는 비타민D 섭취량이 $10{\mu}g/day$ 이상인 군이 $5{\mu}g/day$ 이하인 군에 비하여 골밀도가 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 즉, 한국 성인 남녀의 비타민D 섭취량 수준은 상당히 취약한 상태이나 식사를 통한 비타민D가 혈중 25OHD 농도를 상승시킬 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. 그러므로 한국인이 비타민D 섭취량을 늘릴 수 있도록 강화식품 정책 등을 통해 비타민D 섭취량을 늘리는 방안을 모색하여야 한다. 특히, 2010년에 비해 2015년 한국인영양소섭취기준에서 19~49세 연령층의 비타민D 충분섭취량을 $5{\mu}g$에서 $10{\mu}g$으로 상향조정한 것은 바람직한 방향으로 개정된 것으로 판단된다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.329-337
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• 2007

In this study, the interest of female high school students's(N=500) for weight control, as well as nutrient intake status, were analyzed. The mean age, height, and weight of the subjects were, 19.3 years, 162.2 cm and 55.4 kg respectively. Mean BMI was $21.1 kg/m^2$. According to BMI, the percentage of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese were 18.5 %, 60.3%, 11.3%, and 11.3% respectively. By the BMI criteria, 60.3% of the subjects were normal weight while the rate of self-recognition was 41.5%. The degree of satisfaction regarding self-body image was only 17.1% and 60.9% showed an interest in weight control. The reason for weight reduction were appearance(65.1 %) and health(24.2%). The body areas where subjects wanted to lose weight included the thighs(32.9%) and whole body(29.3%). They believed the most effective weight control strategy was exercise(81.1 %) and the strategies they used were diet(59.1 %) and exercise(40.4%). Energy intake was 1,733.4 kcal which was 86.7% of the estimated energy requirements(EER). Calcium, vitamin $B_2$, and vitamin C intakes were less than EAR by 34.4%, 40.4%, and 59.6% respectively. The intake of dietary fiber was 5.1 g only 21.1 % of the adequate intake(AI). In summary, high school females interested in weight control have significantly less calcium intake than their peers. The correlations between interest in weight control and weight and BMI were significant(p<0.001). The results of this study suggest that to achieve optimal growth, improved diets that include calcium, vitamin $B_2$, and vitamin C are recommended. High school females interested in weight control should especially be targeted for education on calcium intake.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.363-373
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• 2017

This study examined the characteristics of the foodservice menu items offered at senior welfare centers to provide information on Korean senior menu development. A total of 514 lunch menu items were collected from 27 senior welfare centers in April, July, October and January. The most frequently served staple foods, soups, and side dishes were multi-grain rice, seaweed soup, Bulgogi, Kimchi, and liquid yogurt. The proportions of carbohydrate, protein, and lipids of total energy serving of senior welfare centers were 59.8%: 16.7%: and 22.8%, respectively. The nutrients served at less than 40% of the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) and Adequate Intake (AI) of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) were chloride (1.0%), vitamin D (1.3%), biotin (1.7%), magnessium (4.5%), Iodine (7.5%), pantothenic acid (8.0%), vitamin E (12.5%), vitamin $B_6$ (20.0~21.4%), vitamin K (21.1~24.3%), and water (35.7~39.7%). The nutrients served in excess of the daily intake goal and RNI were iron (98.9~127.1%), sodium (104.9%), and copper (1,100.0%).

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.227-246
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• 2022

This study was conducted on the nutritional status of 1,805 patients with allergic diseases (atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma) aged 19 to 64 years according to their state of depression, based on the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to diagnose depression. Subjects with a score of 10 or more were categorized into the depression group (n=152) and the rest into the non-depression group (n=1,653). The results of this study were as follows: The proportion of women (75.7%) was higher than that of men (24.3%) in the depressed group (P<0.01). In terms of energy intake per 1,000 kcal, both men and women in the depressed group showed a lower energy intake than the non-depressed group and this intake was less than the estimated energy requirement (EER). The nutrient intakes of protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and vitamin C were below the estimated average requirement (EAR). Also, the intakes of fiber and potassium were less than the adequate intake (AI) (P<0.001). In the lifestyle parameters, the ratio of eating alone at lunch was 54.1%:33.1%, indicating that more than half of the depression group ate alone. In conclusion, it was observed that the nutritional status of allergic disease patients was imbalanced. The nutritional imbalance was due to insufficient energy intake and inadequate intake of nutrients, which was below the average requirements of vitamins and minerals and this was more evident in the depression group than in the non-depression group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.330-347
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• 2022

엽산은 비타민 B군에 속하는 수용성 비타민으로, 핵산 합성과 아미노산 대사에서 단일탄소를 전달해 주는 반응의 조효소 역할을 한다. 엽산은 새로운 세포가 형성되어 성장하는 임신기와 성장기에 매우 중요한 영양소이며, 여성의 임신 전 적절한 엽산 영양상태는 신경관 결손증을 예방한다고 알려져 있다. 이 외에도 엽산 섭취 부족은 빈혈, 고호모시스테인혈증, 심혈관질환, 암, 인지 장애, 우울증 등 다양한 질병과도 관련이 있다고 보고되어, 엽산은 전 생애주기 동안 건강을 유지하기 위해 충분히 섭취해야 하는 영양소이다. 본 연구에서는 2020 한국인 엽산 섭취기준의 개정 근거를 살펴보고, 국민건강영양조사로부터 엽산 섭취량과 혈청 엽산 농도를 성별, 연령대별로 분석하였으며, 향후 엽산 섭취기준 개정에 참고할 만한 내용을 제언하였다. 표준체중의 변경에 따라 영아 후기의 충분섭취량과 15-18세의 평균필요량이 2015년과 달리 변경되었으나, 권장섭취량과 상한섭취량에는 변화가 없었다. 2016-2018년 국민건강영양조사 결과에서 대부분의 연령에서 엽산 섭취량은 권장섭취량에 미치지 못하였으며 특히 15-29세 여성의 섭취량이 권장섭취량 대비 매우 낮았다. 임신부와 수유부의 엽산 섭취량도 권장섭취량 대비 60% 이하로 낮았으나, 혈액수준은 다른 연령층에 비해 높아 보충제를 섭취한 결과로 보인다. 앞으로 국민건강영양조사에서 보충제 섭취량도 조사해야 할 것이며, 엽산의 섭취량 평가를 위해서는 생식품, 조리된 식품, 강화식품 중의 엽산 함량에 대한 DB가 구축되어야 할 것이다. 또한 혈청 엽산 뿐 아니라 적혈구 엽산 농도와 혈장 호모시스테인 농도도 분석할 필요가 있으며, 분석방법에 대한 질 관리가 필요하다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권9호
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• pp.1207-1214
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 최근 구축된 한국인의 상용 식품에 대한 식이섬유 데이터베이스를 사용하여 2001년 국민건강 영양조사 보고서에 나타난 1인 1일 평균 식품 섭취 자료를 토대로 한국인의 연령별, 성별 평균 식이섬유 추정 섭취량을 산출하고 식이섬유의 주요 급원식품군 및 10대 단일 식품급원을 분석하였다. 우리나라 사람들의 연령별 식이섬유의 추정 섭취량 평균치는 1세에서 49세까지는 연령의 증가와 함께 증가하였으나 50세 이후에는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 에너지 섭취 기준 식이섬유의 추정 섭취량은 1세에서 64세까지 지속적으로 증가하였다. 한국인의 영양섭취기준의 식이섬유 충분섭취량(12 g/1,000 kcal)의 충족률은 평균적으로 49세까지는 미달되었으며 50세 이후는 충족되었고 미달의 정도는 연령이 낮을수록 심한 것으로 나타났다. 채소류, 곡류, 과실류는 우리나라 사람들에서 연령에 관계없이 식이섬유의 3대 주요 급원식품군이며 이 세 식품군으로부터 섬유 섭취량의 약 75%를 얻고 있었다. 한국인의 식이섬유 섭취에 기여하는 10대 주요 단일식품들의 식이섬유 총 섭취량에 대한 기여비율은 유아기와 노년기에 다른 연령대에 비해 가장 높게 나타나 이 시기의 식품 섭취의 다양성이 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 쌀은 우리나라 유아들과 아동들의 제1의 섬유급원 식품이었고 배추김치와 쌀은 청소년기 이후 노년기까지 우리나라 사람들에서 변함없이 가장 중요한 섬유섭취의 급원임이 확인되었다. 연령대별로 식이섬유의 주요 급원식품의 종류와 순위가 차이를 보였으며 이것은 연령에 따라 식품 기호도가 상이함을 반영한다고 볼 수 있다. 남녀 성별 평균 식이섬유 추정 섭취량은 남성(22.26 g/day 혹은 10.12 g/ 1,000 kcal)이 여성(19.63 g/day 혹은 11.07 g/1,000 kcal)에 비해 절대 섭취량은 높았으나 에너지기준 섭취량은 낮았다. 남녀 모두 식이섬유 섭취에 기여하는 주요 식품군은 차이가 없었으며 식이섬유의 단일 급원식품은 남녀 모두 배추김치와 쌀이 1, 2위였으며 여성들은 남성에 비해 과실류 식품들이 섬유급원에서 더 높은 우선순위를 차지하여 남녀별 식품 기호도의 차이를 반영하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 한국인의 식이섬유 섭취기준을 설정하는데 보다 현실적인 참고자료로서 활용될 수 있다고 본다.