• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.341-349
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 통초(Tetrapanax papyriferus)와 희렴(Siegesbeckia pubescens)의 항산화 및 항비만 활성을 DPPH radical 소거능과 세포실험계를 이용하여 분석하였다. 통초와 희렴의 DPPH radical 소거능의 50% 저해능($IC_{50}$)은 각각 65.23과 47.79 ${\mu}g/ml$로 나타났다. 또한 두 시료 모두 농도 의존적으로 lipase 효소 활성을 유의적으로 억제시켰으며, 3T3-L1 preadipocyte를 이용하여 지방세포 분화 및 지방생성에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 통초와 희렴 모두 지방 세포 분화, 지방 축적, TG 함량 등을 독성 없이 농도의존적으로 억제함을 보였다. 이러한 통초와 희렴의 지방세포분화억제능은 핵심 작용 인자인 $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $C/EBP{\beta}$, 그리고 $PPAR{\gamma}$의 유전자 및 단백질 발현조절에서 기인함을 확인하였다. 또한 통초와 희렴 간의 항비만 시너지 효과를 분석한 결과 각 시료의 단독 처리시보다 병용 처리시 더 높은 지방세포분화억제능을 보여 두 시료간에 시너지 효과를 보유함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 통초 및 희렴의 항비만 활성 및 그 작용 기전을 밝힌 것이며 추후 계속적인 연구를 통해 활성 물질의 규명이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.336-342
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• 2015

선행연구에서 Euptelea pleiosperma가 항산화능과 항염증 활성을 나타내는 유용한 소재임을 처음으로 밝혔다. 본 연구에서는 E. pleiosperma 에탄올 추출물(EPEE)의 항비만 활성을 췌장 리파아제 효소 활성 억제능 및 세포실험모델계를 이용하여 분석하였다. 먼저 EPEE는 농도 의존적으로 lipase 효소 활성을 유의적으로 억제시켰으며, 3T3-L1 preadipocyte에서 지방세포 분화, 세포 내 지방 축적, TG 함량 등을 독성 없이 농도의존적으로 억제하였으며 지방세포 내 중성지방을 유의적으로 분해시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 EPEE의 지방세포 분화 억제능은 핵심 작용 인자인 $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $C/EBP{\beta}$, 그리고 $PPAR{\gamma}$의 유전자 및 단백질 발현조절에서 기인함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 E. pleiosperma가 보유한 췌장 lipase 활성 저해능, 지방세포 분화 억제능, 지방세포 내 지방 분해능을 통한 항비만 활성을 처음으로 밝혀낸 것이며 추후 계속적인 연구를 통해 활성 물질의 규명이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.706-713
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• 2023

Background and objective: The ability to inhibit aggregation has been demonstrated with synthetically derived ginsenoside compounds G-Rp (1, 3, and 4) and ginsenosides naturally found in Panax ginseng 20(S)-Rg3, Rg6, F4, and Ro. Among these compounds, Rk3 (G-Rk3) from Panax ginseng needs to be further explored in order to reveal the mechanisms of action during inhibition. Methodology: Our study focused to investigate the action of G-Rk3 on agonist-stimulated human platelet aggregation, inhibition of platelet signaling molecules such as fibrinogen binding with integrin α_IIbβ₃ using flow cytometry, intracellular calcium mobilization, dense granule secretion, and thromboxane B₂ secretion. In addition, we checked the regulation of phosphorylation on PI3K/MAPK pathway, and thrombin-induced clot retraction was also observed in platelets rich plasma. Key Results: G-Rk3 significantly increased amounts of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and led to significant phosphorylation of cAMP-dependent kinase substrates vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP₃R). In the presence of G-Rk3, dense tubular system Ca²⁺ was inhibited, and platelet activity was lowered by inactivating the integrin αIIb/β₃ and reducing the binding of fibrinogen. Furthermore, the effect of G-Rk3 extended to the inhibition of MAPK and PI3K/Akt phosphorylation resulting in the reduced secretion of intracellular granules and reduced production of TXA₂. Lastly, G-Rk3 inhibited platelet aggregation and thrombus formation via fibrin clot. Conclusions and implications: These results suggest that when dealing with cardiovascular diseases brought upon by faulty aggregation among platelets or through the formation of a thrombus, the G-Rk3 compound can play a role as an effective prophylactic or therapeutic agent.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1229-1238
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the relationships of five intragenic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers (protein kinase adenosine monophosphate-activated ${\gamma}3$ subunit [PRKAG3], fatty acid synthase [FASN], calpastatin [CAST], high mobility group AT-hook 1 [HMGA1], and melanocortin-4 receptor [MC4R]) and meat quality traits of Duroc breeding stocks in Korea. A total of 200 purebred Duroc gilts from 8 sires and 40 dams at 4 pig breeding farms from 2010 to 2011 reaching market weight (110 kg) were slaughtered and their carcasses were chilled overnight. Longissimus dorsi muscles were removed from the carcass after 24 h of slaughter and used to determine pork properties including carcass weight, backfat thickness, moisture, intramuscular fat, $pH_{24h}$, shear force, redness, texture, and fatty acid composition. The PRKAG3, FASN, CAST, and MC4R gene SNPs were significantly associated with the meat quality traits (p<0.003). The meats of PRKAG3 (A 0.024/G 0.976) AA genotype had higher pH, redness and texture than those from PRKAG3 GG genotype. Meats of FASN (C 0.301/A 0.699) AA genotype had higher backfat thickness, texture, stearic acid, oleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid than FASN CC genotype. While the carcasses of CAST (A 0.373/G 0.627) AA genotype had thicker backfat, and lower shear force, palmitoleic acid and oleic acid content, they had higher stearic acid content than those from the CAST GG genotype. The MC4R (G 0.208/A 0.792) AA genotype were involved in increasing backfat thickness, carcass weight, moisture and saturated fatty acid content, and decreasing unsaturated fatty acid content in Duroc meat. These results indicated that the five SNP markers tested can be a help to select Duroc breed to improve carcass and meat quality properties in crossbred pigs.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.606-612
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Several medicinal properties of Smilax china L. have been studied including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. However, the antiobesity activity and mechanism by which the water-soluble fraction of this plant mediates its effects are not clear. In the present study, we investigated the lipolytic actions of the water-soluble fraction of Smilax china L. leaf ethanol extract (wsSCLE) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS: The wsSCLE was identified by measuring the total polyphenol and flavonoid content. The wsSCLE was evaluated for its effects on cell viability, lipid accumulation, glycerol, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) contents. In addition, western blot analysis was used to evaluate the effects on protein kinase A (PKA), PKA substrates (PKAs), and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). For the lipid accumulation assay, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with different doses of wsSCLE for 9 days starting 2 days post-confluence. In other cell experiments, mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated for 24 h with wsSCLE. RESULTS: Results showed that treatment with wsSCLE at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.25 mg/mL had no effect on cell morphology and viability. Without evidence of toxicity, wsSCLE treatment decreased lipid accumulation compared with the untreated adipocyte controls as shown by the lower absorbance of Oil Red O stain. The wsSCLE significantly induced glycerol release and cAMP production in mature 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, protein levels of phosphorylated PKA, PKAs, and HSL significantly increased following wsSCLE treatment. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that the potential antiobesity activity of wsSCLE is at least in part due to the stimulation of cAMP-PKA-HSL signaling. In addition, the wsSCLE-stimulated lipolysis induced by the signaling is mediated via activation of the ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2019

Objectives: We investigated whether membrane free stem cell extract from adipose tissue (MFSCE) has anti-diabetic effect. Methods: To determine glucose uptake effect of MFSCE, we carried out glucose uptake assay in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The regulatory mechanisms of MFSCE on glucose uptake were examined by Western blot analysis. Results: When MFSCE was treated to adipocytes at the concentration of 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 ㎍/mL, 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate uptake was elevated approximately 1.8-fold compared to cells not treated with MFSCE. It indicated that MFSCE enhances glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, MFSCE reduced phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 at serine 307 and induced Akt and glucose transporter 4 protein expressions that were related to insulin signaling. Furthermore, MFSCE regulated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway by increases of increase phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase that were related to AMPK pathway. Conclusions: These results indicated that MFSCE promotes glucose uptake via modulation of insulin signaling and AMPK pathway. Therefore, MFSCE could be a promising agent for treatment of diabetes mellitus.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.13-25
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• 2018

Objectives We investigated anti-obesity effects of essential oils extracted from Cnidii Rhizoma (CR) in immature adipocytes to magnify it's clinical therapeutic usage. Methods Essential oil of CR was extracted with ethyl acetate or petroleum ether and through steam distillation, respectively. Oil red-O staining for monitoring its inhibition effect on adipogenesis and differentiation in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes and 3-(4,5-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyletetra zolium bromide (MTT) assay for cell safety were done. Also phospho-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activted protein kinase (P-AMPK), AMP-activated protein kinase, phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (P-ACC), acetyl-CoA carboxylase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\alpha}$ (PPAR-${\alpha}$), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$ (PPAR-${\gamma}$) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein ${\alpha}$ (C/EBP-${\alpha}$) expressions as obesity-related factors were measured by western blot analysis. Results Protein expressions of P-AMPK, P-ACC and PPAR-${\alpha}$ were increased in essential oils-treated adipocytes compared to those of control group, respectively. Furthermore, protein expressions of PPAR-${\gamma}$ and C/EBP-${\alpha}$ were decreased in essential oils-treated adipocytes compared to those of control group, respectively. Conclusions These results demonstrate that essential oils of CR inhibit adipogenesis and differentiation. Also they promote the oxidation of fatty acids in adipocytes. Thus, results suggest that essential oils of CR could be used as a valuable material for anti-obesity therapeutics via control of lipid metabolism.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.86-93
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• 2022

Lupeol은 pentacyclic triterpene의 일종으로 다양한 질병에 약리 효과가 있는 것으로 보고되어 있으나, lupeol이 포도당 흡수에 미치는 영향은 아직 보고된 바 없다. 본 연구에서 3T3-L1 지방세포에서 포도당 흡수에 대한 lupeol의 효과를 조사하였다. 그 결과, Lupeol은 3T3-L1 지방세포에서 GLUT4를 원형질막으로 이동시켜 포도당 흡수를 촉진하였으며, 이는 PI3K/AKT 및 AMPK 경로의 활성화와 관련되어 있었다. PI3K/AKT 경로에서 lupeol은 PI3K를 활성화시키는 insulin receptor substrate 1의 인산화와 AKT의 인산화를 촉진하지만 비정형 단백질 키나아제 C isoforms ζ 및 λ의 인산화는 촉진하지 않았다. 반면, lupeol은 5 'AMP-activated protein kinase의 인산화를 촉진하였고, Lupeol의 의한 AMPK의 활성화는 원형질막-GLUT4의 발현과 세포내 포도당 흡수를 증가시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 3T3-L1 지방세포에서 lupeol에 의한 포도당 흡수 효과는 PI3K 억제제인 wortmannin 및 AMPK 억제제인 Compound C에 의해 억제됨을 통해 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과는 lupeol이 3T3-L1 지방세포에서 PI3K/AKT 및 AMPK 경로를 통해 원형질막 GLUT4의 발현을 자극함으로써 인슐린 감수성을 증가시켜 포도당 흡수를 촉진할 수 있음을 제시하고 있다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 1996

세포내 칼슘농도는 신경세포의 다양한 기능에 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 일차배양한 마우스 소뇌과립세포에서 니코틴성 아세틸콜린 수용체가 특정 발생단계에 발현되고 세포내 칼슘의 농도조절에 관여하는 것을 관찰하였다. 니코틴에 의한 세포내 칼슘농도의 변화는 $^{45}Ca^{2+}$나 fura-2를 사용하여 형광법으로 측정하였다. 니코틴은 마우스 소뇌과립세포내 칼슘의 농도를 최대한 증가시키는 것으로 보인다. 반면에 일차배양한 Glia 세포들에서는 $^{45}Ca^{2+}$ 농도를 증가시키지 않았다. 세포내 칼슘농도에 미치는 니코틴의 효과는 NMDA 수용체에 대한 길항제에 의하여 억제되었다. 또한 Glutamate pyruvate transminase (GPT)를 사용하여 배양액의 글루타민산을 제거하면 니코틴효과가 소실되는 것이 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과는 니코틴에 의한 세포내 칼슘농도의 변화가 세포에서 유리된 글루타민산에 의한 간접적인 효과임을 암시한다. Fura-2를 사용한 형광법으로 실험한 결과 니코틴은 two phase로 세포내 칼슘농도를 증가시키는 것을 보여주었다. NMDA 수용체 길항제와 GPT는 단지 후기 plateau상만 억제하였다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 니코틴이 직접 니코틴성 아세틸콜린 수용체를 자극하여 일시적으로 세포내 칼슘농도를 증가시키고 글루타민산을 유리하여 NMDA 수용체를 활성화시킴으로써 세포내 칼슘농도를 지속적으로 증가시키는 것으로 보여진다. 이러한 결과는 니코틴성 아세틸콜린 수용체가 특정한 발생과정에 발현되어 세포내 칼슘농도 조절에 관여함으로써 신경발생과정에서 중요한 역할을 할 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. state를 나타내는 것을 알 수 있다. 또한 $[^3H]DPCPX$를 이용한 competitive binding assay에서 0.1 mM GTP는 효현제인 PIA의 apparent affinity를 감소시켰으며, DPCPX의 apparent affinity는 증가시키고, CGS-15943에는 아무런 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이것은 상기의 $[^{35}S]GTP_{\gamma}S$ binding의 결과를 뒤받침해 주는 결과라고 생각된다.요한 역할을 할 수 있으리라 사료된다.X>$Ca^{2+}$에 의하여 활성화되는 $K^+$ 통로를 개방시킴으로 세포내 $Ca^{2+}$을 감소시켜 뇌 기저동맥의 이완반응을 매개하는 것으로 사료된다. 함량을 조정하므로, 흉선세포의 apoptosis에 억제적으로 작용할 수 있음을 시사하는 것으로 사료된다. 영양액에 의하여는 회복됨을 볼 수 있었으며 $Mg^{++}$ 증가 영양액에서는 억제, TTX 동시 투여시에는 완전히 소실되었다. 이상의 실험결과로 흰쥐 해마에서 $A_1-adenosine$ 수용체를 통한 adenosine의 NE 유리 감소는 TEA 및 4AP에 예민한 $K^+$-통로가 관여하고 여기에는 세포외액의 Ca^{++}의 농도가 중요한 인자의 하나로 관여 하는 것으로 사료된다. 영상의 질을 크게 향상 시켜 줌으로 비가역 3구획모델에서의 PGA방법을 대체할 새로운 파라메터 영상구성방법으로 적합할 것이다.관계되며, YH439는 중금속으로 유도된 조직독성에 방어효과가 있음을 지지한다.총 아미노산의 순은

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.33-46
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• 2023

Objectives We investigated anti-obesity effects of Menthae Herba hydrosol in obese mice. Methods Animals were divided into four groups, and treatments were performed for 7 weeks. After the treatment, serum lipid profiles, weight and pathological morphology in liver, kidney, adipose tissue were measured. Also, hepatic protein and gene expression levels of lipid metabolism-related factors were analyzed. Results Body weight was decreased in P3% group. In P1% (group fed high-fat diet and 1% Menthae Herba hydrosol) and P3% (group fed high-fat diet and 3% Menthae Herba hydrosol) group, weight of white adipose tissue, serum levels of triglyceride and blood urea nitrogen were decreased, and weight of muscle was increased. Also, liver, kidney and epididymal adipocyte size were reduced in P1% and P3% group. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase was increased and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) was decreased in P3% group. mPeroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-γ, mMonocyte chemotactic protein-1 were decreased in P1% and P3% group. In P3% group, mSREBP-1c was decreased and mCarnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 was increased. And mUncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue was increased. Conclusions These results suggest that Menthae Herba hydrosol has a worthy effect on anti-obesity.