• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.373-381
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• 2020

There is a need for newer feed additives due to legal prohibition on inclusion of growth promoting antibiotics in livestock diets in several countries due to antimicrobial resistance. In this context, rare earth elements (REE) have gained attention among animal nutritionists as potential growth promoters. Currently, several studies have reported better weight gain, milk production, egg laying capacity and feed conversion efficiency among different breeds of farm animals following supplementation with REE, with however largely inconsistent results. Furthermore, REE supplementation has also shown to improve ruminal fibrolytic and proteolytic activities as well as flavor of meat with negligible residues in edible tissue, however the mechanism behind this action is still unclear. According to existing research, due to their poor absorption and similarity with calcium REE might exert their action locally on gut microbial populations within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Moreover, REE have also shown anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative as well as immune stimulating effects. The present review aims to broaden the knowledge about use of REE as feed additives for livestock and sum up efficacy of REE supplementation on performance and health of animals by comparing the findings. Till date, researches with REE have shown properties that make them a promising, new and safe alternative feed additive but further exploration is recommended to optimize effects and clarify discrepancy of various results before practical proposals can be drafted.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1285-1293
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of various additives Solid sulfur, fucoidan, and glucan on growth performance and immune responses in Juvenile olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus. Six experimental diets supplemented with : no additives (CON); 0.5 and 1.0% solid sulfur (S); 0.2 and 0.4% fucoidan (F); 0.1% glucan (G) of these additives diet on a dry-matter basis. Fish averaging $8.2{\pm}0.17g$ were fed one of six experimental diets in triplicate groups for 6 weeks. By the end of the feeding trial, weight gain, feed efficiency, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index and condition factor of fish fed diet CON were significantly lower then those of fish fed the all additives diets (P < 0.05). In challenge test, fish were infected by intraperitonel injection of 0.1 ml bacterial suspension with Edwardsiella tarda per fish after the feeding trial. As a result fish fed All additive diet showed a lower cumulative mortality then did fish fed CON diet throughout the challenge test. In conclusion, these results indicated that solid sulfur, fucoidan and glucan enhanced the growth, feed efficiency and non-specific immune activity of juvenile flounder and protect the fish against microbial infections.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1274-1279
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• 2003

Thirty-six Naeimi ram lambs were equally and randomly allotted to four treatment groups with three replications per treatment to determine the simple and additive effects of monensin and zeranol on growth performance, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility. The treatment groups were: basal diet-fed lambs (C), monensin-fed lambs (M) where the basal diet was supplemented with 33 mg monensin per kilogram DM, lambs implanted with 12 mg zeranol (Z), and monensin-fed lambs implanted with zeranol (MZ). Lambs fed monensin-containing diet consumed 10.5% less (p<0.05) DM/100 kg weight and were 8.3% more (p<0.05) efficient in converting feed than lambs fed control diet. Zeranol implanted lambs tended to grow 35.2% (p<0.05) faster, consumed 5.1% more (p<0.05) feed and were (p<0.05) 21.9% more efficient in their feed conversion than control lambs. Responses of lambs to monensin and zeranol implants were not additive. Except for Z treatment, there were no marked differences in all carcass characteristics among the various treatment groups. Z-lambs produced 12.7% heavier (p<0.05) carcasses compared with those from C treatment. Also fat parameters, namely, kidney and pelvic fat (KP), body wall thickness and fat thickness, indicated trends for higher finish in Z treatment lambs (p<0.05) than for those lambs from other treatments. Except for CF and ADF, no significant differences in nutrients digestibility were noticed between various treatments; feeding monensin resulted in 24.5% and 8.5% depressions (p<0.05) in CF and ADF digestibility, respectively in comparison to C treatment. Nitrogen retention as percentage of total N-intakes was averaging 7.5 and 20.2% higher (p<0.05) in lambs implanted with zeranol than those fed the M and C diets, respectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2031-2037
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• 2012

Background: Analysis of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions for complex multifactorial human disease faces challenges regarding statistical methodology. One major difficulty is partly due to the limitations of parametric-statistical methods for detection of gene effects that are dependent solely or partially on interactions with other genes or environmental exposures. Based on our previous case-control study in Chongqing of China, we have found increased risk of colorectal cancer exists in individuals carrying a novel homozygous TT at locus rs1329149 and known homozygous AA at locus rs671. Methods: In this study, we proposed statistical method-crossover analysis in combination with logistic regression model, to further analyze our data and focus on assessing gene-environmental interactions for colorectal cancer. Results: The results of the crossover analysis showed that there are possible multiplicative interactions between loci rs671 and rs1329149 with alcohol consumption. Multifactorial logistic regression analysis also validated that loci rs671 and rs1329149 both exhibited a multiplicative interaction with alcohol consumption. Moreover, we also found additive interactions between any pair of two factors (among the four risk factors: gene loci rs671, rs1329149, age and alcohol consumption) through the crossover analysis, which was not evident on logistic regression. Conclusions: In conclusion, the method based on crossover analysis-logistic regression is successful in assessing additive and multiplicative gene-environment interactions, and in revealing synergistic effects of gene loci rs671 and rs1329149 with alcohol consumption in the pathogenesis and development of colorectal cancer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1682-1687
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of milk protein yields in Iranian Holstein dairy cattle. A total of 1,112,082 test-day milk protein yield records of 167,269 first lactation Holstein cows, calved from 1990 to 2010, were analyzed. Estimates of the variance components, heritability, and genetic correlations for milk protein yields were obtained using a random regression test-day model. Milking times, herd, age of recording, year, and month of recording were included as fixed effects in the model. Additive genetic and permanent environmental random effects for the lactation curve were taken into account by applying orthogonal Legendre polynomials of the fourth order in the model. The lowest and highest additive genetic variances were estimated at the beginning and end of lactation, respectively. Permanent environmental variance was higher at both extremes. Residual variance was lowest at the middle of the lactation and contrarily, heritability increased during this period. Maximum heritability was found during the 12th lactation stage ($0.213{\pm}0.007$). Genetic, permanent, and phenotypic correlations among test-days decreased as the interval between consecutive test-days increased. A relatively large data set was used in this study; therefore, the estimated (co)variance components for random regression coefficients could be used for national genetic evaluation of dairy cattle in Iran.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.308-313
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• 2001

We report the effects of the V$_2$O$_{5}$ additive on the sintering behavior and microwave dielectric properties of ZnNb$_2$O$_{6}$ ceramics. Densification temperatures of V$_2$O$_{5}$-doped ZnNb$_2$O$_{6}$ samples are lowered to the range of 875-9$25^{\circ}C$ because of the liquid phase sintering. Doped samples are composed of a Zn(Nb,V)$_2$O$_{6}$ solid solution and second phases. Up to 5 wt% V$_2$O$_{5}$ is the only second phase, however, V$_2$O$_{5}$ also exists as the second phase for 10 wt% V$_2$O$_{5}$ addition. In comparison with reported values of undoped ZnNb$_2$O$_{6}$ ceramics, microwave properties of V$_2$O$_{5}$-doped ZnNb$_2$O$_{6}$ samples are seriously degraded, which is confirmed to originate from the second phases. The optimum microwave properties (Q$\times$f=13,800, $\varepsilon$$_{r}$=23, $\tau$$_{f}$=-66ppm/$^{\circ}C$) are obtained from ZnNb$_2$O$_{6}$ with the addition of 5 wt% V$_2$O$_{5}$ sintered at 90$0^{\circ}C$.90$0^{\circ}C$.EX>.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 2000

Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on physico-chemical properties of cooked ground pork patty were investigated for 11 days at $4^{\circ}C$. Pork patties containing 0, 1, 2, and 3% CLA were cooked at $90^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. The contents of crude protein and fat did not change whereas the content of ash and water decreased as the level of CLA enhanced. Lipid oxidation as measured by thiobarbituric reactive substances of patty was inhibited by addition of CLA. CLA treatment also reduced nitrite and cholesterol content and changed fatty acid composition. Consequently, given these positive effects of CLA, it may be assumed that CLA could be used as a fat additive for value-added pork patty.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.11-25
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• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a composite feed additive (CFA) consisting of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and choline on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat properties of Hanwoo steers. Twenty-two late fattening steers were randomly assigned to one of two dietary groups, control (commercial concentrate + rice straw) and treatment (commercial concentrate + rice straw + 50 g of CFA). Average daily gain (ADG) was 4.0% higher in treatment than that in control; however, there was no statistically significant difference. The supplementation of CFA had no effect on overall yield or quality traits of carcass. CFA had no effect on chemical composition, water holding capacity, shear force, cooking loss, or myoglobin values in longissimus muscle; however, the content of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was increased by supplementation of CFA (p < 0.01). The contents of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid and n-3 fatty acids were higher in treatment group than in control (p < 0.01). The ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids was decreased by supplementation of CFA (p < 0.01). The supplementation of CFA had no effect on pH or thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values in longissimus muscle (raw); however, TBARS (cooked) values were lower in treatment group than in control during refrigerated storage (p < 0.01). Thus, the results indicate that the supplementation of CFA (vitamin C + vitamin E + selenium + choline) had some positive effects on the increase in ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and n-3 fatty in longissimus muscle, without any negative effect on growth performance or carcass characteristics of late fattening Hanwoo steers.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.122-134
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• 2021

Recently, yogurt has been extensively studied to further enhance its functions using edible plant extracts. This study was conducted to investigate whether safflower petal (SP) as a natural food additive can be used to develop functional yogurt with improved health benefits. SPs were extracted with ethanol (SPE) and hot water (SPW), and then safflower yogurt was prepared by adding 0%-1.0% of those extracts to plain yogurt. With an increase in the fermentation duration, the pH of SPE and SPW yogurt samples was decreased, whereas titratable acidity and microbial counts were increased. The concentration of total polyphenols and total flavonoids, the activity of antioxidants, and the inhibitory effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) were higher in SPW yogurt than SPE yogurt. Furthermore, α-glucosidase and lipase activity inhibitory effects of SPW yogurt were higher than those of SPE yogurt. In particular, free radical-scavenging activities, ROS inhibitory effect, and α-glucosidase activity inhibitory effects were significantly increased in SPW yogurt in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, these results suggest that SP extract possesses antioxidant activities and that it can downregulate α-glucosidase and lipase activities. The SP extract may have potential benefits as a natural food additive for the development of functional yogurt.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.122-132
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• 2022

PURPOSE. This in-vitro analysis aimed to compare the intaglio trueness, the antagonist's wear volume loss, and fracture load of various single-unit zirconia prostheses fabricated by different manufacturing techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Zirconia crowns were prepared into four different groups (n = 14 per group) according to the manufacturing techniques and generations of the materials. The intaglio surface trueness (root-mean-square estimates, RMS) of the crown was measured at the marginal, axial, occlusal, and inner surface areas. Half of the specimens were artificially aged in the chewing simulator with 120,000 cycles, and the antagonist's volume loss after aging was calculated. The fracture load for each crown group was measured before and after hydrothermal aging. The intaglio trueness was evaluated with Welch's ANOVA and the antagonist's volume loss was assessed by the Kruskal-Wallis tests. The effects of manufacturing and aging on the fracture resistance of the tested zirconia crowns were determined by two-way ANOVA. RESULTS. The trueness analysis of the crown intaglio surfaces showed surface deviation (RMS) within 50 ㎛, regardless of the manufacturing methods (P = .053). After simulated mastication, no significant differences in the volume loss of the antagonists were observed among the zirconia groups (P = .946). The manufacturing methods and simulated chewing had statistically significant effects on the fracture resistance (P < .001). CONCLUSION. The intaglio surface trueness, fracture resistance, and antagonist's wear volume of the additively manufactured 3Y-TZP crown were clinically acceptable, as compared with those of the 4Y- or 5Y-PSZ crowns produced by subtractive milling.