• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.171-172
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• 1996

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.599-609
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity and safety of Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang) and fermented Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang) extracts in male and female ICR mice. Methods : In the single oral dose toxicity study, non-fermented and fermented Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang) were administered to male and female ICR mice as an oral dose of 1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg. Changes of body weights, general behaviors, adverse effects and mortality were determined throughout the experimental period. Hematological parameters, serum chemistry, organ weights and necropsy findings were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Results : There was no mortality or sign of toxicity in the single oral dose toxicity study. There were also no significant differences in body weights, organ weights, and hematological parameters, serum chemistry values between treatment and control groups. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose of fermented Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi -tang) in both female and male mice can be considered as well over 5,000 mg/kg, so these medicines can be safe in clinics.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.260-264
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• 2016

Purpose: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) takes advantage of low ${\alpha}/{\beta}$ ratio of prostate cancer to deliver a large dose in few fractions. We examined clinical outcomes of SBRT using CyberKnife for the treatment of low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: This study was based on a retrospective analysis of the 33 patients treated with SBRT using CyberKnife for localized prostate cancer (27.3% in low-risk and 72.7% in intermediate-risk). Total dose of 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions of 7.25 Gy were administered. The acute and late toxicities were recorded using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scale. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response was monitored. Results: Thirty-three patients with a median 51 months (range, 6 to 71 months) follow-up were analyzed. There was no biochemical failure. Median PSA nadir was 0.27 ng/mL at median 33 months and PSA bounce occurred in 30.3% (n = 10) of patients at median at median 10.5 months after SBRT. No grade 3 acute toxicity was noted. The 18.2% of the patients had acute grade 2 genitourinary (GU) toxicities and 21.2% had acute grade 2 gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities. After follow-up of 2 months, most complications had returned to baseline. There was no grade 3 late GU and GI toxicity. Conclusion: Our experience with SBRT using CyberKnife in low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer demonstrates favorable efficacy and toxicity. Further studies with more patients and longer follow-up duration are required.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2002

The single dose toxicity of Hwangiaegongjinbo, an invigorator developed by Korea Medical Science Institute was evaluated in ICR mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. The aqueous solution of freeze-dried powder of Hwangiaegongjinbo or its original solution was once administrated orally to both sexes of mice and rats at dose of 2000 mg/kg, the recommended upper limit dose for acute toxicity. Water was administered to another group as control. after single adminstration, sign of toxicity were observed every hour for the first 6 hours and every day for 14 days. Neither sign그cant toxic sign nor death was observed during the observation period. In addition, no pathological changes were noticed in macroscopic examination at necropsy in those treated group. These results indicated that $LD_{50}$ of Hwangiaegongjinbo is greater than 2000 mg/kg in ICR mice and Sprague-Dawley rats.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.1079-1082
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to develop a method for increasing the solubility of paclitaxel in water to reduce its toxicity and make the drug more feasible for chemotherapy. A series of highly water soluble paclitaxel polyethylene glycol (PEG) esters were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-tumor activity and toxicity. The solubility of 7-polyethylene glycol paclitaxel carbonate 5 was 840 mg/mL and the acute toxicity ($LD_{50}$) was 286 mg/kg. Because of its reduced toxicity, compound 5 showed a dramatic reduction of tumor volume without any loss of animals in long-term treatment (daily consecutive injections for 15 days).

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.149-154
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• 2010

Objective : Ssanghwa-tang has been used as herbal medine, favorite beverage or health beverage. This study was performed to evaluate the acute toxity and safety of fermented Ssanghwa-tang extract in ICR mice. Methods : 0(control group), 1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg of Ssanghwa-tang and fermented Ssanghwa-tang extracts were orally administered to 35 male and 35 female ICR mice. After single administration, we observed number of death, clinical signs, changes of body weight for 14 days. After 14 day of administration, all mice were sacrificed and major organ were observed. Results : Compared with the control group, we could not find any toxic alteration in all treated groups (1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg). Conclusions : These results suggest that Sssanghwa-tang fermented with nuruk extracts might be safe to ICR mice.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.295-303
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• 1996

Acute toxic effects of the Woo Whang Chung Shim Won suspension and pills were studied with the doses of 60, 74, 90, and 110 ml/kg in mice. In this study, we daily examined number of deaths, clinical signs, body weights, and pathological findings for 7 days after administration of Woo Whang Chung Shim Won. All mice given the highest dose (110ml/kg) died at 24 hour after administration of Sam-Sung Woo Whang Chung Shim Won suspension (Byunbang, SS-BS and Wonbang, SS-WS), one male and two female mice given 90 ml/kg dose of SS-BS died, and a few mice given middle dose (74 ml/kg) of SS-WS died. In control group (110 ml/kg) treated with vehicle (SS-BS and SS-WS), three out of 5 males and two out of 5 females mice died during the study. However, in animals treated with Kwang-Dong Woo Whang Chung Shim Won suspension (KD-S) and pill (KD-P), deaths were not observed. In the clinical signs, increase of drooling and decrease of spontaneous motor activities were observed in the highest dose group (110 ml/kg). No significant dose-related change in body weight was observed. The results suggest that the toxic effect of SS-BS and SS-WS may be atttributed to the solution for the Woo Whang Chung Shim Won suspension.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate safety evaluation of IGEs separated and refined from bovine milk and commercial recombinant human IGFs. In order to evaluate toxicity of these samples, acute toxicity test and short term toxicity test were investigated with IGF-I separated and refined from colostrum and commercial recombinant human IGF-I from R&D systems company. for acute toxicity test, we selected recombinant human IGF-I from R&D systems company and establish one control group and three dose-level groups(0, 10, 20 and 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$ per rat). We have intravenously injected tail of rats with selected sample once. After 20 days, pathological cellular tissue analyses were investigated with liver, kidney and spleen of 12 rats in all test groups. However, Morbid tissue and abnormal statistical results were not discovered in all cellular tissues. For short term toxicity test, we selected IGF-I separated and refined from colostrum and establish one control group and three dose-level groups(0, 5, 10 and 15 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day per rat). Rats were orally injected with selected sample once a day during two weeks. After short term toxicity test period, Pathological cellular tissue analyses were investigate with liver, kidney and spleen of 12 rats in all test groups. However, Morbid tissue and abnormal statistical results were not discovered in all cellular tissues. These results suggest that IGF-I treated groups show no significant toxicological findings with changes of body weight, food consumption, water consumption, and pathological findings compared with control groups.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.697-704
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• 2022

This study was investigated to evaluate the level of acute TAN (total ammonia nitrogen) and NO₂^--N concentrations at pH levels of 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 for 96 h in juvenile marbled eel Anguilla marmorata (total length 209.0±22.02 mm and body weight 13.0±5.01 g). The result of the present study showed that the survival rate of juvenile eel at TAN concentrations 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm at pH 6.0, pH 7.0, and pH 8.0 were 100, 100, 96.7, 74.4, 31.1, and 0%; 100, 82.2, 61.1, 36.7, 0, and 0%; and 98.9, 55.6, 8.9, 0, 0, and 0%, respectively. In addition, the survival rate of juvenile eel at NO₂^--N concentrations 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm at pH 6.0, pH 7.0, and pH 8.0 were 100, 43.3, 21.7, 0, 0, and 0%; 100, 76.7, 65.0, 43.3, 21.7, and 13.3%; and 100, 100, 100, 88.3, 78.3; and 58.3% respectively. The 96h-LC₅₀ at pH 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0 were 332, 235, and 167 mg/L for TAN, and 188, 296, and 711 mg/L for NO₂^--N, respectively. The acute toxicity of TAN to juvenile eel increased exponentially with increase in pH, whereas the acute toxicity of NO₂^--N to juvenile ell increased with low levels of pH and lengthening of exposure time to NO₂^--N.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1000-1007
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• 2010

In this study, toxicity monitoring of sediments collected from 25 stations in the Geum river basin was conducted using Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa. According to the results of acute toxicity tests (immobilization and mortality) of organic extracts of semdiments, Miho stream showed much less toxicity than Gap and Nonsan streams. In particular, significant toxicity was observed in both species for St.15 and St.16 sediment samples that passed through Deajeon city as a branch of Gap stream. For Nonsan stream, St.23 sediment showed high toxicity toward M. macrocopa. This site seemed to be affected by upper agricultural industrial complex. Additionally, M. macrocopa showed a higher sensitivity than D. magna for organic extracts of sediments. In the case of toxicity tests using sediment pore water and aqueous extracts, only pore water of St.27 sediment was toxic against D. magna. Toxicity identification evaluation showed that hydrogen sulfide was likely a major toxicant in the pore water.