• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제20권4호통권51호
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• pp.279-286
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• 2005

Earthworm (Eisenia fetida) acute toxicity test was carried out and ecological risk assessment in soil was performed with national monitoring data. 14 day - $LC_{50}$ of nonylphenol and bisphenol A were 288.1 mg/kg and 90.1 mg/kg, respectively. And NOECs of nonylphenol and bisphenol A were 250 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Significant weight decrement was appeared at 70 mg/kg of bisphenol A, however, nonylphenol at concentrations tested did not severe adverse effect on the weight decrement. The environmental monitoring has been carrying out by NIER since 1999. Exposure levels of nonylphenol in soil were ND$\sim$10.55 $\mu$g/kg and those of bisphenol A were ND$\sim$15.50$\mu$g/kg in National Monitoring data which had been performed from 2000 to 2004. The measured soil exposure level was applied to evaluate the environmental risk assessment. The values of PNEC for bisphenol A and nonylphenol were determined as 0.5 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively using the safety factors which were suggested in EU and OECD. The values of HQ (PEC/PNEC) were determined to be below I for bisphenol A and nonylphenol when the maximum exposure levels for bispheol A (15.50$\mu$g/kg) and nonylphenol (10.55$\mu$g/kg) were applied. Conclusively, the environmental risk assessment of bisphenol A and nonylphenol was not critical in soil.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2008

Purpose: Surveys on poisoning usually involves intoxication rather than inhalation, skin contact, etc. Therefore, we examined the characteristics of patients who visited the emergency department in an industrial complex after acute industrial exposure to toxic materials. Methods: Medical records of patients exposed to toxic materials in the work places from April, 2006, to March, 2008, were analyzed retrospectively. Inhalation patients due to fire were excluded. Results: Subjects included 66 patients, with a mean age of $35.4{\pm}10.9$ years, mostly men (91%). Toxicity occurred in 51 patients (77%) by contact, 15 patients (23%) by inhalation, and none by oral ingestion. For toxic materials, 10 patients were exposed to hydrofluoric acid, 8 to hydrochloric acid, 7 to sodium hydroxide, 7 to metals, and others. The face and hands were the most frequent exposure site by contact. Most exposures were caused by accidents, with 29 cases (42%) exposed because of carelessness or not wearing protective equipment. Most complaints were pain on exposure site, but 7 of the inhalation patients complained of dyspnea. The majority of patients with contact exposure were discharged after wound care or observation. After inhalation exposure, 1 patient died and 5 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit. Conclusion: Major causes of workplace exposure were not wearing protective equipment or carelessness. Although contact exposures are usually benign, cautious observation and management are required in patients with inhalation exposure.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.320-332
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• 2024

본 연구는 연소담배와 비교해 서로 다른 가열담배(heated tobacco products, HTPs) 사용 시 혈역학적 지표들의 급성 반응을 비교하고, 급성 HTPs 에어로졸 노출이 심장 자율신경조절(cardiac autonomic regulation, CAR)에 미치는 영향을 탐색하려는 목적으로 수행되었다. 또한, 서로 다른 연초 스틱 간 급성 심혈관 효과의 비교 검증을 목표로 하위연구를 설계했다. 외관상 건강한 남성 흡연자 16명은 개방표지, 무작위 교차시험으로, 최소 48시간 세척기간과 함께 비-흡연(non-smoking, NS), 담배 흡연 및 서로 다른 두 가지 HTPs 사용 세션을 각각 수행했다. 하위연구는 NS와 함께 서로 다른 두 가지 연초 스틱 간 급성 심혈관 효과를 비교하기 위해, 참여자 중 8명을 대상으로 실시되었다. 수축기와 확장기 혈압 및 CAR을 반영하는 심박변이도(heart rate variability, HRV)가 각 세션 시작 전, 제품 사용 중 그리고 사용 후 30분까지 평가되었다. NS 동안 혈역학적 변화는 통계적 차가 없었으나, HTPs 에어로졸에 급성 노출은 담배 연기와 상응하는 수축기와 확장기 혈압의 유의한 증가를 초래했으며, 이들 지표에서 HTPs 기기 간 통계적 차는 없었다. 연소담배와 HTPs 사용 후 통계적으로 유의한 심장 교감신경활동(cardiac sympathetic nerve activity, CSNA)의 급성 증가와 심장 미주신경 긴장도(cardiac vagal tone, CVT)의 급격한 저하가 나타났다. 사용 기기와 독립적으로 HTPs 사용에 따른 CSNA와 CVT 반응은 연소담배와 통계적 차가 없었다. 서로 다른 두 가지 연초 스틱은 NS와 비교해 혈역학적 지표들의 유의한 증가를 유도했으나, 연초 스틱 간 통계적 차는 없었다. CVT는 두 가지 연초 스틱 사용에 따라 유의하게 감소했으며, 연초 스틱의 종류에 따라 CVT 저하에 통계적 차가 있었다. 이상의 결과들은 HTPs 에어로졸 노출이 사용 기기와 독립적으로 연소담배와 동등한 급성 심혈관 효과를 유도할 수 있으며, 연초 스틱의 종류에 따라 급성 CAR 저하가 강화될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.392-396
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• 2007

Aquatic ecotoxicity of bisphenol A, a well-known endocrine disrupter in mammals, was studied using laboratory-reared Daphnia magna as a test organism. The static acute 48 h $EC_{50}$ of bisphenol A for daphnid neonates(<24 hold) was 12.9 mg/l and 110 h $LC_{50}$ values of bisphenol A for daphnid embryos of different ages after deposition into the brood chamber increase with ages in the range of 1.55 mg/l-8.91 mg/l. Also, 48 h $EC_{50}s$ generally increase with daphnid's ages in the range of 12.9 mg/l-19.8 mg/l. In the acute toxicity tests using mature daphnids, the lethal response and immobility all showed good concentration-response relationship with exposure concentration and exposure time, showing little difference between lethality and immobility. These results clarify that acute toxicity tests, using daphnid and its embryo, could also be useful tools easily available for the assessment of ecotoxicity of various harmful chemicals.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2006

We developed and evaluated a method of short-term acute toxicity testing based on the feeding behavior of Ceriodaphnia dubia. In prior toxicity tests, neonates of C. dubia were hatched and cultivated with the addition of yeast only for the preparation of the transparent daphnid's gut. Scenedesmus subspicatus was supplied as food after 1 to 6 h of exposure to toxicants. The effects of 1-h and 6-h exposure time on test sensitivity did not significantly differ. A comparison of the short-term l-h acute toxicity test developed in this study to the standard 48-h acute toxicity test using heavy metals, cyanide, and pentachlorophenol indicated that the 1-h test provided an acceptable sensitivity level in toxicity testing of C. dubia..

• 한국산학기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산학기술학회 2010년도 춘계학술발표논문집 2부
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• pp.910-914
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• 2010

A collision between a barge and an oil tanker of Hebei Spirit caused the release of an estimated 12,547 tons of light crude oil into the Yellow Sea off the west coast of Taean-gun, Korea on December 7, 2007. This study was aimed to evaluate exposure conditions and acute health effects in soldiers participating in the Hebei Spirit oil spill cleanup activities and the association between these and the nature of the work and use of protection devices. The sample comprised 2,624 soldiers stratified by working area and number of working days. We divided working area into the coast of Taean-gun(highly polluted area) and other areas affected by Hebei Spirit oil spill. And we divided number of working days into 1-7 days, 8-14 days, 15-21 days and above 22 days. Data were obtained via a structured, self-administered questionnaire and included information on working area, type of working, number of working days, use of protective materials, and acute health effects. Acute health effects were classified into 5 groups: neurological, respiratory, dermatologic, ophthalmic and other symptoms. Data analysis was performed using unconditional logistic regression used to compute odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. On logistic regression analysis, working on the coast of Taean-gun was significantly associated with increased risk of acute health problems: headache, dizziness, nausea, general fatigue, insomnia, flushed face, sore throat, dry throat, runny nose, cough, sputum, skin irritation, sore eyes, injection of conjunctiva, tear, and low back pain. Furthermore soldiers working more than 21 days were significantly associated with increased risk of acute health problems: insomnia, flushed face, sore throat, runny nose, cough, sputum, tear, low back pain and fever. Accordingly, the exposure to the oil and the subsequent cleanup efforts were suggested to inflict acute health problems on soldiers participating in the Hebei Spirit oil spill cleanup activities.

• 생태와환경
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.489-494
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• 2007

Transcriptional modulation of metallothionein (MT) during acute metal exposures (cadmium, copper or zinc) was examined in fry of Hemibarbus mylodon, a threatened fish species in Korean peninsula. Viability of H. mylodon fry was most affected by copper exposure (up to 79% of mortality at 1 ppm for 48 hours) and considerably by cadmium exposure (21 to 54% of mortality). On the other hand, Zn showed the least adverse effect on the viability (0 to 13% of mortality) of this species. Based on the semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis, the stimulation of MT mRNA in response to metal exposures followed generally in a dose-dependent fashion where cadmium was the most potent inducer for the induction of MT transcripts in fry (up to more than 5-fold) while the lowest response was observed in zinc-exposed group (2-fold at maximum). From the exposure using environmentally realistic doses of cadmium (0 to 0.05 ppm for 24 hours), MT expression at mRNA level was also sensitively modulated toward upregulation up to more than 3-fold as relative to non-exposed control. Results from the present study would be a good basis for understanding the adaptive capacity and stress physiology of this endangered fish species during metal pollution.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.112-117
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• 2010

Altered mRNA expression of two metallothionein isoforms (MT-IA and MT-IB) in response to acute heavy metal exposure was examined in mud loach, Misgurnus mizolepis, fry using a real-time RTPCR assay. Sublethal exposure (1 or 5 ${\mu}M$) to Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn resulted in highly variable transcriptional responses of the two MT isoforms to the heavy metal ions, including upregulation, a steady state, and downregulation. Overall, the most potent inducer of both MT isoforms was Cd (up to 6-fold). Another exposure experiment using a series of doses of Cu revealed that the stimulation patterns of the two MT isoforms differed: MT-IA transcription was soon saturated at higher concentrations (about 2-fold at 1-4 ${\mu}M$ of Cu), whereas the activation of MT-IB was more dependent on the treatment dose (increased up to 5-fold at 3 ${\mu}M$). The isoform-specific allotment of constitutive and inducible functions was not as clear in fry as in adult tissues. Coordinated interaction between the MT-IA and MT-IB isoforms was hypothesized based on the finding that MT-IA represented a primary action under 'less stressful' or 'sublethal' conditions, whereas the activation of MT-IB became important under 'more stressful' or 'lethal' circumstances in this species.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.30-33
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• 2011

Trichloroethylene (TCE, $C_2HCl_3$), which was introduced as a gas for general anesthesia and analgesia in early 1900's has been widely used in industry as an organic solvent. Occupational exposure to TCE is an important medical problem. Manifestations of acute exposure to TCE include mucocutaneous irritation, hepatotoxicity, cognitive impairment, sleep, headache, respiratory insufficiency and death. We report a 38-year-old man who was admitted to a department of emergency medicine after occupational inhalation exposure to TCE. He rapidly developed semicoma and respiratory depression. After mechanical ventilation, hypercapnea and hypoxemia disappeared and his mental state again became alert. Careful evaluation and proper respiratory support are important for respiratory failure after occupational TCE inhalation.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.161-165
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• 2006

Organophosphate insecticides, commonly used in agriculture, are a gradually increasing cause of accidental and suicidal poisoning. Intoxication can occur by ingestion, inhalation or dermal contact. Exposure to organophosphorus agents causes a sequentially triphasic illness consisting of the cholinergic phase, the intermediate syndrome, and organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. Acute pancreatitis as a rare complication of organophosphate intoxication has also been infrequently observed. We report a case of intoxication with organophosphate (phos-phamidon) by parenteral exposure (inhalation and/or dermal contact). A 34-year-old male patient was transferred to our Emergency Medical Center and was intubated due to a progressive respiratory failure. He presented with meiotic pupils, cranial nerve palsies, weak respiration, and proximal limb motor weaknesses without sensory changes. He had been employed in filling syringes with phosphamidon during the previous month. Because the patient's history and symptoms suggested organophosphate intoxication with intermediate syndrome, he was mechanically ventilated for 18 days with continuous infusion of atropine and pralidoxime (total amounts of 159 mg and 216 g, respectively). During his admission, hyperamylasemia and hyperli-pasemia were detected, and his abdominal CT scan showed a finding compatible with acute pancreatitis. He was administered a conservative treatment with NPO and nasogastric drainage. The patient was discharged and showed neither gastrointestinal nor neurologic sequelae upon follow up at one week and three months.