• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.247-261
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to figure out related factors to the self-reported climacteric symptoms and the relationship among the health promoting behaviors, climacteric symptoms and degree of Sanhujori, the Korean traditional postpartal care. A cross-sectional survey design was employed in this study. The subjects were 108 middle-aged women who were non-hystrectomized and ranged in age from 40 to 60 years. They were selected in seoul and Kyoung-ki province, Korea, Data were collected from Oct.25 Nov. 10, 1997 by a structured questionnaire. The instruments used for this study were the revised health Promotion Lifestyle(HPLP) developed by Walker, Sechrist & Pender, and revised Climacteric Symptoms Scale developed by Chi, Sung Ai. the data were analyzed by the SPSS/$PC^+$ program using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe test as a post hoc and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results of the study were as follows ; 1. The mean score of health promoting behaviors was low($2.42{\pm}0.35$). There were statistically significant differences in the score of health promoting behaviors according to the educational background, family income, marital satisfaction, whether or not taking a restorative food and degree of Sanhujori, especially the period (t=-2.07, F=2.60~7.57, p<0.05). 2. The mean score of score self-reported climacteric symptoms was 1.69%;99% of middle-aged women had symptoms. There were statically significant differences in the score of middle -aged women's self-reported climacteric symptoms according to the age, number of children, educational background, occupation, family income, marital satisfaction, whether or not receiving hormon replacement therapy (HRT) or consultation by a professional, perceived health status and self evaluation of Sanhujori(t=-2.04~3.69, F=2.87~11.63, p<0.05). 3. women's degree of Sanhujori was a positive correlation with health promoting behaviors(r=0.34, p=0.00) and negative correlation with the degree of self-reported climacteric symptoms(r=-0.19,p=0.03). 4. The influencing factors to the climacteric symptoms were self actualization, interpersonal support, and perceived health status among the health promoting behaviors with 57% of variance($R^2$=0.57). 5. The middle-aged women's type of coping pattern for the climacteric symptoms was classified as active behavioral coping, spiritual & psychological coping, and negative coping. In conclusion, to intervene the middle aged women's climacteric symptoms and develop nursing strategies for their health, health promoting behavior, especially ; self actualization, interpersonal support, and perceived health status should be considered. And, as the primary prevention strategy for women's health during the period of childbearing and also middle age, especially for the climacteric symptoms, Sanhujori should be reconsidered.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.739-750
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to identify the response patterns of Health Locus of Control (HLOC) and to analysis of the health promoting behaviors depending on the response patterns of HLOC in Korean adults. The sample was composed of 300 healthy adults ranged from twenties to seventies. In data analysis, SPSS PC/sup +/ program was utilized for descriptive statistics, pearson correlation, ANOVA and cluster analysis. The results of the study were as follows : 1. The average scores of HLOC in Korean were HLOC-I : 24.12(range 6-30), HLOC-P : .21.72, HLOC-C : 17.46. 2. The total mean score of the health promoting behavior scale was 2.50 (range 1-4), and the mean scores on the subscales were ; self actualization 2.60, health responsibility 2.14, exercise 2.28, nutrition 3.16, interpersonal support 2.74, stress management 2.15. 3. The HLOC-I and health promoting behavior were correlated positively(r =0.184, p=0.001), and the HLO-C and the health promoting behavior were correlated negatively(r=-0.102, p=0.039). The HLOC-P and the health promoting behavior weren't correlated in the level of statistical significance. 4. The response patterns of HLOC in Korean adults were identified 6 types, such as pure internal, pure chance, believers in control, yea sayer, nay sayer, and complex control. The type of believers in control and the type of yea sayer were subdivided in two different types. The believers in control was the largest group(33.67%), and yea sayer was the next large group(26.33%). The pure chance and the complex control type was the smallest groups. 5. There was a significant difference in health promoting behavior depending on the response patterns of HLOC(F=2.67, p=0.010). There were also significant differences in 4 subscales of health promoting behavior : self actualization(F=3.12, P=0.003), health responsibility(F=2.15, P=0.038), nutrition(F=5.08, p=0.000), and interpersonal support(F=2.26,p=0.029). These results suggest that the response patterns of HLOC is the important factor to predict the level of health promoting behavior in Korean adults.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.541-549
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• 1997

This study was done to describe health promoting lifestyle and determine affecting factors in elderly based on the Heath Promotion Model by Pender. Cognitive-perceptual factors that were included in this study were self-efficacy and hardiness. Modifying factors were demographic characteristics (sex, age, partner, previous illness, education level. income and religion). The specific purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of self-efficacy, hardiness and the demographic chasteristics to health promoting lifestyle and to determine causal factors affecting the elderly. The subjects were a volunteer sample of 98 elderly in one city in? The instruments for this study were Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile(47items, 4scale), Health Related Hardiness Scale(22i1ems, 6scale), general Self-Efficacy Scale(13i1ems, 5scale). Frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Stepwise Multiple regression technique with SAS program were used to analyse the data. The Results of the study are as follows : 1) The average item score for the health promoting lifestyle was 2.63, the highest score on the subscales was interpersonal support (M=3.3), followed by self-actulization(M=2.9), nutrition(M=2.8), stress management(M=2.7), health responsibility(M=2.1) with the lowest bring exercise(M=2.0) 2) A significant difference between education level, income, religion and health promoting lifestyle were found. 3) All of the subscales on health promoting lifestyle were positively related to total hardiness (r=0.330, p<0.001). The hardiness subscale of control was positively related to self-actulization(r=0.276, p<0.01), and commitment was positively related to self-actualization(r=0.315, p<0.001), exercise /nutrition(r=0.245, p<0.01), interpersonal support(r=0.278, p<0.01), stress management(r=0.250, p<0.01). Challenge was positively related to self-actualization(r=0.315, p<0.001), exercise /nutrition(r=0.245, p<0.01). There was no significant correlation between self-efficacy and all of the subscales of health promoting lifestyle. Self-efficacy showed a significant correlation only with control(r=0.469, p<0.001), comittment(r=0.507, p<0.001), challenge (r=0.489, p< 0.001). 4) Comittment, self-efficacy and income explained 25.01% of the variance for the total health promoting lifestyle. The results of this study show that commitment, self efficacy and income predicted the health promoting lifestyle of the elderly. So health promoting programs that increase commitement and self-efficacy should be developed to promote a healthy lifestyle of the elderly, especially those who have low income.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.477-492
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• 1999

The disease patterns among the Korean was shifted from acute and infectious diseases to chronic diseases. According to the these disease patterns trends, people have concerned about the health promotion and health behaviors. Pender's(1996) revised health promotion model(HPM) is consist of three categories; Individual characteristics and experiences, Behavior-specific cognitions and affect, behavioral outcome. Of these categories, individual characteristics and experiences, this category of variables is considered to be of biological, psychological and socio-cultural personal factors, especially, individual fatigue. Futhermore. these variables constitute a critical core for nursing intervention, as they are subject to modification through nursing actions. But there is no few the research of the relationship between the fatigue and health promotion. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between the fatigue and health promoting life style among a rural college students. Additionally, this descriptive correlational study identified the relation of demographic factors and fatigue, health promoting life style. From June 20 to 26, 1998, a convenience sample of 270 college students completed the questionnaire of the fatigue and health promoting life style profile which were developed by the Yoshitake(1978) and Walker, et al.(1987), respectively. The descriptive correlational statistics, mean, t-test, ANONA, Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data gathered with SAS pc+ program. The results were as it follows: 1. The average fatigue score of the subjects was $64.93{\pm}12.89$. Fatigue scores by subcategory were physical symptoms($23.5{\pm}4.87$). psychological symptoms($22.11{\pm}4.66$) and neuro-sensory symptoms($19.32{\pm}5.14$). With the respect to the demographic characteristics of the subjects, there were statistically significant differences between the demographic factors and fatigue, especially, sex(t==3.69 p<0.01), major(t=-2.89 p<0.01). the experience of family illness(t=2.76 p<0.01). 2. The average health promoting life style item score of the subjects was $2.33{\pm}0.33$. In the subcategories, the highest degree of performance was self-actualization(2.94), following interpersonal support(2.81). stress management(2.33), exercise(2.20), nutrition(2.10), and the lowest degree was health responsibility(1.73). There were the significant differences on the learning of health education(t=2.00 p<0.01). religion(F=3.01, p<0.05), circle activity(t=2.07, p<0.05), nutrition control(t=5.25, p<0.01) of demographical factors with the health promoting life style. 3. The correlation between the fatigue and health promoting life style made statistically no significance(r=-0.09731, p>0.05). But there was negative significant relationship between health promoting life style and psychological symptom as a fatigue subcategory(r=-0.15721, p<0.05). The self-actualization showed negative significant correlation with all fatigue subcategory. The health responsibility showed significant relationship with total fatigue(r=0.13050. p<0.05). For further research, it suggests to replicate the correlational and causal study between the fatigue and the health promoting life style using the another fatigue scale which is able to measure the subjective and objective fatigue degree. And it needs to develop the nursing intervention program for maintaining and promoting the health behavior as well as for decreasing the college students's fatigue.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-32
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• 2000

Although it is widely acknowledged that enhancing creativity is an important educational theme on which schools should depend and embody their educational goal and activities, how to do it can be characterized as 'piecemeal' without a whole picture of it. Thus, school practices of creativity education has been disoriented, discontinuous, short-term, and peripheral in nature. In this practical context, a theoretical model of creativity education was developed in ways in which several theoretical concepts based on research findings on a variety of aspects of creativity education were compiled and organized. The core of the model was creative problem solving process to which the goals and the mediating variables of creativity education were connected in relational fashion. By giving repetitive opportunities for creative problem solving geared to producing the results that are novel and useful for the individual as well as the socity, it was conceptualized that two educational goals could be achieved: a short-term goal of developing creative potential of the individual and the long-term goals of self-actualization of the individual and contribution to the society. It is also conceptualized that creative problem solving can be influenced in positive manner by several mediating variables: content knowledge and skills, creative cognition, creative motivation and attitudes, and creative environment. The creative environment is composed of psychological and physical conditions and provides a basis for creativity education. The former three variables are conceptualized as necessary conditions for the effectiveness and efficiency of creative problem solving, when provided appropriately. The four mediating variables ware conceptualized as mutually affecting so that the development of one variable influences positively that of the other, and vice versa. In terms of practical perspective of teaching creativity, developing creative potential, self-actualization, and contribution to society are the goals; creative problem solving process is the methodology; content knowledge and skills, creative cognition, and creative motivation and attitudes are the content; and creative environment is the condition of creativity education. The model is not yet perfect but needs further explorations to make it more detailed in clarifying various relationships. For instance, how the creative problem solving process can be differentiated in teaching various subject matters is yet to be explored. Thus, the model proposed in this study should be regarded as a general model of creativity education, and is relatively sound to be adopted in school practices since it is based on the theoretical as well as empirical study findings on creativity. However, the proposed model needs to be validated through empirical researches in real teaching settings.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.828-837
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• 2001

Purpose: This study was aimed to identify the difference of the self-efficacy and the health promoting behaviors between obese and normal-weight middle school students. Method: Data were collected from a convenient sample of 360 middle school students (180 normal-weight students and 180 obese students) in Pusan from November 22nd to December 20th. 2000. based on self-report questionnaires. The following instruments were used in the study after being reconstructed by the researcher with the consultation of experts and the literature review: General Self Efficacy Scale(Sherer et al.. 1982). and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (Walker. Sechrist & Pender. 1987). The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, chi-square test. and t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: 1. There were significant differences in father's obesity (p=.014) mother's obesity (p= .007), sibling's obesity (p=.00l), and school record (p=.001) between obese and normal-weight students. 2. There were statistically significant differences in the score of self-efficacy between the obese and normal-weight students (p=.0001) 3. There were statistically significant differences in health promoting behavior (p= .000) and in six sub-i terns: personal relationship (p =.000), exercise (p=.001), responsibility for health (p=.003), stress management (p = .015), self-actualization (p =.043) between the obese and normal weight students. 4. There were very statistically significant negative correlations between obesity and the self-efficacy (r=-.19. p<.001), health promoting behavior (r=-.18. p<.001), specifically personal relationship(r=-.20. p<.001), stress management (r=-.12. p<.05), responsibility for health (r=-.15. p<.01), and self-actualization (r=-.14. p<.01). Conclusion: According to the above results it is concluded that self-efficacy and health promoting behavior influence the obesity of middle school students. Therefore I recommend adding programs that can lead to improve self-efficacy and health promoting behavior to the obesity prevention programs for middle school students.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.507-514
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of husband and wife compatibility and self efficacy on health promotion behavior and define the main factors influencing health promotion behavior in middle aged women. Method: Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 311 middle aged women. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, Stepwise multiple regression with SAS package were used for data analysis. Results: The mean score of husband and wife compatibility was 3.55(${\pm}.56$), self efficacy was 3.51(${\pm}.54$), and total health promotion behavior was 2.91(${\pm}.37$), with scores for subcategories as follows: interpersonal support 2.86(${\pm}.59$), self-actualization 2.74(${\pm}.56$), nutrition 2.56(${\pm}.63$), health responsibility 2.32(${\pm}.60$), stress management 2.28(${\pm}.51$), and exercise 1.87(${\pm}.74$). Husband and wife compatibility, and self efficacy were positively related to health promotion behavior and all subcategories of health promotion behavior. Also husband and wife compatibility were positively related to self efficacy. The major factors that affect health. promotion behavior in middle aged women were husband and wife compatibility, self efficacy, economic level, and religion, which explained 32.6% of health promotion behavior. Conclusion: The results indicate that health promotion behavior may be increased through interventions directed at improving the husband and wife compatibility.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.333-345
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• 2008

The purpose of the research is to investigate the perception of corporate and e-Learning institute on ubiquitous society and learning environment in the context of human resource development. In addition, the study aims to analyze their recognition of u-Learning's components into the level of significance and actualization. The total of 118 institutes were participated in the research survey among the 144 e-learning certified institutes from the Ministry of Labor. The research includes the results of survey and implications on the area of human resource development.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.533-538
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• 2015

Collective intelligence is related to several areas such as sociology, business administration, political science, and computer science. This paper can be classified as a product of social engineering of the era of liberal arts and science convergence, fusion, consilience. Members today have higher need for self-actualization and contribution. As the business is changing fast and getting more complicated, a mechanism of natural science is necessary in social organization. The mechanisms of collective intelligence are composed of divergence process and convergence process. And the seven steps were designed that the first letter of each steps leads to 'PROCESS'. When implemented by applying the procedures that reflect the opinions of members throughout this paper, there are members who participated in the decision-making process will contribute to actively participate in the decision when to run, and specific tools and techniques in online communities are for future studies.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.625-631
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• 2002

The objectives of this study were to determine the degree of job satisfaction and need satisfaction of school foodservice employees, and the relationship between Job in General(JIG) and need satisfaction. The six demographic items, the Job Descriptive Index(JDI) and JIG scale, and Need Satisfaction Questionnaire(NSQ) were used to evaluate job satisfaction and need satisfaction of school foodservice employees. The results of this study showed that the employees were satisfied with co-workers(2.52), then supervision(2.48), work(1.86), promotion(0.72) and pay(0.51) in decreasing order. Older employees(Age$\geq$40) tended to be more satisfied in JIG(p＝0.0620) than younger employees(20$\leq$Age$\leq$39). Employees were satisfied in social needs, then autonomy needs, self-actualization needs, esteem needs, security heeds in decreasing order. There were no significant differences between demographic factors and five need categories. When the employees were classified by their scores on JIG, Group I having the lowest score tended to be less satisfied(p＝0.0627) in security needs than Group II and Group III. The information of study could be useful for foodservice managers in job design to increase the productivity.