• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.241-263
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• 2013

Time pressure and financial burden have been reported as the main constraints on leisure participation. The purpose of this study was to explore a typology of leisure constraints, investigate the characteristics of leisure constraint types, and analyze the differences in leisure participation by the types of leisure constraints for married employees. The data source for this research was the 2009 Time Use Survey conducted by the Korea National Statistical Office (KNSO). Married employees aged 20 to 59 years completed 13,476 time diaries (7,984 for male, 5,492 for female), which were analyzed using chi-square, cluster analysis, and ANOVA analysis. Leisure constraints were classified into five types in two categories, working time per week and personal income for both males and females respectively. The three types for both males and females were time-income constraints, income constraints, and general constraints, with an additional type for men, $time^+$-income constraints, and an additional type for women, time constraint. The most common type was general constraints, for both males and females. Each type was further differentiated by the following socio-economic variables: age, educational level, job type, and weekly day-off. The study found that participation in study, sports, and religious activities varied with the types of leisure constraints.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 1994

Lipoxygenase is involved in the formation of certain undesirable flavors of soybean products. Three isozymes(L-1, L-2 and L-3) of lipoxygenase have been identified in soybean seeds, and the three types of mutants lacking L-1, L-2 and L-3, respectively, were detected in the 1980's. In this paper, lipoxygenase activity was measured to investigate the response of lipoxygenase in organs and tissues during soybean development. There was no tendency according to genotypes between lipoxygenase lacking mutants and normal soybeans in lipoxygenase activity of leaf at $V_3$ and $V_5$ stage. Likewise, pod wall lipoxygenase was no difference among genotypes tested at R$_{6}$ stage. Seed coat lipoxygenase activity was similar among the lipoxygenase lacking mutants, while normal soybean was lower as compared with that of the lipoxygenase lacking mutants. Embryo and cotyledon lipoxygenase activity in the lipoxygenase lacking mutants was much lower than that of normal soybean, also there was large difference among lipoxygenase lacking mutants. Thus, the lipoxygenase null mutant showed very weak value although the lacking L-3 mutant had a large effect on developing embryo lipoxygenase activity. It was suggested that soybean lipoxygenase isozymes expressed in embryo may be different from those expressed in the pod wall and leaf tissues.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.43-63
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• 2019

The types of inquiry activities included in Life Science II textbooks under the 2015 revised science curriculum were extracted and compared with those of six major and five different publishing companies. The fact that the number of investigation discussions and presentations (IP) increased and the expressions (EX) were included in each unit was interpreted as sufficient to transform the classroom instruction in the 2015 revised science curriculum into student-centered activities. The type of inquiry activities in student-centered activities such as experiment observation, simulation activities, investigation discussions, and presentations accounted for about 41% more than the 27% of 2009 revised science curriculum. However, since data interpretation type is still the largest, it is necessary to reduce the types of data interpretation and to increase the number of types of simulation activities and expressions in order to expand students' creativity and thinking ability when textbook development is needed in the future. In addition to the development of biotechnology, teachers need to reconstruct diverse science materials for each textbook and then use them for students to induce balanced thinking, and try to expand expressive power, creativity, logic, and critical thinking skills.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4241-4244
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• 2012

The lung adenocarcinoma is considered more aggressive than other types of non-small cell lung cancer. As metabolites of tryptophan degradation along the kynurenine pathway, including kynurenic acid, have been shown to induce immunosuppression and facilitate escape of tumor cells from immune surveillance, a hypothesis was set up that differences in biological behavior between types of lung cancer may be associated with altered activity of the kynurenine metabolic pathway. The aim of the study was to determine kynurenic acid levels in the serum of patients with bronchial adenocarcinoma for comparison with other types of non-small cell lung cancer. A total of 227 patients with non-small cell lung cancer were enrolled in the study, including 71 with adenocarcinoma and 96 with squamous cell carcinoma. Serum kynurenic acid concentration was determined with use of high performance liquid chromatography and fluorometry. The level of kynurenic acid in the serum of patients with adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than in those with squamous cell lung cancer ($107.1{\pm}62.8$ pmol/ml; 95%CI: 92.4 to 132.3 pmol/ml versus $82.1{\pm}47.6$ pmol/ml; 95%CI: 78.5 to 91.2 pmol/ml, respectively; p = 0.027). Differences between other histological types of lung cancer were insignificant. We conclude that increased activity of kynurenine metabolic pathway manifested by elevated serum kynurenic acid level may be one of the factors associated with clinically distinct biological behavior of adenocarcinoma, in particular high invasiveness and rapid progression.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2008

Soybean is sensitive to waterlogging stress, leading to reduce their growth and yield significantly. The objective of this study was to characterize the relative sensitivities of biomass accumulation and specific nodule activity under waterlogging stress between supernoduating mutants, 'SS2-2' and 'Sakukei 4' and their wild-type soybeans, 'Sinpaldalkong 2' and 'Enrei', respectively. Flooding treatment was performed to soybean plants grown in a pot by waterlogging for 15 days from the beginning bloom(R1) stage under natural light. The nodule number and weight were considerably decreased by waterlogging stress. The bleeding sap rate of waterlogging soybean plants was decreased by 78-80% in supernodulating mutants and 65-74% in their wild types compared to control plants. The relative ureide-N content was also decreased by waterlogging and the reduction was high in supernodulating mutants. This may cause the massive reduction of shoot and root dry weight and leaf area in waterlogged soybean plants. There was a varietal difference in response to the waterlogging stress. During the waterlogging, supernodulating mutants maintained higher spad value than their wild types. Particularly, the difference between soybean varieties was clear in low rank leaves from the top. Also, supernodulating mutants showed a weak waterlogging tolerance than their wild types. Under waterlogging conditions, massive nodules were considerably destroyed and specific nodule activity after waterlogging may not be recovered when compared to their wild-type soybeans. Supernodulating mutants showed lower seed yield than their wild types in waterlogging conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1040-1051
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to search out the motive and it's degree of the advertising involvement and to verify how the consumer's reaction have influenced on the effect of the advertising. In this study the questionaries used and objects were 236 working women form 20 to 39 years old. The dates were analyzed by reliability mean standard deviation percentage Duncan test t-test factor analysis correlation ANOVA and regression. The outcome of the analysis can be as follows : 1. Consumer's advertising involvement in the clothing goods was standing on 'Emotional' 'Expressional' or 'Economical' position. Among the factors affecting the consumer'sbehaviors. 'Usefulness' 'Like or Dislike' or 'Uniqueness' are the major 3 bases for perceptive evaluation 'Activity' 'Uncomfortableness' and 'Tranquility' are the 3 factors extracted from consumer's emotional reaction. 2 There was little difference in the size of advertising effect among the cluster types classified by each difference motive of the clothing advertising involvement. 3. Perceptive evaluation of the types of advertising appeal the non-sex-appeal advertising was inclined to "Usefulenss' or 'likes' while the sex-appeal advertising depending rather highy on 'Uniqueness' In respect of emotional reaction "Tranquility' was on non-sex-appeal advertising while more 'Activity' or 'Uncomfortable' feeling were on sex-appeal advertising. 4. In the light of 'advertising style' 'brand image' or 'purchase stimulation' the non-sex-appeal advertising was rather favorable received by the consumer's than the sex-appealing one. 5. All those surrounding factors excluding the 'uniqueness' are closely co-related to purchase stimulation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2001

To investigate the physio-chemical components and properties of aerosol particles in urban area sampling of aerosol particles was carried out in the campus of Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, during snowfall. Aerosol particles were collected on millipore filter papers using a low volume air sampler. Their shapes, sizes and chemical components were analyzed by a SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) and an EDX(Energy Dispersive X-ray). As a results, ice crystals of dendrite and column types were predominantly shown at mature and developing stage of snowfall intensity. The denerite and sector plate types of ice crystals were mainly originated from the sea but column types were come from soil. Scavenging effect by snowfall was greatly also shown at dendrite type ice crystals that embryo was fully developd. Al, Si elements were shown at high frequencies as compared with others. Na, Cl components were especially shown at high frequencies under the sea-breeze wind during snowfall. Anthropogenic aerosol particles had shown with irregular shapes and sizes, relatively. Mainly 3-7$\mu$m aerosol particles were abundant and coarse particles also could be seen during snowfall. Ca, Zn, Fe components mainly caused by spike tires from vehicles in winter season were dominant before snowfall, however the element S mainly caused by human activity was rich after snowfall. The pH values of snow in Sapporo city were higher than those at coastal area. The concentration of chemical components in aerosol particles was also affected by surface winds. Aerosol particles in urban area, Sapporo were mainly affected by human activities like vehicles and combustion with wind system. And their types were related with snowfall intensity.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.348-364
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• 1990

The activities of twenty-one flavonoids and their related compounds on the hypersensitivity reaction against various antigens were studied in vitro and in vivo. 1. Generally flavonoids inhibited significantly the homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) induced by reaginic antibody as compared as anaphylaxis by compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation, and so more strongly active in the IgE-mediated anaphylaxis than non-IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. 2. Flavonids inhibited remarkably Arths reaction, hemolysin titer, delayed hypersensitivity, haemagglutinin titer, rosette forming cells and plague forming cells against sheep red blood cells, and so it exhibited that flavonoids inhibited type 2, 3 and 4 hypersensitivity. 3. Quercetin, kaempferol, hesperetin, disodium cromoglycate, malvin and baicalein were active dose-dependently in the all types of hypersensitivity. Fisetin, daidzein, morin, narigin, flavone, catechin, rutin, hesperidin, neophsperidin, apigenin and chrysin were significantly active in the various types of hypersensitivity, but apigenin, rutin and catechin were less active in the delayed hypersensitivity. Taxifolin was significantly active in PCA and histamine-induced anaphylaxis except other types of hypersensitivity. Rotenone and cyanin also inhibited all types of hypersensitivity, but they are toxic. 4. Based on these results from hypersensitivity, the following flavonoid structure-activity relationships became apparent. 1) Flavonoids with $C_{2-3}$ double bond in C-ring were more active than that of $C_{2-3}$ saturation. 2) Flavonoids with $C_4$ ketone group in C-ring were more active than abscence of them except catechin and malvin. 3) Flavonoids with benzene ring at positions 2 or 3 in C-ring exhibited same activities. 4) Flavonoids with opening of the C-ring does not abolish their activities. 5) The glycosylated flavonoids in position 3 or 7 was less active than their aglycone. 6) Flavonoids with the more hydroxy group in A and B-ring were more active. 7) Flavonoids with or without $C_3-OH$ did not change their activities.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.1 s.69
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• pp.51-62
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• 2007

Objectives . The types of Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM) have definite effect on response to herbal drugs. The majority of human P45O dependent xenobiotic metabolism is carried out by polymorphic enzymes which can cause abolished, altered or enhanced metabolism. Therefore, we evaluated the relation of major CYP2C19, 2D6 polymorphism with Sasang types. Methods : 214 healthy subjects were recruited with informed consent; 172 among them had Sasang diagnosis by QSCC2. CYP2D6, 2C19 polymorphism were determined by PCR-RFLP method. Results : None of the Sasang types showed significant difference in CYP2D6, 2C19 polymorphism. However, the Tae-um type showed relatively low frequency of CYP2D6 $^{*}$10/$^{*}$10 polymorphisms with low activity (p=0.110). In the So-yang type, specific $^{*}$3/$^{*}$3 genotype which is a poor metabolizer of CYP2C19$^{*}$3 was detected (p=0.078).Conclusion . These results suggest that the Tae-um type which is said to have high liver function in SCM has the tendency of high drug-metabolizing enzyme activity. With further study, the CYP polymorphism could serve as a scientific tool for SCM diagnosis.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.221-230
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to identify career decision-making types of college students majoring in beauty, and to improve career preparation behaviors by analyzing their effects on career preparation behaviors and major satisfaction. It was conducted from November 1 to 30, 2021, and a total of 485 questionnaires were used as analysis data. Frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed as research methods. As a result of the study, first, the type of career decision-making showed a positive (+) correlation between career preparation behavior and major satisfaction, indicating that it was statistically significant. Second, rational career decision-making style was correlated with dependence and intuitive style. As the career preparation behavior, the career preparation behavior of time effort, ability activity, and information collection, and the satisfaction of the major showed a statistically significant positive (+) correlation in class satisfaction and subject satisfaction. Third, among career decision-making types, rational and dependent types were found to have a statistically significant effect on ability activity, which is a sub-factor of career preparation behavior.