• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.25-34
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• 2020

This study examined the definition and major values, the designated procedures and types, and the designation trend in Korean scenic sites and national parks in the United States. Based on this, the analysis of the characteristics of the designation of the two natural heritages. The results are as follows; First, Scenic Sites has characteristics of complex heritage that includes academic, historical, and humanities values on the basis of landscape. As a natural heritage based on public nature, the U.S. National Park aims to contribute to the people's natural heritage and satisfy both ecological and historical values through the protection of the landscape. Second, the designation of a scenic sites are decided through deliberation by the Cultural Heritage Committee after the request of the owner, manager, or local government or by the authority of the head of the Cultural Heritage Administration. The designated survey is divided into basic resource surveys and resource surveys by type. Since the initial designation of the Sogeumgang Mountain in Cheonghakdong, Myeongju in 1970, the number of designated scenic sites was low until the 2000s, but the number of designated scenic sites has increased rapidly since 2006 due to the policy to promote the scenic site, and the proportion of natural and historical and cultural scenic sites has been balanced. The designation of the U.S. national park is decided by the Congress or the president, and the National Park Service makes a series of decisions on whether to conduct a special resource study of provisional resources through a preliminary inspection survey, whether to satisfy the criteria for designation of national parks based on the results of special resource research, and to prioritize them. The U.S. National Parks have been expanded not only by Congress but also by the president's empowerment to designate them as national monuments. With the integrated operation of the National Park Service, the number of designated cases increased as the national park included the heritage sites under the control of various ministries. In addition, a number of historical areas were designated by the enactment of the Historical Site Act, and recreational areas were designated to provide leisure space and classified and managed in a total of 18 units. Third, the comparison of the designation characteristics of the two heritage properties confirmed that the designation of natural heritage with complex value, the classification of types according to complementary designation system and resource characteristics, the establishment of the competent ministry and the balancing of the heritage according to the designation policy. The two heritages had the characteristics of complex natural heritages that met ecological, historical and academic values at the same time based on landscape and public nature. In addition, both countries have identified a system for deliberating the designation of heritage through a basic resource survey and an in-depth designation survey, and classified each type according to the characteristics of the resource. In addition, the policies for promoting scenic sites in Korea and the integrated operation of the National Park Service in the U.S. influenced the designated aspects of the two heritage sites, balancing natural heritage with historical and cultural heritage. Fourth, the resource types and conservation management methods of Scenic site and National Park were largely related. The natural areas of the U.S. National Park include types of natural monuments in Korea as major resources, and have characteristics similar to natural scenic sites. In addition, historical resources were similar to the criteria for designation of historical and cultural scenic sites in terms of landscape, and the aspects of war and celebrity-related relics were related to the types of historic sites. In terms of conservation management, the natural area of the U.S. national park has a way of keeping the original ecosystem intact, but the Korean natural heritage protection system is likely to be useful for focusing on the resource of viscosity. Meanwhile, historical resources include historical sites and historical and cultural scenic sites in the traditional era, but historical relics in the U.S. National Parks have set a time limit to modern times for war history and celebrity-related relics, and the active provision of entertainment programs based on existing resources was derived as a difference.

• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.681-686
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• 2016

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) is important for both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in life. Class II (zinc dependent) FBA is an attractive target for the development of antibiotics against protozoa, bacteria, and fungi, and is also widely used to produce various high-value stereoisomers in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. In this study, the crystal structures of class II Escherichia coli FBA (EcFBA) were determined from four different crystals, with resolutions between $1.8{\AA}$ and $2.0{\AA}$. Native EcFBA structures showed two separate sites of Zn1 (interior position) and Zn2 (active site surface position) for $Zn^{2+}$ ion. Citrate and TRIS bound EcFBA structures showed $Zn^{2+}$ position exclusively at Zn2. Crystallographic snapshots of EcFBA structures with and without ligand binding proposed the rationale of metal shift at the active site, which might be a hidden mechanism to keep the trace metal cofactor $Zn^{2+}$ within EcFBA without losing it.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.216-223
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the worker's job stress status in the workplace of a local area. Method: Data were collected from October to December, 2007. The subjects were 208 workers at 2 work sites in Busan Metropolitan area, who were examined using Job-Strain-Model Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 12.0 Win Program to get the percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ${\chi}^2$-test, ANOVA. Results: The results of this study were as follows: In the mean sub-factors job stress level, the mean of job demand was $28.7{\pm}4.4$(median 29.0), the mean of job discretion was $54.7{\pm}8.2$(median 54.0), the mean of social support was $21.8{\pm}2.9$(range:8-32). This study's subjects were appeared as active group with relatively higher score of job demand and job discretion than the average value of those. There was no statistically significant difference of general characteristics among the different job strain groups. There was statistically significant difference with of social supports among the different job strain groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, the subjects of this study's were active group. Thus, it is suggested that it is be necessary to repeated the education of the job task work for active group with high score of job demand and job discretion.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 1999

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 metabolizes aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to AFB1-exo-8,9-epoxide (8,9-epoxidation) and aflatoxin Q1 (AFQ1; 3$\alpha$-hydroxylation) simultaneously. We investigated whether each metabolite was formed via its own binding site of CAP3A4 active site. Kinetics of the formation of the two metabolites were sigmoidal and consistent with the kinetics of substrate activation. The HIll model predicted that two substrate binding wites are involved in the oxidationof AFB1 by CYP3A4. Dehydronifedipine, a metabolite of nifedipine generated by CYP3A4, inhibited the formation of AFQ1 without any inhibition in the formation of AFB1-exo-8,9-epoxidation. Dehydronifedipine was found to act as a reversible competitive inhibitor against 3$\alpha$-hydroxylation of AFB1. Vmax and S0.5 of the 8,9-epoxidation were not changed in the presence of 0, 50, or 100 $\mu\textrm{M}$ dehydronifedipine. S0.5 of 3$\alpha$-hydroxylation was increased from 58$\pm$4 $\mu\textrm{M}$ to 111$\pm$8 $\mu\textrm{M}$ in the presence of 100 $\mu\textrm{M}$ nifedipine whereas Vmax was not changed. These results suggest that there exist two independent binding sites in the active site of CAP3A4 . One binding site is responsible for AFB1-exo-8,9-epoxidation and the other is involved in 3$\alpha$-hydroxylation of AFB1. Dehydronifedipine might selectively bind to the site which is responsible for the formation of AFQ1 in the active site of CYP3A4.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.94-94
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• 2001

Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase (PGHS) catalyzes the committed step in prostaglandins and thromboxane A$_2$-- oxygenation of arachidonic acid to the hydroperoxy endoperoxide PGG$_2$, followed by reduction PGG$_2$to the alcohol PGH$_2$. The two reactions by PGHS -- cyclooxygenase and peroxidase -- occur at distinct but structurally and functionally interconnected sites. The peroxidase reaction occurs at a heme-containing active site located near the protein surface. The cyclooxygenase reaction occurs in a hydrophobic channel in the core of the enzyme. Initially a peroxide reacts with the heme group, yielding Compound I and an alcohol derived from the oxidizing peroxide. Compound I next undergoes an intramolecular reduction by a single electron traveling from Tyr385 along the peptide chain to the proximal heme ligand, His388, and finally to the heme group. Following the binding of arachidonic acid, Tyr385 tyrosyl radical initiates the cyclooxygenase reaction by abstracting the 13-pro(5) hydrogen atom to give an arachidonyl radical, which sequentially reacts with two molecules of oxygen to yield PGG$_2$. In order to characterize PGHS peroxidase active site, we examined various lipid peroxides with purified recombinant ovine PGHS proteins and determined the rate constants. The results have shown that twenty-carbon unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides have similar efficiency in peroxidation by PGHS, irrespective of either the location of hydroperoxy group or the number of double bonds. It was also confirmed by the subsequent study with PGHS peroxidase active site mutants.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.695-703
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• 1999

We have studied the stereospecificities of various pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) dependent enzymes for the hydrogen transfer between the C-4' of a bound coenzyme and the C-2 of a substrate in the transamination catalyzed by the enzymes. Stereospecificities reflect the structures of enzyme active-sites, in particular the geometrical relationship between the coenzyme-substrate Schiff base and the active site base participating in an $\alpha$-hydrogen abstraction. The PLP enzymes studied so far catalyze only a si-face specific (pro-S) hydrogen transfer. This stereochemical finding suggests that the PLP enzymes have the same topological active-site structures, and that the PLP enzymes have evolved divergently from a common ancestral protein. However, we found that o-amino acid aminotransferase, branched chain L-amino acid aminotransferase, and 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase, which have significant sequence homology with one another, catalyze a re-face specific (pro-R) hydrogen transfer. We also showed that PLP-dependent amino acid racemases, which have no sequence homology with any aminotransferases, catalyze a non-stereospecific hydrogen transfer: the hydrogen transfer occurs on both faces of the planar intermediate. Crystallographical studies have shown that the catalytic base is situated on the re-face of the C-4' of the bound coenzyme in o-amino acid aminotransferase and branched chain L-amino acid aminotransferase, whereas the catalytic base is situated on the si-face in other aminotransferases (such as L-aspartate aminotransferase) catalyzing the si-face hydrogen transfer. Thus, we have clarified the stereospecificities of PLP enzymes in relation with the primary structures and three-dimensional structures of the enzymes. The characteristic stereospecificities of these enzymes for the hydrogen transfer suggest the convergent evolution of PLP enzymes.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 1994

Isolation, indentification, bioassay and distribution of ice nucleation active(INA) bacteria were done on branch rot of mulberry which was severely developed after harvest of mulberry branches in autumn. Twelve isolates and two isolates out of thirty-six isolates had ice nucleation activity from -5$^{\circ}C$ to -1$0^{\circ}C$, and over -5$^{\circ}C$, respercively. Isolates which formed ice nucleation from -5$^{\circ}C$ to -1$0^{\circ}C$ were not inclined to injure tomato and corn seedlings. However, Two isolates, SE9316 and SE9338 which formed ice nucleation over -5$^{\circ}C$ injured mulberry, tomato and corn seedlings. SE9316 and SE9338 were identified as Pseudomonas syringae based on the morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Populations of ice nucleation active bacteria, fluorecent pseudomonads, were higer in February and April, but they decreased in May. Populations decreased as they become distant from the center of the symptom. The bacterial populations of all sampling times and sites were higer than 105 cfu/g which was enough to induce frost injury.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.33-41
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• 2002

Soil nailing type of retaining structures has been widely used in Korea far the purpose of the temporary and permanent support in excavations and slope stability. The important factors in application of soil nailing systems in urban excavation site nearby the existing structures are the displacement of the wall and tensile farce of the nails, etc. In this paper, the fled back analyses are carried out at 11 excavation sites to investigate the behavior of tensile farce of nails at stepwise excavation in the multi-layered strata including various rock layers. The results of the fled back analysis are less than about 50% of the measured ones. The distance of active zone by measurements are shown almost larger than that of fled back analysis when the distance of active Bone is defined from the surface of wall to the potential failure surface. And the results of fled back analysis are within the range proposed by the project CLOUTERRE and Cartier & Gigan (1983) which were 0.3$H_f$, and 0.5$H_f$, of the final excavation depth ($H_f$,) respectively, but the values of the measurement were larger than these values.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.131-135
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• 2011

It is, in general, believed that during the activation process, the proton conductivity increases due to wetting effect and the electrochemical resistance reduction, resulting in an increase in the fuel cell performance with time. However, until now, very scant information is available on the understanding of activation processes. In this study, dominant variables that effect on the performance increase of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) during the activation process were investigated. Wetting, pore restructuring and active metal utilization were analyzed systematically. Unexpectedly, the changes for both ohmic and reaction resistance characterized by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) after initial wetting process were much smaller when considering the degree of cell performance increases. However, the EIS spectra represents that the pore opening of electrode turns into gas transportable structure more easily. The increase in the performance with activation cycles was also investigated in a view of active metals. Though the particle size was grown, the number of effective active sites might be exposed more. The impurity removal and catalytic activity enhancement measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) could be a strong evident. The results and analysis revealed that, not merely wetting of membrane but also restructuring of electrodeand catalytic activity increase are important factors for the fast and efficient activation of the polymer electrolyte fuel cells.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.4 s.71
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• pp.633-640
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• 2005

The purified xylanase from Bacillus pumilus TX703 was modified with various chemical modifiers to determine the active sites of the enzyme. Treatment of the enzyme with group-specific reagents such as carbodiimide or N-bromosuccinimide resulted in complete loss of enzyme activity. These results assumed that these reagents reacted with glutamic acid or aspartic acid and tryptophan residues located at or near the active site. In each case, inactivation was performed by pseudo first-order kinetics. Inhibition of enzyme activity by carbodiimide and W-bromosuccinimide showed non-competitive and competitive inhibition type, respectively. Addition of xylan to the enzyme solution containing N-bromosuccinimide prevented the inactivation, indicating the presence of tryptophan at the substrate binding site. Analysis of kinetics for inactivation showed that the loss of enzyme activity was due to modification of two glutamic acid or aspartic acid residues and single tryptophan residue.