• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1976

This study was carried out in order to obtain the effect of active alkali concentration. Sulfidity 25%, maximum temperature 170$^{\circ}C$, cooking time 3hrs., liquor to wood ratio 5 : 1 in the kraft cooking conditions were maintained. Active alkali concentration were varied at intervals of 3% between 12% and 24%. The rates of de lignification increased with an increase in active alkali concentration and beatability, brightness, and strength of pulp also improved. The total pulp yield trand to decrease with an increase of active alkali concentration. The maximum screened pulp yield were obtained between 18% and 21% A.A.. Therefore, the optimum active alkali concentration was 18~21%.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.566-577
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• 2015

White Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) is one of the fast growing species in Indonesia and has the potential as the raw material for pulp and paper. In this research, 3, 5, and 7 years old White Jabon woods were pulped under different active alkali charge of 15%, 18%, 21%, 24%, and 27%, and its effect on delignification degree, kappa number, pulp yield, pulp viscosity, brightness, unbeaten freeness, and delignification selectivity was investigated. The results showed that tree age and active alkali concentration influenced the quality of pulp and pulping properties, except for that of unbeaten freeness. Delignification degree increased with increasing active alkali charge, and this brought about the decrease of pulp kappa number. The pulping yield tended to decrease below the Klason lignin of approximately 4%. Even though the 3 years old wood resulted in the highest brightness and highest delignification selectivity, the highest pulp viscosity was obtained with the 5 years old wood. The dominant fiber length of all wood ages was in the range of 1.2 - 2.0 mm. The 3 years old wood was considered to be the most promising raw material for kraft pulping in the view point of pulping properties, pulp quality and harvesting rotation.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.287-298
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• 2021

Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack) is a potential source of lignocellulose material for various derivative products. This study aims to determine the chemical components, ratio of syringyl to guaiacyl units (S/G) in lignin, and crystallinity of the biomass of torch ginger. The effects of soda pulping on the chemical characteristics of torch ginger pulp were also studied. Pulping of the chips was conducted with active alkali of 15%, 20%, and 25% and a Liquor-to-Wood (L/W) ratio of 4:1, 5:1, and 6:1. The impregnation and pulping times at maximum temperature (170℃) were 120 and 90 min, respectively. To assess the effect of treatments on the properties of pulping, a two-factorial experimental design was applied. Results showed that the content of α-cellulose and hemicellulose in the torch ginger was 48.48% and 31.50%, respectively, with an S/G ratio of 0.70 in lignin. Soda pulping changed the crystalline structure of the biomass from triclinic to monoclinic. Active alkali, L/W ratio, and interactions considerably influenced the observed responses. The degree of delignification increased with an increase in the loading of active alkali, which lead to a decrease in the kappa number of the pulp. An active alkali content of 25% and an L/W ratio of 6:1 resulted in the highest delignification selectivity with a kappa number of 2.78 and a yield of 24%. Given its cellulose content and ease of pulping, torch ginger can be a potential raw material for derivative products that require delignification as pretreatment. However, the increase in cellulose crystallinity should be considered when converting torch ginger to bioethanol.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.515-519
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• 1999

The biologically active peptidoglycan was purified form the alkali fraction of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and the composition of the peptidoglycan was investigated by conventional analyses. The alkali-extracted peptidoglycan showed differences in chemical compositions from the water-extracted. The alkali-extracted peptidoglycan contained 6.9% protein and 75.9% carbohydrates composed mainly of $\beta$-glucose, mannose, and $\alpha$-glucose. The molecular weight range of the peptidoglycan was determined as 2,000 kDa-17 kDa. The peptidoglycan is considered to be a hybrid molecule of polysaccaride chains covalently bound as a side chain to the polypeptide core.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.92-97
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• 1998

Malodorous gases give discomfort and harm to laborers and residential neighborhoods and therefore, the removing odor materials emitted from plants and industrial facilities is important subject. The main ingredients of alkali odor are $NH_3$ and $CE_3SH$. The adsorption characteristics of odors were studied using four different activated carbon fibers(ACF) and active carbon(AC). Alkali odor was removed by using ACF impregnated with $H_3PO_4$ and $H_2SO_4$ and treated with $HNO_3$ and NaOH. The experimental result showed that ACF has a higher removal efficiency than AC. The adsorption capacity was increased with the impregnation and surface treatment, and $H_2SO_4$ was the best impregnant for the removal of alkali odor.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.205-206
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• 2016

This study examines the effect of binding material and alkali activator on the rheology characteristics of alkali active mortar quantitatively, and a result is as follows. In the 1/2 slump flow, the higher mixing ratio of the fly ash has been shown to increase the table flow. the reason is that fly ash ball bearing action. When viewed in the consistency curve, the higher mixing ratio of the blast furnace slag powder was higher shear stress.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.37 no.5 s.113
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• pp.41-49
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• 2005

This paper deals the effect of anthraquinone (AQ) on the contribution of sulphidity in kraft pulping of sapwood. The pulping conditions namely- active alkali concentration, pulpingtime, temperature and liquor ratio were varied in low ($15\%$) and high ($30\%$) sulphidity. $0.1\%$ AQ was added in the low and high sulphidity pulping with varying active alkali concentration and cooking time. At optimum conditions, low sulphidity kraft process produced about $44\%$ pulp yield with kappa number of about 23. But in high sulphidity kraft process kappa number was reduced to about 20 at the same yield. An addition of AQ reduced alkali requirement by $2\%$ on oven dried raw material and cooking time by 1 hour to produce pulp yield of about $44\%$ at kappa number 20. AQ is more effective in low sulphidity pulping than the high sulphidity pulping. The breaking length of kraft-AQ pulp was slightly higher than that of kraft pulp.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2018

In the construction industry, research on alkali activated cement using fly ash or blast furnace slag fine powder has been published in Korea and abroad as a way to reuse industrial byproducts without using cement at all and to obtain economical effects at the same time. the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the ratio and coefficient of hydration ratio and lime saturation degree on the strength of alkali activated slag cement by chemical quantitative analysis of alkali activated slag cement used in the management of existing portland cement. as a result, it was confirmed that the ratio and coefficient of hydration ratio and lime saturation are all within a certain range.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1413-1417
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• 1999

Chemical poisoning of Ni/MgO catalyst was induced by hot alkali carbonate vapor in molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), and the poisoned (or contaminated) catalyst was characterized by TPR/TPO, FTIR, and XRD analysis. Carbonate electrolytes such as K and Li were transferred to the catalyst during DIR-MCFC operation at 650 ℃. The deposition of alkali species on the catalyst consequently led to physical blocking on catalytic active sites and structural deformation by chemical poisoning. TPR/TPO analysis indicated that K species enhanced the reducibility of NiO thin film over Ni as co-catalyst, and Li species lessened the reducibility of metallic Ni by chemical reaction with MgO. FTIR analysis of the poisoned catalyst did not exhibit the characteristic ${\vector}_1$$(D_{3h})$ peaks (1055 $cm^{-1},\;1085\;cm{-1})$ for pure crystalline carbonates, instead a new peak (1120 $cm^{-1})$ was observed proportionally with deformed alkali carbonates. From XRD analysis, the oxidation of metallic Ni into $Ni_xMg_{1-x}O$ was confirmed by the peak shift of MgO with shrinking of Ni particles. Conclusively, hot alkali species induced both chemical poisoning and physical deposition on Ni/MgO catalyst in DIR-MCFC at 650 ℃.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.240-241
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• 2018

In this paper, we tried to find the proper ratio of industrial byproducts which can express mechanical characteristics similar to ordinary portland cement by varying the ratio of industrial byproducts. as a result, the activated slag binder produced by the industrial byproduct in this study increased in compressive strength as the ratio of blast furnace slag increased and the fly ash ratio decreased.