• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.1077-1086
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• 2001

The sprA and sprB gene encoding chymotrypsin-like proteases Streptomyces griseus protease A (SGPA) and Streptomyces griseus protease B (SGPB) and the sprT gene that encodes Streptomyces griseus trypsin (SGT) were cloned from Streptomyces griseus ATCC10137 and overexpressed in Streptomyces lividans TK24 as a heterologous host. The chymotrypsin activity of tole culture broth measured with the artificial chromogenic substrate , N-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-phe-p-nitroanilide, was 10, 14 and 14 units/mg in the transformants haboring the sprA, sprB and sprD genes, respectively. The growth of S. lividans reached the maximum cell mass after 4 days of culture, yet SGPA and SGPD production started in the stationary phase of cell growth and kept increasing for up to 10 days of culture in an R2YE medium. The trypsin activity of the culture broth measured with the artificial chromogenic substrate , N-${\alpha}$-benzoyl-DL- arginine-p-nitroanilide , was 16 units/mg and SGT production started in the stationary phase of cell growth and kept increasing for up to 10 days of culture in an R2YE medium. The introduction of the sprA gene into S, lividans TK24 triggered the biosynthesis of pigmented antibiotics, actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin, and induced significant morphological changes in the colonies in Benedict, R2YE, and R1R2 media. In addition, the introduction of the sprT gene also induced morphological changes in the colony shape without affecting the antibiotic production, thereby implying that certain proteases would appear to play very important and specific roles in secondary-metabolites formation and morphological differentiation in Streptomyces.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.1065-1072
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• 2014

Doxorubicin, produced by Streptomyces peucetius ATCC 27952, is tightly regulated by dnrO, dnrN, and dnrI regulators. Genome mining of S. peucetius revealed the presence of the IclR (doxR) type family of transcription regulator mediating the signal-dependent expression of operons at the nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene cluster. Overexpression of doxR in native strain strongly repressed the drug production. Furthermore, it also had a negative effect on the regulatory system of doxorubicin, wherein the transcript of dnrI was reduced to the maximum level in comparision with the other two. Interestingly, the overexpression of the same gene also had strong inhibitory effects on the production of actinorhodin (blue pigment) and undecylprodigiosin (red pigment) in Streptomyces coelicolor M145, herboxidiene production in Streptomyces chromofuscus ATCC 49982, and spinosyn production in Saccharopolyspora spinosa NRRL 18395, respectively. Moreover, DoxR exhibited pleiotropic effects on the production of blue and red pigments in S. coelicolor when grown in different agar media, wherein the production of blue pigment was inhibited in R2YE medium and the red pigment was inhibited in YEME medium. However, the production of both blue and red pigments from S. coelicolor harboring doxR was halted in ISP2 medium, whereas S. coelicolor produced both pigmented antibiotics in the same plate. These consequences demonstrate that the on and off production of these antibiotics was not due to salt stress or media compositions, but was selectively controlled in actinomycetes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1818-1825
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• 2007

S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) was previously documented to activate secondary metabolism in a variety of Streptomyces spp. and to promote actinorhodin (ACT) and undecylprodigiosin (RED) in Streptomyces coelicolor. The SAM-induced proteins in S. coelicolor include several ABC transporter components (SCO5260 and SCO5477) including BldKB, the component of a well-known regulatory factor for differentiations. In order to assess the role of these ABC transporter complexes in differentiation of Streptomyces, SCO5260 and SCO5476, the first genes from the cognate complex clusters, were individually inactivated by gene replacement. Inactivation of either SCO5260 or SCO5476 led to impaired sporulation on agar medium, with the more drastic defect in the SCO5260 null mutant (${\Delta}SCO5260$). ${\Delta}SCO5260$ displayed growth retardation and reduced yields of ACT and RED in liquid cultures. In addition, SAM supplementation failed in promoting the production of ACT and RED in ${\Delta}SCO5260$. Inactivation of SCO5476 gave no significant change in growth and production of ACT and RED, but impaired the promoting effect of SAM on ACT production without interfering with the effect on RED production. The present study suggests that SAM induces several ABC transporters to modulate secondary metabolism and morphological development in S. coelicolor.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.488-497
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• 1999

Probing Streptomyces albus ATCC 21838 chromosomal DNA with a proline tRNA sequence resulted in an isolation of a putative integrating element in the 6.4-kb EcoRI fragment. It was found that Streptomyces lividans TK-24 transformed with a cloned DNA fragment on a multicopy plasmid, produced a higher level of spore pigment and mycelial red pigment on a regeneration agar. Furthermore, the transformant S. lividans TK-24 produced a markedly increased level of undecylprodigiosin in a broth culture. A nucleotide sequence analysis of the cloned region revealed several open reading frames homologous to the integrases of integrating plasmids or temperate bacteriophages, signal-transducing regulatory proteins with a conserved ATP-binding domain, oxidoreductases ($\beta$-ketoacyl reductase), and an AraC-like transcriptional regulator. To examine the effect on antibiotic production, each coding region was overexpressed separately from the other genes in the region in S. lividans TK-24 with; pJHS3044 for the expression of the signal-transducing regulatory protein homologue, pJHS3045 for the homologue of oxidoreductase, and pJHS3051 for the homologue of the AraC-like transcriptional regulator. Phenotypic studies of S. lividans TK-24 strains harboring plasmids for the overexpression of individual genes suggested the following effects of the genes on antibiotic production: The oxidoreductase homologue stimulated the production of actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin, which was influenced by the culture conditions; the homologue of the AraC-like transcriptional regulator was the most effective factor in antibiotic production within all the culture conditions tested; the signal-transducing regulatory protein homologue repressed the effect due to the homologue of the AraC-like transcriptional regulator, however, the antibiotic production was derepressed upon entering the stationary phase.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1689-1695
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• 2010

Pantothenate kinase (PanK) catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the essential and ubiquitous cofactor coenzyme A (CoA) in all organisms. Here, we report the identification, cloning, and characterization of panK-sp from Streptomyces peucetius ATCC 27952. The gene encoded a protein of 332 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 36.8 kDa and high homology with PanK from S. avermitilis and S. coelicolor A3(2). To elucidate the putative function of PanK-sp, it was cloned into pET32a(+) to construct pPKSP32, and the PanK-sp was then expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) as a His-tag fusion protein and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The enzyme assay of PanK-sp was carried out as a coupling assay. The gradual decrease in NADH concentration with time clearly indicated the phosphorylating activity of PanK-sp. Furthermore, the ca. 1.4-fold increase of DXR and the ca. 1.5-fold increase of actinorhodin by in vivo overexpression of panK-sp, constructed in pIBR25 under the control of a strong $ermE^*$ promoter, established its positive role in secondary metabolite production from S. peucetius and S. coelicolor, respectively.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2012

방선균 Streptomyces peucetius OIM ($\underline{O}$verproducing $\underline{I}$ndustrial $\underline{M}$utant)은 반복적인 돌연변이를 통하여 폴리케타이드 항생제인 독소루비신(DXR)의 생산성이 최적화 된 고생산성 산업균주이다. 이 S. peucetius OIM 변이종을 대리의 숙주로 이용하여, 생합경로 크기가 작은 모델 폴리케타이드인 알로에사포나린 II(액티노로딘의 합성경로 유도체)의 생합성 유전자군을 고복제수 플라스미드에 클로닝하여 알로에사포나린 II의 기능적 발현을 확인하여 정량분석을 수행하였다. OIM 균주의 알로에사포나린 II의 생산량은 조절 네트워크가 극대화된 S. coelicolor 변이종 뿐만 아니라 야생형S. peucetius 보다 매우 높은 수준으로 생산되는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 알로에사포나린 II의 생산 수준은 다운-조절자 $wblA_{spe}$가 제거된 S. peucetius OIM 균주에서 가장 높은것으로 측정되었으며, 이는 합리적으로 유전체를 재설계한 S. peucetius OIM 변이종 균주가 이종의 폴리케타이드 생합성을 높은 수준으로 발현할 수 있는 대리의 숙주로서 충분히 활용 가능함을 보여준다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.364-369
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• 2002

방선균은 토양 속에 다양하게 존재하는 미생물의 일종으로 그람 양성 진정세균으로 이차대사산물을 생산하는 시기와 포자 착생이 시작되는 세포분화의 시기가 밀접한 관련이 있다. S. griseus는 streptomycin을 비롯한 다양한 종류의 endopeptidase 및 exopeptidase들을 생산한다. 방선균에서의 protease 생산은 많은 경우에 이차대사산물이 형성되거나 형태분화가 유도되는 시기에 동시에 시작된다는 점에서 Pretense가 이차대사물질 생산 및 세포분화에 일정한 기능을 수행할 것이 라는 점을 시사하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 S. griseus IFO 13350에서 클로닝한 SGPD protease가 각 strain에서 형태학적으로나 생리적으로 어떠한 gene dosage 효과를 미치는지 조사하는 것이었다. sprD 유전자가 S.lividans를 숙주로 사용한 시스템에서 대량발현이 성공적으로 되는 것을 확인한 후, 본 유전자를 클로닝한 S. griseus IFO13350 균주와 이의 A-factor 결손주인 S. griseus HH1에 형질전환하였다. S. griseus HH1과 S. griseus IFO13350에서는 protease activity가 벡터만 도입된 대조군과 sprD 유전자가 들어간 형질전환체에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 S. griseus IFO 13350 및 HH1 모두에서 생리학적·형태학적 분화의 차이를 발견하지 못하였다. Chymotrypsin계열의 pretense를 암호화하는 유전자만이 S. griseus에서 발현이 repression된다는 사실을 본 연구 결과를 통하여 알게 되었다. 이를 바탕으로 sprD유전자와 동일계열의 chymotrypsin 계열의 유전자들이 공통적으로 S. griseus에서 repression 되는 일반적인 기전이 있을 것으로 판단, chymotrypsin계열 유전자들의 promoter부분의 염기 상동성을 조사하였다 번역개시부위 바로 상부 유전자부터 상동성을 조사한 결과 적어도 상당부분의 염기배열이 잘 보존된 지역이 존재함을 알게 되었다. 향후 이들 발현기구의 조절기구를 연구함으로서 protease의 기능을 밝히는데 좋은 단서를 제공할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.211-215
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• 2006

S. lividans에서 클로닝된 조절유전자인 afsR2를 과발현시 나타나는 up-regulated protein과 down-regulated protein 관련 유전자들을 proteomics 방법으로 선별하였고[3], 이를 방선균 발현벡터인 pSE34를 이용하여 제작된 pPNP, pGPD를 S. avermitilis에 형질전환시켜 avermectin 및 이차대사산물의 생산량 차이를 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 up-regulated protein으로 예상되던 PNP는 wild-type S. avermitilis에서만 제한적으로 avermetin-type 대사산물의 생산성 향상을 촉진시켰으며, 이와 반대로 down-regulated protein으로 예상되었던 GPD는 avermectin-type 대사산물의 생산량을 wild type S. avermitilis에서는 4배, over-producer S. avermitilis에서는 2.5배 증가시켰다. 본 연구결과는, 방선균 조절 단백질들이 이차대사산물의 종류 및 생합성 기작에 따라 전혀 다르게 작용될 수 있음을 암시하며, 향후 이들 조절 단백질들에 대한 보다 구체적인 분자수준에서의 연구 필요성을 제시하고 있다.