• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 1983

The in vivo and in vitro buffer capacities of true plasma and tissue buffer capaciies were compared on dogs. Intracellular pH was determined on skeletal muscle by a modification of the method of Schloerb and Grantham using $C^{14}$ DMO. The in vivo curve for plasma or extracellular fluid has a much lower slope than the in vitro curve. The in vivo slope of skeletal muscle in the dog is approximately 20 sl. The slope for skeletal muscle in vivo falls between the in vitro and in vivo slopes of true plasma. It appears that intracellular hydrogen ion varies linearly with extracellular hydrogen ion when $CO_2$ tension is changed. Both hydrogen ion gradient and Hi/He ratio vary in skeletal muscle, with an increase in $CO_2$ tension. Infusion of 0.3N HCl gave two distinct patterns, the $H_i-H_e$ gradient decreased; and it would appear that very little hydrogen ion as such penetrated to the inside of the cells during the time of observation. Although lactic acid presumably enters the cell and the same of larger load was given as was used for hydrochloric acid, only very mild intracellular acidosis resulted, ostensibly due to metabolism of this substrate. Gluconic acid produced a more severe acidosis, both intracellularly and extracellularly, but with both of these acids the hydrogen ion gradient decreased and the $H_i/H_e$ ratio also decreased. The experiments on the dogs with hemorrhagic shock the hydrogen ion increase producing the acidosis originates inside the cells. Even so, the hydrogen ion gradient increased only very slightly in the acute experiments. This may suggest that even over short intervals of time skeletal muscle cells have a capacity to pump out hydrogen ions at a rate which maintains approximately the normal $H_i/H_e$ gradient when the source of the hydrogen ion is in the interior of the cell.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.123-129
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• 1990

A comparative study of acid-base balance has been made between acidemia-induced hyperkalemia and hyperkalemia-induced acidemia. A group of rabbits was infused 0.1 N hydrochloric acid solution and metabolic acidosis was induced. Another group was administered 20 mM potassium chloride solution and hyperkalemia was induced. The third group was infused 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and 20 mM potassium chloride solution, simultaneously. Acid-base data and plasma potassium ion concentration were monitored every thirty minutes in these three groups of rabbits. Following results were obtained: 1 ) Along with the infusion of hydrochloric acid, acute metabolic acidosis was induced in the rabbits. Plasma bicarbonate ion concentration decreased primarily in this group. As a respiratory compensation, there was a tendency of reduction of arterial $Pco_{2}$. The alteration of data became larger along with the amount of administration and the time elapsed. However, hyperkalemia was not so severe compared with the second group. 2) In potassium chloride infused group, plasma potassium ion concentration increased along with the time elapsed and the amount of infusion. And the alteration of acid-base data was parrallel to the level of potassium ion concentration, above all depression of pH was prominent. 3) Above data suggest that when acute metabolic acidosis was induced, exchange of intracellular potassium ion with extracellular hydrogen ion seems significant for the regulation of extracellular acid-base balance. And when hyperkalemia was induced with the infusion of potassium chloride solution, the exchange of intracellular hydrogen ion with extracellular potassium ion also seems significant for the regulation of extracellular potassium balance. 4) In the group of rabbits infused hydrochloric acid and potassium simultaneously, disturbances of acid-base balance and potassium balance were much more severe than two other groups. In these mixed disturbances, the process of compensatory mechanism might be inhibited and one disturbance might aggregate each other. 5) Through above data it has been postulated that in acid-base disturbance potassium balance can be sacrificed as a compensatory mechanism, and vice versa in disturbance of potassium balance. And our data also suggest that hydrogen ion and potassium ion are compensatory pair, one another.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.290-296
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• 2010

To develop anti-acidosis and anti-diabetes agentsfrom natural products, the inhibitory activities of Brazilian plant extracts against microbial $\alpha$-amylase and $\alpha$-glucosidase were evaluated. Among 100 different ethanol extracts tested, those of Acacia jurema Mart., Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil., Cedrela odorata L., and Guazuma ulmifolia Lam showed good inhibitoryactivities toward both enzymes. In addition, an extract of Plumeria drastica Mart. showed specific inhibition of $\alpha$-amylase, whereas that of Eugenia uniflora L. demonstrated strong inhibition of the enzyme. IC50 values of $\alpha$-amylase inhibition suggested that the extract of A. humile A. St.-Hil., which has been used as an anti-diabetes medicine in Brazil, had potent inhibitory activity. The IC50 for the A. humile A. St.-Hil. extract ($91.2{\mu}g/mL$) was similar to that of acarbose ($50.5{\mu}g/mL$). This activity of A. humile A. St.-Hil. was not reduced by heat or acid treatment. Moreover, treatment with HCl (0.01 M) for 1 h increased the inhibitory activity from 57.5% to 81.2%. Also, the extract did not cause hemolysis of human red blood cells at levels up to 1 mg/mL. The results indicate that the extract of A. humile A. St.-Hil. is potentially useful as an anti-acidosis and anti-diabetes agent.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 2016

Propionic acidemia (PA) is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder of the organic acid metabolism. It is caused by a deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC). PCC is a heteropolymeric enzyme composed of ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits. The clinical symptoms of PA are heterogeneous and present vomiting, dehydration, hypotonia, and lethargy, and it can result in death. The typical presentations of neonatal onset PA are life-threatening metabolic acidosis and hyperammonemia. Here, we described a case of neonatal onset PA with mild clinical presentations. She was born to a healthy mother without complications. No significant illness was observed until nine days after birth. She started exhibiting poor oral feeding, vomiting, lethargy, and hypotonia at ten days old. Her laboratory results showed mild hyperammonemia and acidosis. The initial diagnosis was neonatal sepsis and she was treated with antibiotics. However, her clinical symptoms didn't improve. So we considered a metabolic disease. She was given nothing by mouth and intravenous hydration and nutrition support was performed. Propionylglycine and 3-hydroxypropionic acid were showed high concentrations in urine by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). C3 level of acylcarnitine analysis elevated 10.4 uM/L (range, 0.200-5.00) in plasma. We took gene analysis for PA to be based on the symptoms and laboratory results. We detected PCCB gene mutation and diagnosed PA. She survived without severe neurologic defects and complications and was hospitalized only three times with upper respiratory tract infections for 7 years. We report a case of a ten days old neonate with PA presenting without severe metabolic acidosis and hyperammonemia who was effectively treated with early aggressive care and conventional methods.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.183-189
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• 2010

In the course of screening for anti-acidosis and anti-diabetes agent from natural products, the inhibitory activities of Nepales plant extracts against microbial $\alpha$-amylase and $\alpha$-glucosidase were evaluated. Among the 100 different kinds of ethanol extracts, Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don and Myrica nagi Thunb showed strong inhibition activities against $\alpha$-amylase. The $IC_{50}$ values of C. deodara (Roxb.) G. Don, M. nagi Thunb and acarose, a commercial available anti-diabetes agent, were 44.5, 47.5 and $50.5\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Considering the crude extract of C. deodara (Roxb.) G. Don, and M. nagi Thunb, these extracts have strong potentials as anti-acidosis or anti-diabates agent. In a while, Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) extract showed a good inhibition activity to $\alpha$-amylase and $\alpha$-glucosidase, even it was recently reported. The selected three extracts did not show any hemolysis activity against human red blood cell up to 1 mg/mL, and the inhibition activities were maintained by heat or acid treatment. Moreover, treatment of HCl (0.01N) for 1 h into C. operculatus (Roxb.) and M. nagi Thunb increased the inhibition activity from 50% to 70%. Our results suggest that C. deodara (Roxb.) G. Don, M. nagi Thunb, and C. operculatus (Roxb.) are potential as anti-acidosis and anti-diabetes agents.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.73-90
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• 1970

Clinical perfusion data on 16 cases of cardiopulmonary bypass using Sigmamotor pump and RyggKyvsgaard Oxygenator which performed at Seoul National University Hospital during the period of Aug. 1968 to Aug. 1970 was analized. AIl cases were hemodiluted and the perfusion was carried out under the normothermic condition. The age of the patients ranged between 6 and 43 years. The b:dy weight varied between 18.3 and 54.0 kg and the body surface area between 0.78 and 1. 59$M^2$. The priming solution was consiste:I with fresh ACD blood. Hartmann solution and Mannitol. The average amount of priming was approximately 2242 ml. The average hemodilution rate was 17%. The flow rate ranged from 1.7L to 3.5L/Min/$M^2$ and averaged 2.4L/Min/$M^2$ or 78mI/Min/kg. The duration of perfusion varied from 22 to 110 min with average of 56.9 minutes. Some hemodynamic responses were observed. The arterial pressure dropped immediately after the initiation of partial perfusion and was more marked after the total perfusion foIlowed by gradual increase to the safety level. The central venous pressure reflected the reduced blood volume especially in the cases of prolonged perfusion which lasted over 60 min. In most of the cases, red blood cell count decreased and white blood ceIl count increased after the perfusion. Hemoglobin level was decreased, averaging of 12.5mg%, Hct 3.3% and platelets count of 18% postoperatively. Plasma hemoglobin increased mildly, from pre-perfusion average value of 4. 06mg% to postperfusion value of 22.5mg%. Serum potassium was 4.4mEq/L pre-operatively and was decreased to 3.7mEq/L postoperatively. Five cases showed definite hypopotassemia immediately after the operation. Sodium and chloride decreased mildly. These electrolyte changes are thought to be related with hemodilution. diuretics and reduced blood volume during and after the perfusion. Arterial blood pH value revealed minimal to moderate elevation from preperfusion average value of 7.376 to 7.461 during perfusion and then 7.365 after perfusion. The pC02 and hicarbonate showed minimal to moderately lowered values. The total CO2 was decreased. Buffer base decreased during perfusion (Av. 42.6mEq/L) and further decreased after the perfusion (Av. 40.8mEq/L). These arterial blood acid base changes suggested that the metabolic acidosis was accompanied by respiratory alkalosis during and immediately after the perfusion. Authors belived that the acidosis could more effectively be corrected with the more additional dose of bicarbonate than we used by this study. The chest tune drainage during the first 24 hours following operation was 1158 ml in average. One case (Case No. 15) showd definite bleeding tendency and it was believed that the cause might be due to the defect of heparin and protamine titration. The average urinary out put during 24 hours post-perfusion was 1291ml. One case (Case No. ]) showed definite post perfusion oliguria. As conclusion hemodilution using fresh ACD blood. Hartmann and Mannitol solution added with Bivon and high flow rate unler normothermia. was thought to amelioratc the severity of mctabolic acidosis during and after perfusion with relatively satisfactory effect on the diuresis and bleeding tendency.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.62-74
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• 1998

In feedlot cattle the abrupt change of diet from roughage to a large quantity of grain for the purpose to improve production often results in increased occurrence of rumen acidosis or acute carbohydrate encouragement enterotoxemia, bloats diarrhea liver abscess and laminitis or robot disease. The common management practice to control these problem is to increase the amount of concentrates in the diet in a stepwise manner until the animals are adapted to a high-grain ration. However this practice requires at least about 3 weeks adaptation period and specially prepared adaptation rations which contain various amount of concentrates. Present experiment was undertaken in order to findout the more simple and rapid adaptation method of cattle to a high grain ration. Nineteen Korean calves aging from four to six month were fed artifical hay (Youngchoun Chuk-Hyup, Korea) which contains 10% of concentrates or alfalfa and rye grass hays for two months and randomly alloted to three experimental groups and two control groups. The experimental group-1 was inoculated by stomach tube for two days with li500 ml/day of ruminal fluid fished from Korean beef cattle that had been previously adapted to a high-energy ration. The experimental group-2 was inoculated by trocalization for two days with the same ruminal fluid. The experimental group-3 was inoculated by trocalization with 1,500 ml/day of bacterial culture which contained 2$\times $10$^{9}$/m1 of Gram-negative bacteria derived from adapted luminal fluid. The two control groups were treated with normal saline solution by the same methods. All animals were fed high-energy ration that contained 80% of grain ad libitum for 30-74 days beginning on the third of the treatment. The effect of the inoculation on the adaptation was observed clinicopathologically with the following results; All of the experimental calves inoculated with the ruminal fluid or Gram-negative bacterial culture derived from adapted cattle did not show any signs of rumen acidosis or other related diseases, while most of the control calves did show diarrhea and bloat and a calf laminitis. The average daily weight gain and feed efficiency of experimental calves were slightly improved compared with control calves. Following the feeding of high-grain rational the pH of the ruminal fluid was lowered in both the experimental and control groups. However severe acidosis with the pH of below 5.0 was observed in only a control group-2. The protozoal number in ruminal fluid was markedly decreased during the high-grain feeding in both the experimental and control calves. However the decrease was mere severe in control calves compared with the experimental calves. The activation of the protozoa were completely disappeared within nine hours at the refrigerator temperature (4"C). No significant differences in heamatological and blood chemical values between the experimental and control calves were recognized. However in one control calf which showed clinically laminitis marked elevations of serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase activities and a decrease of serum glucose level were observed. From these results it would be concluded the intraruminal transplantation of unadapted calves with the adapted ruminal fluid from cattle previously adapted to a high-energy ration prevents disease problem associated with high-grain feeding and improve weight gain and feed efficiency.ency.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2006

In the clinical state of vitamin D deficiency, it is possible that associated phosphate depletion, parathyroid hormone excess, and hypocalcemia may all depress the proximal tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate, in addition to abnormal skeletal modeling or remodeling, Although nutritional rickets is considered a rare disease in developed countries nowadays, cases of vitamin D deficient rickets caused by various unhealthy lifestyles such as insufficient exposure to sunlight, breast feeding infants without giving vitamin D supplements, unbalanced vegetarian diets of breast feeding mothers, low-birth weight, and maternal deficiency of vitamin D or calcium are increasing. Here, we present the case of an 8 month old girl, who was completely breastfed without any weaning diet or infant vitamin supplements. She visited our emergency room with hypocalcemic seizure and subsequently was diagnosed with vitamin D deficient rickets accompanied by overt bone changes and proximal renal lobular acidosis. After intravenous(IV) and oral calcium replacement therapy(IV calcium gluconate injection 1 mEq/kg/day for 6 days, 2 mEq/kg/day for 4 days followed by oral calcium gluconate administration 4 g/day for 3 days) with vitamin D supplement(Alfacalcidol 0.5 mcg/day) during admission, serum calcium level was normalized with clinical improvement. Oral sodium bicarbonate(0.6 g/day) was administered from the $2^{nd}$ hospital day for 2 weeks, which normalized the serum bicarbonate(measured by $tCO_2$) level. Calcium and vitamin D replacement were continued for 2 weeks and 3 months each. After discontinuing medications, follow up laboratory findings showed good maintenance of serum calcium, alkaline phosphate and bicarbonate levels with complete improvement of bone X-ray findings.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.74-84
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• 2021

Objective: Feed additives that modify rumen fermentation can be used to prevent metabolic disturbances such as acidosis and optimize beef cattle production. The study evaluated the effects of liquid and powdered forms of polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) against Streptococcus bovis and Fusobacterium necrophorum on rumen fermentation parameters in ruminally cannulated non-lactating dairy cows that were adapted or unadapted to a high concentrate diet. Methods: A double 3×3 Latin square design was used with three PAP treatments (control, powdered, and liquid PAP) and two adaptation protocols (adapted, unadapted; applied to the square). Adapted animals were transitioned for 2 weeks from an all-forage to an 80% concentrate diet, while unadapted animals were switched abruptly. Results: Interactions between sampling time and adaptation were observed; 12 h after feeding, the adapted group had lower ruminal pH and greater total short chain fatty acid concentrations than the unadapted group, while the opposite was observed after 24 h. Acetate:propionate ratio, molar proportion of butyrate and ammonia nitrogen concentration were generally greater in adapted than unadapted cattle up to 36 h after feeding. Adaptation promoted 3.5 times the number of Entodinium protozoa but copy numbers of Streptococcus bovis and Fibrobacter succinogens genes in rumen fluid were not affected. However, neither liquid nor powdered forms of PAP altered rumen acidosis variables in adapted or unadapted animals. Conclusion: Adaptation of cattle to highly fermentable carbohydrate diets promoted a more stable ruminal environment, but PAP was not effective in this study in which no animal experienced acute or sub-acute rumen acidosis.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.10
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• pp.948-953
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• 2007

Acute renal failure is the generic term for an abrupt and sustained decrease in renal function resulting in retention of nitrogenous and non nitrogenous waste product. This may results in life threatening consequences including volume overload, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis. Acute renal failure is both common and carries high mortality rate, but as it is often preventable, identification of patients at risk and and appropriate management are crucial. This review summarized the most recent information on definition, epidemiology, clinical causes and management of acute renal failure in pediatric patients.