• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.603-607
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• 2008

Thirteen commercial antimicrobial products were examined to assess the sporicidal activity against Bacillus cereus spores at room temperature, 60 and $85^{\circ}C$. Neither the antimicrobials showed detectable antimicrobial activity against the B. cereus spores nor induced spore germination after the treatment at 0.5 or 1.0%(w/v, v/v) commercial antimicrobial agents at room temperature for 0.5 to 4 hr. However, when the antimicrobials such as chitosan, lactic acid, fermented pollen, grapefruit extract were applied with heat at $85^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, more than 1 log CFU/mL spores were additionally inactivated compared to only heat treatment without antimicrobials. Imposition of $60^{\circ}C$ to B. cereus spores with the higher concentration of 5.0%(v/v) lactic acid or 2.5%(w/v) thiamine dilaurylsulfate for the longer time incubation of 24 hr resulted in 3 log CFU/mL spore inactivation. This work showed that low concentrations of commercial antimicrobials by themselves did not inactivate B. cereus spores. However, when physical processes such as heat were combined together, antimicrobials showed a synergistic effect against B. cereus spores.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.173-177
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• 2013

Separation and recovery of valuable metals such as zinc, nickel or tin from copper alloy dross has recently attracted from the viewpoints of environmental protection and resource recycling. In this report, preliminary study on concentration and separation of tin from copper alloy dross using selective dissolution method was performed. The tin in the copper alloy dross did not dissolve in the nitric acid solution which could allow the concentration and separation of the tin from the copper alloy dross. Precipitation of tin as $H_2SnO_3$ (metastannic acid) occurred in the solution and transformed to tin dioxide ($SnO_2$) after drying process. The dried sample was heat-treated at low temperature and its phase characteristics, surface morphology and chemical composition were investigated.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.103-113
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• 1991

Electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy plating of Al base hard disk was performed to investigate some properties according to the change of composition. It was found that the composition of Ni and Cu in deposits changed linearly with increasing the mole ratio of NiSO4.6H2O/CuSO4.5H2O. The increase in hardness by heat - treatment was confirmed to be associated with small size grained crystallization of the amorphous deposits. Acid resistance of all deposits layer. which had been heated up to 30$0^{\circ}C$, was found to be exellent when immersed in 1N-H2SO4 solution, and it showed more superior acid resistance with decreasing Cu content and with increasing P. The resistivity of the deposits heat treated became smaller at temperature more than 50$0^{\circ}C$, and it became largerly with increasing P content. Cu 44.1wt% alloy(C bath) showed the most superior non-magnetically stable characteristics after heat treatment. It was superiorly with higher temperature and with decreasing P content.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate relationship between contents of moisture and chemical components in burley tobacco after heat treatment. Initial moisture contents of burley tobacco was 32% after cutting and casing. Burely cut tobaccos were treated at various temperature(10$0^{\circ}C$, 13$0^{\circ}C$, 145$^{\circ}C$ and 16$0^{\circ}C$) and time(0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min) in mechanical convection oven. Moisture contents of burley tobacco after heat treatment were in the range of 1.9% to 18.4%. Relationship between moisture contents and total sugar, pH, total volatile base, ammonial, L value of color, nicotine, nornicotine, and $\beta$-nicotyrine contents were positively correlated. Correlation between moisture contents and crude ash, ether extracts, 2,6-deoxyfructosazine, 2,5-deoxyfructosazine, a value of color, citric acid, m-xylene, ${\gamma}$-butyrolactone and 5-methyl-2-furfural were negative.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.546-551
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• 2011

The corrosion on steam generator tubes of the secondary side of pressurized water reactor inhibits heat transfer. One of the most efficient techniques improving the heat transfer performance of a nuclear electric generation is a corrosion control. The environmental parameters mostly affecting corrosion are materials and chemical additives. It seems that no further corrosion occurs in steels with Polyacrylic acid polymer dispersant treatment. Polyacrylic acid forms a protective coating with uniform thickness on metal surface. Polyacrylic treatment appears to be the most convenient way to enhance the thermal performance by the thermal conductivity improvement in steam generators.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.21-26
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• 1997

Lignin viscous material was prepared from acetosolve lignin by phenolation and heat treatment. The yield of phenolation was about 160% with p-toluene sulfonic acid(2% of acetosolve lignin) as catalyzer. Phenolated lignin has a good spinnability and thermosetting property by $300^{\circ}C$ treatment with vaccum. Acetosolve lignin carbon fiber has $20{\pm}5$ m diameter and $68.2{\pm}10\;kg/mm^2$ tensile strength. The yield of carbon fiber based on acetosolve lignin was 31%.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.110-120
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• 1998

The effect of heat treatment and the order of antioxidants treatment toward the thermally oxidized palm oil which has been stored at 60 $^{\circ}C$ was studied. The summerized results of this study are as follows; 1. In the accelerated autoxidation condition, tocopherol showed no distinct effect on the changes of peroxide of value between added tocopherol samples pre-and post treatment by heating. But, rosemary extract showed opposite result. It was supposed that rosemary extract had lower thermostability then tocopherol, because rosemary extract lost it's antioxidative activity during heating process. 2. The changes of acid value and anisidine value were more affected by heat treatment than the order of antioxidant treatment. 3. The oxidative stability measured by OSI showed same tendency as peroxide value. That is, the antioxidative activity of tocopherol in palm oil was more dependent on addition of antioxidants than heat treatment, but the rosemary extract had opposite character for antioxidative action in palm oil.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 2001

Acetic acid solution containing calcium (AC) was added to kimchi seasonings by 10% and 205, and heat treatment at 70$\^{C}$ for 15 min was also tried, respectively. Kimchi with treated seasonings was investigated for the quality during fermentation at 10$\^{C}$. Heat treatment with 20% AC showed a retarded decrease pH than others on 10 days, but there was no great difference after 14 days. Higher titratable acidity was revealed in kimchi with AC during the fermentation. Total microbial lead and lactic acid bacterial count were generally lower in kimchi with AC. Reducing sugar content was maximum for all samples on 5 days, and then decreased thereafter. Redness of control kimchi was steadily increased during fermentation, but was lower than those of other treatments.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.301-316
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of heat stimuli (e.g., fire needling, warm needling) in acupuncture for acute gout. Methods: Four international online databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure) were searched to identify randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) that used fire needling and warm needling for acute gout. The methodological quality of the RCTs was evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias (RoB) tool. Thirteen RCTs (840 patients) were included and analyzed. Three evaluation tools (total effective rate, uric acid level, and pain score) were mainly used. Comparisons were made between Western medicine (WM) and i) fire needling or warm needling treatment alone, ii) fire needling and bloodletting combination treatment, iii) combination of fire needling, bloodletting, and herbal medicine, iv) warm needling (concurrently). Heat stimuli in acupuncture alone or in combination treatment were more effective in terms of the total efficacy rates, uric acid levels, and pain scores than WM alone. Results: In all the evaluation tools, the treatment effects in the fire needling alone or warm needling alone treatment group and the fire needling and bloodletting combination intervention group were significantly better than those in the WM control group. The warm needling and WM combination intervention groups also experienced significantly better treatment effects in terms of total efficacy rates and uric acid levels. Only the pain scores in the fire needling, bloodletting, and herbal medicine combination groups demonstrated significant improvement. Only four studies mentioned adverse reactions: one reported loss of appetite; three studies reported none. According to the Cochrane RoB tool, most studies showed either high or uncertain RoB. Conclusion: Heat stimuli during acupuncture could be effective for acute gout. However, as the included studies were regionally biased, more high-quality studies are needed to confirm the level of evidence.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.103-111
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• 2016

Li-bearing hectorite, one member of trioctahedral smectite, occurred large in quantity and confirmed in Turkey western sedimentary boron deposit. Li-bearing hectorite attracted a particular attention because it is one of potential lithium resources. There have been no consensus for the change of hectorite due to heat and acid treatment although it is very important to use in industrial application. In this study, we examined changes of hectorite after heat and acid treatment as well as acid treatement followed by heating. We used clay ores collected in Bigadic deposit, which contained the highest $Li_2O$ content in Turkey boron deposits. Hectorite showed a strong endothermic reaction at $84^{\circ}C$ due to dehydration of absorbed water and interlayer water and a weak endothermic reaction above $600^{\circ}C$ owing to dehydration of crystallization water. The first endothermic reaction accompanied a large weight loss about 6%. Hectorite decomposed into enstatite, cristobalite and amorphous Fe material at $762^{\circ}C$ with exothermic reaction. When hectorite reacted with 3 kinds of 0.1 M acid during 1 hours, it had a good dissolution efficiency with $H_2SO_4{\geq}HCl$ > $HNO_3$ in order.