• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.245-253
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• 2020

Objective: To develop the fermentation quality and chemical composition of alfalfa (Medicago sativa Lam.) silage, plants were inoculated with different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains at field 24 hours before harvest. Methods: The treatment groups were as follow: silage without additive as a control and inoculated with each strains of Lactobacillus brevis (LS-55-2-2), Leuconostoc citerum (L. citerum; L-70-6-1), Lactobacillus bifermentans (L. bifermentans; LS-65-2-1), Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum; LS-3-3) and L. plantarum (LS-72-2). All the silages were stored at 25℃. Parameters such as pH, microorganism and volatile fatty acid contents, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, net gas, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, dry matter intake and relative feed value were measured to determine fermentation quality, chemical compositions and relative feed value of alfalfa silages. Results: Significant differences were found among the control and treated groups in terms of pH and microorganism contents at all opening times and crude protein, net gas, metabolizable energy and organic matter digestibility of final silage. The pH values ranged from 4.70 to 5.52 for all treatments and control silage had the highest value of overall treatments at T₇₅d silages. Volatile fatty acid of silages was not influenced significantly by inoculations. However, lactic acid content of L. bifermentans (LS-65-2-1) was higher than the other treatments. The highest metabolizable energy and organic matter digestibility were recorded from L. citerum (L-70-6-1) inoculation. In addition, no significant differences were found among treatments in terms of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, dry matter intake and relative feed value. Conclusion: Among the treated LAB isolates, L. bifermentans came into prominence especially in terms of organic acid composition and quality characters of silages.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.352-359
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• 2005

The red ginseng powder was added to Yackwa dough as ratio to 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%, respectively to know effect of red ginseng powder on Yackwa quality and preservation. The expansion, color, texture and preference characters were investigated at 0,2 and 4 weeks, respectively. The peroxide and acid value were also measured. The 4% addition increased greatly expansion rate. In color test, L value lowed at addition of red ginseng powder and at long storage period. the b value lowed as the addition was increased, but a value was not affected by the addition of red ginseng powder. In mechanical texture test, addition of red ginseng powder had a tendency to show low cohessivness, springness, gumminess while hardness increased. The springness, brittleness and cohessivness decreased while hardness increased at long storage period. In sensory test, surface color, bitterness and red ginseng flavor were recognized strong by addition of red ginseng powder but oily taste, crispness, softness and overall preference were weak. The surface color and red ginseng flavor were strong at long storage period but sweetness, softness and overall preference decreased, respectively. The peroxide value increased at long storage period and decreased after 6 week. The 2% and 4% addition showed lower peroxide value compared to other treatment. The acid value increased at early storage period, but did not change after 4 weeks.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제51권spc1호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2006

계통이 다른 유색보리 40종의 이화학적 특성을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 유색보리, 춘추쌀보리와 올보리의 수분 함량은 No. 24가 7.4%로 가장 낮았고 No. 9가 10.8%로 가장 높았다. 또한 조단백질은 $9.7{\sim}12.8%$의 범위를 보였으며, 올보리의 단백질 함량과 유사한 범위였다. 조지방 함량은 No. 6이 4.35%로 가장 높았고, No, 34가 가장 낮은 1.35%를 나타내었다. 조회분 함량은 1.20%로 No. 31이 가장 낮았고, 2.35%로 춘추쌀보리가 가장 높았다. Ca 함량은 No. 10이 717.50 mg%로 가장 높았으며, 일반보리가 442.82mg%로 가장 낮았다. Mg 함량은 1320.00 mg%로 No. 10이 가장 높은 값을 나타내었고, 903.30 mg%로 No. 28이 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. Cu 함량은 No. 20의 경우 2.20 mg%로 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었고, No. 33의 경우는 6.25 mg%로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. K 함량은 No. 20의 경우 723.24 mg%로 가장 낮은 함량을 나타내었고, No. 1은 1002.50 mg/%로 가장 높은 함량을 보였으며, Mn 함량은 31.72 mg%로 No. 28이 가장 낮은 값을, 94,56 mg%로 일반보리가 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. ${\beta}-glucan$ 함량은 No. 25가 5.20%로 가장 낮았고, No. 28이 14.46%로 가장 높았다. 또한 올보리는 6.26%나 유색보리가 올보리에 비해 {$\beta}-glucan$이 2배 이상 많이 함유하고 있었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과 유색보리는 일반보리에 비교해 일반성분 및 영양성분 의 조성에 우수할 뿐 아니라 기능성 성분인 ${\beta}-glucan$ 등을 다량 함유하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.)에서 균(菌)의 생육(生育)은 5일(日)까지, 구연산생성(酸生成)은 6일(日)까지 계속(繼續) 증가(增加)하였으며 6일(日) 배양시(培養時) 대당(對糖) 46%의 구연산(酸)을 얻었다. 전통의식(傳統意識)에서 탈피(脫皮)치 못하고 미신(迷信)에 젖어 있으며, 백미편식경향(白米偏食傾向)이 짙고 연중(年中) 혼분식(混粉食)을 계속(繼續)하지 못하고 아쉬움이 간절하다. 이런 점(點)이 하루빨리 시정(是定)될때 우리는 건강(健康)과 지능(知能)이 향상(向上)을 초래(招來)하고 소득증대(所得增大)를 도모(圖謀)하며, 자조자립(自助自立)할 수 있는 국민생활(國民生活)로 변모(變貌)할 수 있을 것이라 믿는다. 11종(種)과 미확인성분(未確認成分) 1종(種)이 검출(檢出) 확인(確認)되었으며 증자시(蒸煮時)에 일부(一部) 휘발감소(揮發減少)를 보였으나 건조중(乾燥中)에는 일반적(一般的)으로 증가(增加)를 보였다. 6. 비휘발성산(非揮發性酸)으로 citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, ${\alpha}-ketoglutaric$ acid, pyruvic acid, glutaric acid 등(等) 6종(種)을 분리(分離) 동정(同定)하였으며 비휘발성산(非揮發性酸)은 건조중(乾燥中) 감소(減少)되어 홍삼구(紅蔘區)들이 함량(含量)이 적으나 succinic acid만은 증가(增加)하였다. 7. Polyphenol 류(類)로 3-caffeyl quinic acid, 4-caffeyl quinic acid, 5-caffeyl quinic acid의 3종(種)과 미확인성분(未確認成分) 1종(種)을 분리(分離) 동정(同定)하였으며 polyphenol은 건조중(乾燥中) 많은 감소(減少)가 있었으며 특(特)히 자연건조구(自然乾燥區)에서 많은 감소(減少)가 있었다. 8. 홍삼(紅蔘)들의 갈색도(褐色度)는 갈변촉진구(褐變促進區)가 가장 짙고 다

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2007

L. acidophilus KCCM 32820과 P. freudenreichii KCCM 31227의 성장곡선 및 5%와 10% 유청 배지를 고압증기멸균 및 저온살균하여 L. acidophilus KCCM 32820과 P. freudenreichii KCCM 31227을 혼합배양시 생성되는 propionic acid와 acetic acid 양을 측정하였다. L. acidophilus KCCM 32820의 대수기는 $6\sim21$시간, P. freudenreichii KCCM 31227의 대수기는 $36\sim108$시간으로 나타났다. 혼합배양시 propionic acid의 생성량은 5% 유청 배지보다는 10% 유청 배지에서, 고압증기 멸균보다는 저온살균에서 많은 양이 생성되었다. Propionic acid의 최대 생산량은 10% 유청 배지를 저온살균하였을 때 배양 120시간에 7.88 mg/mL이었다. Acetic acid도 5%보다는 10% 유청 배지에서 높은 생성량을 나타냈고 그 생성량은 배양시간이 경과함에 따라 propionic acid 생성량의 $2:1\sim3:1$이었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.305-311
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• 1998

These studies were undertaken to investigate changes of neutral lipid content and fatty acid composition were determined. Also accumulation process of monoglyceride, diglyceride and triglyceride content, and fatty acid composition were investigated during the development. The results were summarized as follows ; Changes of lipid during development sesame seeds, glycolipid contents which showed the highest in the early ripening stage and after that rapidly decreased, and phospholipid contents showed a similar pattern as glycolipid occurred. In contrast, the content of neutral lipid was rapidly increased by 29.21% 10 days after flowering(DAF), and showed the highest value by 91.84% at 40th day after flower. The neutral lipid, triglyceride content was rapidly increased as the seeds developed, and consisted of over 60% of the neutral lipid since 30 DAF. In the changes of neutral lipid, phospholipid and glycolipid, stearic acid and palmitic acid decreased during the seed ripening. However, oleic acid and linoleic acid increased during the same periods. Linolenic acid, which showed relatively higher value in the early ripening stage, but rapidly decreased as much as 1% at the later ripening stage.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.281-287
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• 1994

The effects of oleic acid, propylene glycol and 5% (w/w) oleic acid in propylene glycol on the electrical properties of hairless mouse skin were studied and the results were compared. The complex electrical impedance was measured as a function of frequency, and resistance and capacitance were determined from the Nyquist plot. Immediately after the treatment with oleic acid, resistance was 145% of the pretreatment value. However it decreased with time and, after 20 hours, it was about 25% of its pretreatment value. Capacitance increased; immediately after the treatment, it was about 125% of pretreatment value and it seemed to increase slowly with time. When the skin was treated with propylene glycol, resistance decreased about 5O% and capacitance increased about 65%. Similar results were observed when the skin was treated with 5% (w/w) oleic acid in propylene glycol, except that the magnitude of resistance drop was much larger. Oleic acid acted synergistically with propylene glycol. Together with the flux data in the literature, the results obtained in this work indicate that electrical resistance is closely related to the permeability of drug molecules through the skin. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of action of these penetration enhancers. Overall, this work provided further mechanistic insight into the role of SC lipids in skin resistance and capacitance.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.54-63
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• 1987

The amino acids ana fatty acids of cowpea were determined and physicochemical properties of cowpea starch and rheological properties of cowpea starch gel were investigated. The results were as following: The proteins of cowpea were particularly rich in glutamic acid (20.02%) and aspartic acid (12.21%) and contained considerable amount of leucine (8.99%), lysine (7.20%) and tryptophan (1.81%), whereas were poor in sulpho-containing amino acids. The lipids of cowpea were mainly composed of 31,43% linoleic acid, 28.34% linolenic acid, 22.9% palmitic acid and 7.63% oleic acid and the small amount of myristic, arachidonic and behenic acid was contained. The ratio of the saturated to the unsaturated in cowpea oil was 32~33/67~68. Cowpea starch gel showed lower values for hardness and brittleness than mung been starch gel, whereas a higher value for cohesiveness than mung bean starch gel, Cowpea starch gel showed lower values for $E_H$, $E_V$ than mung bean starch gel, whereas higher values for $n_V$, $n_N$ than mung bean starch gel. Cowpea starch gel had a lower value for elasticity than mung bean starch gel and had a higher value for viscosity than mung bean starch gel.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.272-279
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• 2015

Xanthoceras sorbifolium is considered as bio-energy crops owing to the high oil content from kernel. This study was performed to analyze calorific value, crude ash content, ultimate ratio, crude lipid and fatty acid composition among seed sources. Calorific values ranged from $4,526.0\;cal\;g^{-1}$ to $7,377.2\;cal\;g^{-1}$ in seeds and kernels showed the highest value. Calorific values and crude ash contents were observed as significant difference among plantations and/or individuals (p>0.05). Kernel from SD-F plantation showed the highest calorific value and lower crude ash content. C content comprised 63.4%, the highest levels was detected from SD-F (64.8%). Crude lipid content in kernel observed as 54.5 g $100\;g^{-1}$ from SD-F. In contrast it was determined the lowest value from LN-JARS as 46.5 g $100\;g^{-1}$. The fatty acid composition of kernel was determined to those of oleic acid (31.3%) and linoleic acid (38.1%) from SD-F and LN-JARS. These results will be offered to useful information for breeding materials selection.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2022

Objective: The fermentation profile and silage quality of 3 Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cultivars (cvs. Devis, Hellen, and Trinova) treated with 5 nitrogen doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg/ha) were evaluated. Methods: The experiment was laid out in split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. Annual ryegrass cultivars used in this study have been commonly grown in Turkey. Nitrogen doses were set in main plot and cultivars in split plot in the field. Plants were harvested at full-flowering stage with dry matter content about 220 g/kg for first cutting and 260 g/kg for second cutting. Harvested plants were chopped theoretically into 2 to 3 cm lengths for ensiling. Chopped fresh materials were ensilaged by compressing in 2 L plastic jars about 3±0.1 kg. Results: Effects of N doses on dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, dry matter digestibility, relative feed value, crude protein, pH, ammonia nitrogen, lactic acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid/acetic acid were statistically significant while water soluble carbohydrate, ash and organic matter were not statistically different. Ammonia nitrogen, crude protein, ash, organic matter, lactic acid, and lactic acid/acetic acid were affected by cultivars, but the other parameters were not. Increasing nitrogen applications positively affected the chemical composition of annual ryegrass silage. The significant increase in protein content was remarkable, however, silage fermentation properties were adversely affected by the increasing nitrogen dose. Conclusion: It can be recommended 150 kg/ha nitrogen dose for annual ryegrass harvested at full blooming stage. Even though the silage fermentation properties of the used cultivars were similar, cv. Devis gave better results than the others in terms of silage pH and relative feed value.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.310-315
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• 2006

라면 수프의 품질 안정화 기술을 개발하기 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자, 라면 수프의 원료 중의 하나인 고추향미유를 $65^{\circ}\C$에서 6주간 저장하면서 화학적 변화를 조사하였다. 시료의 산가는 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 약간 증가하였으며 과산화물가는 저장 4주에 크게 증가하다가 저장 6주에서는 감소하였다. ASTA value와 $CIE\;L^*$ 값, $CIE\;a^*$값, 그리고 $CIE\;b^*$ 값 모두 4주까지는 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 증가하다가 6주후에는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 시료를 구성하는 주요 지방산은 linoleic(51.02%), Oleic(30.17%), 그리고 palmitic(11.81%) acid이었다. 저장기간이 증가할수록 myristic acid(14:0)와 palmitic acid(16:0)는 약간 증가하였으나 linoleic acid(18:2)는 감소하였고, 불포화지방산과 포화지방산의 비율은 저장기간이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 시료에 가장 많이 존재하는 유리지방산은 linoleic acid(18:2)이었는데 6주간 저장 후에는 linoleic acid(18:2)의 양이 85.5에서 65.2(mg/kg oil)로 크게 감소하였고, 총유리지방산의 양은 저장기간이 증가할수록 증가하였으며, 유리 불포화지방산과 유리 포화지방산의 비율은 저장기간이 증가할수록 감소하였다.