• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.59-78
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• 2009

Objective : This study was designed to examine the effects of stem bark extracts of Cornus walteri Wanger on the lipid lowering, anti-oxidative activity and concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in hyperlipidemic rat. Methods : Male rats weighing $195.21{\pm}5.85g$ fed high fat diet for 8 weeks and 40 rats(above 400 g) were divided into 4 groups. Each groups were divided into a control group and 3 experimental groups. We fed a control group of rats a basal diet and administered normal saline(100 mg/kg, 1 time/1 day) for 4 weeks. And we fed each experimental group of rats Basal diet and administered an extract of Cornus walteri Wanger(100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 1 time/1 day) for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed to determine their chemical composition. We measured lipid of plasma and liver, concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, anti-oxidative activity and gene expression. Results : 1. Concentration of plasma free fatty acid, LDL-cholesterol showed a tendency to decrease in Cornus walteri Wanger ext. groups. Concentration of plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol showed a significantly decrement in all Cornus walteri Wanger ext. group than that of control group. HDL-cholesterol showed a significantly increment in the 300 mg/kg Cornus walteri Wanger ext. group. 2. Concentration of liver total cholesterol showed a tendence to decrease in Cornus walteri Wanger ext. groups. Concentration of triglyceride liver showed a significantly decrement in all Cornus walteri Wanger ext. group than that of control group. 3. Concentration of plasma and liver TBARS showed a tendence to decrease in Cornus walteri Wanger ext. groups. The values of GSH-Px, SOD and CAT activity showed a significantly increment in the 300 mg/kg Cornus walteri Wanger ext. group than that of control group. 4. The values of plasma AST and ALT activity showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. 5. Concentration of plasma $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ showed a tendency to decrease in the Cornus walteri Wanger ext. groups. However the concentration of IL-10 in the 200 and 300 mg/kg Cornus walteri Wanger ext. groups showed a significantly increment than that of control group. Concentration of liver $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-10 showed no significantly difference in all treatment groups. However concentration of IL-6 in the 200 and 300 mg/kg Cornus walteri Wanger ext. groups showed a significantly decrement than that of control group. 6. In the analysis of RT-PCR, gene expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$, Apo-B, Apo-E and leptin in the Cornus walteri Wanger ext. groups showed a lower expression than that of control group. 7. The ratio of $TNF-{\alpha}$, Apo-E and leptin expression per $\beta$-actin expression in the 200 and 300 mg/kg Cornus walteri Wanger ext. showed a significantly decrement than that of control group. The ratio of Apo-B expression per $\beta$-actin expression in the 300 mg/kg Cornus walteri Wanger ext. showed a significantly decrement than that of control group. Conclusions : According to above results, in lowering lipid effect, antioxidative activity and antiinflammatory effect, the Cornus walteri Wanger ext. gives positive effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.545-551
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• 2017

Curcuma longa L. (CL) is widely used as a spice and coloring agent in several foods, such as curry and mustard, as well as cosmetics and drugs. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of CL extracted with various solvents [methanol (MC), ethanol (EC), acetone (AC)] on $H_2O_2-induced$ DNA damage in human leukocytes along with total polyphenol contents (TPC) and antioxidant properties. The antioxidant effects of CL were determined by measuring 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (RSA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. The preventive effect of CL on oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and DNA repair capacities were assessed using comet assay. MC showed the highest TPC (11.17 g gallic acid equivalents/100 g) and antioxidant properties among the solvent extracts. The $SC_{50}$ for DPPH RSA was MC: 35.0 > AC: 45.8 > EC: $57.8{\mu}g/mL$ and SOD-like activity was MC: 46.6 > EC: 141.5 > AC: $296.4{\mu}g/mL$. In the comet assay, the $ED_{50}$ value of MC showed the highest inhibition ($86.7{\mu}g/mL$) of $H_2O_2-induced$ DNA damage, followed by AC ($110.0{\mu}g/mL$) > EC ($115.8{\mu}g/mL$). Analysis of the percentage of damaged cells showed that repair capacity significantly decreased at 4, 8, and 12 h from $H_2O_2-induced$ oxidative stress in each extract. After 12 h, level of DNA damage recovery was similar to the negative control level. These results suggest that CL has potential antioxidant activity and a protective effect against oxidation-induced DNA damage, and the methanol extract of CL was the most effective.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.251-263
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• 1997

Background : The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis presents a significant challange to the treatment and control of tuberculosis, and there is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms by which strains acquire multidrug resistance. Recent advances in molecular methods for the detection of M. tuberculosis genetic targets have approached the sensitivity of culture. Furthermore the prospect of determining resistance in mycobacteria at the nucleic acid level particulary to first-line drugs like rifampin, isoniazid has provided a glimps of the next generation of sensitivity test for M. tuberculosis. Previous studies in RMP resistant M. tuberculosis have shown that mutation in $\beta$subunit of RNA polymerase is main mechanism of resistance. Method : In this study, rpoB gene for the $\beta$subunit of RNA polymerase from M. tuberculosis of 42 cultured samples (32 were RMP resistant and 10 were sensitive cases) were isolated and characterised the mutations. Direct sequencing data were compared with the results of INNO-LiPA Line Probe Assay (LiPA, Innogenetics, Belgium), commercial RMP resistance detecting kit using reverse hybridization method. Results : All of the RMP resistant samples were revealed the presence of mutation by LiPA. In 22 samples (68.8%) out of 32 RMP resistant cases, the mutation types were confirmed by the positive signal at one of 4 mutation bands in the strip. The most frequent type was R5 (S531L) which were 17 cases (77.3%). Results of direct sequencing were identified the exact characteristics of 8 mutations which were not confirmed by LiPA. S522W type point mutation and 9 base pair deletion at codon 513~515 were new identified mutations for the first time. Conclusion : Mutations in rpoB gene is the main mechanism of RMP resistance in M. tuberculosis and LiPA is a very useful diagnostic tool for the early diagnosis of RMP resistance in M. tuberculosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.624-631
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• 1994

Background: Genus of Aspergilli are ubiquitous saprophytic molds in nature, but its change from a saprophytic fungus to a pathogenic organism has occurred since the use of various antibiotics. The fungus affects the chronically ill and debilitated population. Recently frequency of the fungal infection is increasing in Korea with abuse of antibiotics and glucocorticoids. Method: We analyzed medical records of 52 patients with pulmonary aspergillosis seen at Hanyang University Hospital from 1980 to 1994. The results were as follows; Results: 1) Ages ranged between second to eighth decades with majority(50%) in the fourth to fifth decades. The male to female ratio was 1.1:1. 2) Hemoptysis and productive cough, the leading symptoms, occurred in 42.3% and 25% respectively. 3) On chest X-ray fingings, the characteristic "fungus ball" pattern were observed in 53.8% of the 52cases. 4) Sputum culture for aspergilli were positive in 21.6% of the cases. We performed fine needle aspiration in 22 patients and the diagnostic yield was 100%. 5) Thirty-six patients had history of treatment with antituberculous drugs under diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis for an average of 27.3 months. But sputum analysis for acid-fast bacilli were positive in 5.6%(2cases of 36cases), and postoperative pathologic findings showed that 38.9%(12 cases of 28cases) were combined with tuberculosis. 6) Right upper and left upper lobes were predominantly involved(34.6% and 19.2% respectively) and lobectomies were performed in 21 cases. 7) Underlying diseases were present in 47 cases and 48.9% of them were pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusion: These results showed that pulmonary aspergillosis usually develops in patients with open cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis. And we must consider the possibility of pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with hemoptysis and cavitary lung lesion.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.393-404
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• 2004

Background : Nucleic acid hybridization has become an essential technique in the development of our understanding of gene structure and function. The quantitative analysis of hybridization has been used in the measurement of genome complexity and gene copy number. The filter hybridization assay is rapid, sensitive and can be used to measure RNAs complementary to any cloned DNA sequence. Methods : The authors assessed the accuracy, linearity, correlation coefficient and specificity of the hybridization depending on the added dose(0, 1, 5, and $10{\mu}g$) of non-specific rat spleen RNA to hybridization of surfactant protein A mRNA. Filter hybridization assays were used to obtain the equation of standard curve and thereby to quantitate the mRNA quantitation. Results : 1. Standard curve equation of filter hybridization assay between counts per minute (X) and spleen RNA input (Y) was Y=0.13X-19.35. Correlation coefficient was 0.98. 2. Standard curve equation of filter hybridization assay between counts per minute (X) and surfactant protein A mRNA transcript input (Y) was Y=0.00066X-0.046. Correlation coefficient was 0.99. 3. Standard curve equation of filter hybridization assay between counts per minute (X) and surfactant protein A mRNA transcript input (Y) after the addition of $1{\mu}g$ spleen RNA was Y=0.00056X-0.051. Correlation coefficient was 0.99. 4. Standard curve equation of filter hybridization assay between counts per minute (X) and surfactant protein A mRNA transcript input (Y) after the addition of $5{\mu}g$ spleen RNA was Y=0.00065X-0.088. Correlation coefficient was 0.99. 5. Standard curve equation of filter hybridization assay between counts per minute (X) and surfactant protein A mRNA transcript input (Y) after the addition of $10{\mu}g$ spleen RNA was Y=0.00051X-0.10. Correlation coefficient was 0.99. Conclusions : Comparison of cpm/filter in a linear range allowed accurate and reproducible estimation of surfactant protein A mRNA copy number irrespective of the addition dosage of non-specific rat spleen RNA over the range $0-10{\mu}g$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.307-312
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• 1984

The dried pure shells deprived of soft tissues were subjected to analysis of chitin-protein complexes from 5 species of marine crustaceans, including 2 species of crabs and 3 species of shrimps. The protein fractions were obtained from chitin-protein complexes under the varying conditions of extractions and the crude chitin was prepared from the shells by the sulfurous acid process. The crude chitin was purified through the extraction with several organic solvents such as dimethyl-acetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone. The purified chitin was also examined using the phase contrast microscope. Total protein contents of the shells were diverse, showing 9.6% for Portunus trituberculatus, 3.1%, Charybdis bimaculata, 9.4%, Penaeus japonicus, 10.9%, Metapenaeus intermedius and 5.8%, Squilla oratoria. Covalently bound protein varied with species from 2.1% for Charybdis bimaculata to 9.9% for Metapenaeus intermedius. The puified chitin contents of the shells were shown to 21.1% for Portunus tritube rculatus, 6.2%, Charybdis bimaculata, 20.2%, Penaeus japonicus, 27.1%, Metapenaeus intermedius and 25.5%, Squilla oratoria. Exceptionally low analytical value obtained with Charybdis bimaculata are supposed to be due to the very young subjects. The ratios of chitin to covalently bound protein in the shells were various such as 2.7 to 1 for Portunus trituberculatus, Penaeus japonicus and Metapenaeus intermedius, 3.1 to 1, Charybdis bimaculata and 6.1 to 1, Squilla oratoria. The microscope finding of the purified chitin showed the filamentous form in all the specimen.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.525-530
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• 2011

Pine needles have long been used as a traditional health-promoting medicinal food in Korea. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of pine needle extracts on the antioxidant activity, and proliferation of osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells. Pine needle extracts were examined using hot water, ethanol, hexane, hot water-ethanol, and hot water-hexane. The effects of the pine needle extracts were examined by comparing the results with that of a commercial agents, proanthocyanidin. Analysis of each extract indicated that hot water-ethanol and ethanol extracts contained the highest total polyphenol concentrations. The hot water-ethanol and ethanol extracts also showed relatively the highest SOD-like activity. The proliferation of osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells treated with pine needle extracts was decreased by lower than 70%. In addition, the hot water and ethanol extracts of pine needle significantly reduced the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive ($TRAP^+$) multinucleated cells from osteoclatic RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicate that pine needle extracts had an anabolic effect on bone through the promotion of osteoclast differentiation, suggesting that they could be used for the treatment of common metabolic bone diseases.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.229-237
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• 2012

Phosphorus was incorporated into Co/$Al_2O_3$ catalyst for FTS by impregnating an acidic precursor, phosphoric acid, in ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ support to improve the mechanical strength, the hydrothermal stability of the catalyst particle, and the catalytic performance as well. Surface characterization techniques such as FT-IR revealed that $AlPO_4$ phase was generated on the surface of the P-modified catalyst. The addition of phosphorus was found to alleviate the interaction between cobalt and alumina surface, and to increase reducibility of catalyst. The catalytic activity such as $C_{5+}$ productivity and turnover frequency (TOF) was calculated to evaluate catalytic performance. The influence of calcination temperature of the $Al_2O_3$ containing 2 wt.% P on the catalytic performance was also investigated. Through hydrothermal stability test and XRD analysis, the P-modified catalyst had strong resistant to the pressurized and hot $H_2O$. The mechanical strength of the P-modified catalyst was also examined through an in-house fluidized-bed vessel, and it was found that the catalyst fragmentation could be successfully suppressed with P. Taken as a whole, the best performance was shown to be at 1~2 wt.% P in alumina and at the calcination temperature of $500^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.541-550
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• 2010

A new $N_4O_3$ heptadentate ligand, N,N'-Bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)-1,3-bis[(2-aminoethyl)amino]-2-propanol(H-BAP 4HCl)was synthesized. The hydrochloric acid salts of Br-BAP 4HCl, Cl-BAP 4HCl, $CH_3O$-BAP 4HCl and $CH_3$-BAP 4HCl containing Br-, Cl-, H-, $CH_3O-$ and $CH_{3^-}$ groups at the para-site of the phenol group of the H-BAP were synthesized. The structures of the ligands were confirmed by C. H. N. atomic analysis and $^1H$ NMR, $^{13}C$ NMR, UV-visible and mass spectra. The elemental stepwise protonation constants(${logK_n}^H$) of the synthesized $N_4O_3$ ligands showed six steps of the proton dissociation. The orders of the overall dissociation constants($log{\beta}_p$) of the ligands were Br-BAP < Cl-BAP < H-BAP < $CH_3O$-BAP < $CH_3$-BAP. The orders agreed well with that of Hammett substituent constants($\sigma_p$). The calculated stability constants($logK_{ML}$) between the ligands and transition metal ions agreed well with the order of the overall proton dissociation constants of the ligands but they showed a reverse order in Hammestt substituent constants($\sigma_p$). The order of the stability constants between the transition metal ions with the ligands were Co(II) < Ni(II) < Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Cd(II) > Pb(II).

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.465-472
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• 2010

This study surveyed salivary flow rate, salivary viscosity, and salivary buffering capacity in order to intensively analyze salivary factors among factors of occurrence in dental caries for finding mutually different factors that function in occurrence of dental caries depending on each individual. Even the acid body within dental plaque has great influence upon dental caries. Thus, the comparative analysis was carried out by surveying the hydrogen ion concentration in dental plaque. The following results were obtained in this study. 1. The average decayed teeth in the survey subjects stood at 1.67 piece. The extracted teeth caused by dental caries stood at 0.47 piece. The filled teeth were indicated to be 6.31 pieces. Accordingly, the average permanent dental caries experience teeth were surveyed to be 8.44 pieces. 2. The results according to dental caries activity test method were indicated to be $12.56{\pm}4.15ml$ for the average stimulated salivary flow rate, $3.89{\pm}1.83ml$ for non-stimulated salivary flow rate, $1.49{\pm}0.69$ for salivary viscosity, and $8.51{\pm}2.44$ for salivary buffering capacity. The hydrogen ion concentration test in dental plaque was indicated to be $5.62{\pm}0.50$ for before brushing teeth, $5.23{\pm}0.58$ for 5 minutes after brushing teeth, $5.25{\pm}0.56$ for 10 minutes after brushing teeth, $5.29{\pm}0.62$ for 15 minutes after brushing teeth, $5.34{\pm}0.58$ for 20 minutes after brushing teeth, $5.40{\pm}0.53$ for 25 minutes after brushing teeth, and $5.61{\pm}0.59$ for 30 minutes after brushing teeth. 3. Stimulated salivary and non-stimulated salivary flow rate, salivary viscosity, and salivary buffering capacity were indicated to be higher in group with non-caries than group with caries. However, it was statistically insignificant. The hydrogen ion concentration in dental plaque showed wholly statistical significant in the relationship with people with dental caries under progression. However, people without dental caries were indicated to be higher than people with dental caries. 4. As for correlation between caries activity test methods, the stimulated salivary flow rate had significantly positive correlation with non-stimulated salivary flow rate(p<0.001). Non-stimulated salivary flow rate showed negative correlation with salivary buffering capacity(p<0.01). The hydrogen ion concentration test in dental plaque showed positive correlation according to the passage of time after brushing teeth. However, there was no significant correlation with salivary viscosity and salivary buffering capacity(p>0.05).