• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 1998

We demonstrated in previous study that protopanaxadiol and protopanxatriol saponins show antinociceptive activity in acetic acid induced writhing test and in the second phase (11-40 min) of formalin test but not tail-flick test. To identify further which ginsenoside has antinociceptive activity among various ginseng saponins, we have investigated antinociceptive effects of several ginsenosides using writhing and formalin test. Ginsenoside Rc, Rd, Re, and Rf induced antinociception in writhing test. These four ginsenosides also induced antinociception in the second phase of formalin (11-40 min) test but these ginsenosides showed a slight antinociception in the first phase (010 min) of formalin test except ginsenoside Rf. The antinociceptive effects induced by the ginsenosides were dose dependent and were not blocked by an opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone. The order of antinociceptive potency was Rd > Rc > Re > Rf in the formalin test. However, these ginsenosides did not show any significant analgesic effects in a tail-flick test. These results suggest that ginsenosides such as Rc, Rd, Re, and Rf inhibit tonic pain rather than acute pain induced by noxious heat. These results also indicate that the antinociceptive activity. Induced by ginsenosides may be one of the actions for pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.326-334
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• 2009

The effect of alcoholic extract of Anthocephalus (A.) Cadamba Roxb. was evaluated in experimental models of pain and ulcer. Hot tail flick test, hot plate test and acetic acid induced writhing test were employed for evaluating the peripheral as well as central analgesic mechanism exerted by the extracts. Gastroprotective activity was examined by HCl and ethanol induced gastric damage test. Test group received crude extract 500 mg/kg showed maximum time needed for the response against thermal stimuli (6.26 ${\pm}$ 0.439 s) which is comparable to diclofenac sodium (6.56 ${\pm}$ 0.381 s) in hot tail flick method. These experimental results also followed the experimental results of hot plate test where crude extract 500 mg/kg showed maximum time needed for the response against thermal stimuli (4.74 ${\pm}$ 0.234 s) which is comparable to diclofenac sodium (5.58 ${\pm}$ 0.585 s). The crude extract at 500 and 250 mg/kg showed significant reduction in acetic acid induced writhing in mice with a maximum effect of 68.026% reduction at 500 mg/kg dose which is comparable to standard diclofenac sodium (79.93%). In gastroprotective study the extract of A. Cadamba (250 and 500 mg/kg) significantly inhibited ulceration induced by both HCl and ethanol dose dependently. Results of the study suggest that the extract possesses both analgesic and gastroprotective activity on mice.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.104-112
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• 2012

The fruit of Terminalia chebula Retzius has been used as a panacea in India and Southeast Asia but its biological activities have not been fully elucidated. Here we report anti-arthritic and analgesic effect of NDI10218, a standardized ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula, on collagen-induced arthritis and acetic acid-induced writhing model, respectively. Arthritis was induced in DBA/1J mice by immunizing bovine type II collagen and mice were treated with NDI10218 daily for 5 weeks after the onset of the disease. NDI10218 reduced the arthritis index and blocked the synovial hyperplasia in a dose-dependent manner. The serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and IL-$1{\beta}$ were significantly reduced in mice treated with NDI10218. Production of the inflammatory IL-17, but not immunosuppressive IL-10, was also inhibited in splenocytes isolated from NDI10218-treated arthritis mice. Administration of NDI10218 markedly decreased the number of T cell subpopulations in the regional lymph nodes of the arthritis mice. Finally, NDI10218 reduced the number of abdominal contractions in acetic acid-induced writhing model, suggesting an analgesic effect of this extract. Taken together, these results suggest that NDI10218 can be a new therapeutic candidate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.218-232
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• 2024

Background: Cynara scolymus has bioactive constituents and has been used for therapeutic actions. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms underlying pain-relieving effects of the hydroethanolic extract of C. scolymus (HECS). Methods: The antinociceptive activity of HECS was assessed through formalin and acetic acid-induced writhing tests at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Additionally, naloxone (non-selective opioid receptors antagonist, 2 mg/kg), atropine (non-selective muscarinic receptors antagonist, 1 mg/kg), chlorpheniramine (histamine H₁-receptor antagonist, 20 mg/kg), cimetidine (histamine H₂-receptor antagonist, 12.5 mg/kg), flumazenil (GABA_A/BDZ receptor antagonist, 5 mg/kg) and cyproheptadine (serotonin receptor antagonist, 4 mg/kg) were used to determine the systems implicated in HECS-induced analgesia. Impact of HECS on locomotor activity was executed by open-field test. Determination of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was done. Evaluation of antioxidant activity was conducted employing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Results: HECS (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly indicated dose dependent antinociceptive activity against pain-related behavior induced by formalin and acetic acid (P < 0.001). Pretreatment with naloxone, atropine and flumazenil significantly reversed HECS-induced analgesia. Antinociceptive effect of HECS remained unaffected by chlorpheniramine, cimetidine and cyproheptadine. Locomotor activity was not affected by HECS. TPC and TFC of HECS were 59.49 ± 5.57 mgGAE/g dry extract and 93.39 ± 17.16 mgRE/g dry extract, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀) of HECS was 161.32 ± 0.03 ㎍/mL. Conclusions: HECS possesses antinociceptive activity which is mediated via opioidergic, cholinergic and GABAergic pathways.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 1994

In order to prove the effectiveness for anticonvulsion and analgesic of Ukgansan, Ukgansan added Jinphi Banha and Ukgansan added Chunma by experiment, experimental animals(mouse) are injected with strychnine, picrotoxin and caffeine to cause convulsion and ovserved the consumed time from convulsion to death. Comparing data with control group and observation data for frequency of writhing syndrome caused by acetic acid and phenylquinone show the results as follows : 1. Anticonvulsion effect on the convulsion induced by strychnine it was significantly effective in all sample groups. 2. Anticonvulsion effect on the convulsion induced by picrotoxin it was significantly effective in sample A and B. 3. Anticonvulsion effect on the convulsion induced by caffeine it was not recognized in all sample groups. 4. Analgesic effect on the pain induced by acetic acid it was significantly effect in sample A and C. 5. Analgesic effect on the pain induced by phenylquinone it was significantly effective in sample A and C. The results show that Ukgansan can be an effectual cure on anticonvulsion and analgrsic, Ukgansan added Jinphi·Banha on anticonvulsion, and Ukgansan added Chunma on analgesic.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.232-237
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• 2009

The effect of arogh, a polyherbal formulation-PHF [each 3 g powder contained Nelumbo nucifera G. (0.24 g), Hemidesmus indicus R. (0.24 g), Zingiber officinale R. (0.24 g), Terminalia chebula R. (0.24 g), Quercus infectoria O. (0.12 g), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (0.24 g), Rosa damascene M.(0.24 g), Eclipta alba H.(0.24 g), Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (0.24 g)] was investigated in various experimental models of pain and inflammation. Analgesic activity of PHF was studied in mice using acetic acid induced writhing, tail immersion and hot plate methods. Anti-inflammatory activity of PHF was studied in rats using carrageenan induced hind paw edema and formalin induced rat paw edema methods. PHF significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the number of writhings, increased latency to flick tail in tail immersion method and elevated the mean basal reaction time in hot plate method. PHF significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited carrageenan induced hind paw edema and formalin induced rat paw edema. The PHF was tested at dose of 30, 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.32 no.3 s.126
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• pp.242-247
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• 2001

The anti-inflammatory activity of water extract of Mahaengeuigam-Tang(MHEGTWE) was examined using the carrageenin and acetic acid induced edema, croton oil induced granuloma pouch, and adjuvant arthritis in rats. In addition, the acute toxicity, analgesic and antipyretic effects of MHEGTWE were investigated by the general experimental methods. In acute toxicity test in mice, MHEGTWE showed 10% mortality at 2400 mg/kg(p.o), but it did not showed at 1200 mg/kg(i.p). It was also showed significant analgesic action on the writhing syndrome induced by 0.7% acetic acid at 600 mg/kg(p.o) and its antipyretic activity was observed in the typhoid vaccine induced fevered rats at 300 mg/kg(p.o). By the oral administration of the MHEGTWE, the significant anti-inflammatory activity was observed on 1% carrageenin induced edema, and it significantly inhibited the granuloma and exudate formation in rats. In the adjuvant arthritis experiment, the MHEGTWE decreased the hind paw edema in rats for 19 days. The results suggest that MHEGTWE has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic action.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.285-291
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• 1999

DA-7101 is a new combined formulation of cefatrizine:clavulanic acid (2:1) under development as oral abtibiotics. The general pharmacological properties of DA-7101 on central nervous, cardiovascular, gas-trointestinal and other organ systems were studied by oral administration, in vivo and in vitro. DA-7101 had no marked effects all tests studied such as general behavior, hexobarbital-induced sleeping, spontaneous activity, anticonvulsion, body temperature, acetic acid-induced writhing, rotarod performance, heart rate and blood pressure in cats, isolated ileum movement, intestinal transition, gastric juice secretion and urine volume and electrolytes in rats. But exceptionally at the highest dose of 900 mg/kg, DA-7101 increased hexobarbital-induced sleeping time, caused a slight hypotension and decreased the secretion of gastric juice. These results suggest that at the estimated clinical dose DA-7101 would not bring about any serious acute adverse effects clinically.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.256-259
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• 2003

The pet ether extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, leaves was studied for its antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic property. The extract at doses of 50 and 200 mg/kg, p.o., significantly (p<0.05) reduced the number of writhing induced by acetic acid and inhibited the late phase (20-30 min) in formalin test in mice. The extract failed to increase the pain threshold level in tail immersion test in mice. In carrageenan induced paw edema in rats and in acetic acid induced increase in vascular permeability test in mice, the extract (50-600 mg/kg, p.o.) failed to produce any significant activity. While in cotton pellet granuloma test, the extract at doses of 200 and 600 mg/kg (p.o.) significantly (p<0.05) reduced the granuloma formation and was comparable to reference drug, dexamethasone. In ethylpheylpropiolate ear edema test 0.5 mg and 1 mg/ear application of extract significantly (p<0.05) inhibited ear edema. In yeast induced hyperthermia in rats, the extract did not produce any reduction in temperature. The results suggest that the extract acts peripherally to produce analgesic action and anti-inflammatory activity through steroidal mechanism.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.151-163
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• 2024

Background: Galangin, commonly employed in traditional Chinese medicine for its diverse medicinal properties, exhibits potential in treating inflammatory pain. Nevertheless, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Methods: Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups for 7 days: a normal control group, a galangin-treated (25 and 50 mg/kg), and a positive control celecoxib (20 mg/kg). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using a hot plate test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, acetic acid-induced vascular permeability test, formalin-induced paw licking test, and carrageenan-induced paw swelling test. The interplay between galangin, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), NF-κB, COX-2, and TNF-α proteins was evaluated via molecular docking. COX-2, PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in serum were measured using ELISA after capsaicin administration (200 nmol/L). TRPV1 expression in the dorsal root ganglion was analyzed by Western blot. The quantities of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were assessed using qPCR. Results: Galangin reduced hot plate-induced licking latency, acetic acid-induced contortions, carrageenan-triggered foot inflammation, and capillary permeability in mice. It exhibited favorable affinity towards TRPV1, NF-κB, COX-2, and TNF-α, resulting in decreased levels of COX-2, PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in serum following capsaicin stimulation. Galangin effectively suppressed the upregulation of TRPV1 protein and associated receptor neuropeptides CGRP and SP mRNA, while concurrently inhibiting the expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, COX-2, and PGE2 mRNA. Conclusions: Galangin exerts its anti-inflammatory pain effects by inhibiting TRPV1 activation and regulating COX-2, NF-κB/TNF-α expression, providing evidence for the use of galangin in the management of inflammatory pain.