• KSBB Journal
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.210-214
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• 2005

초임계 유체를 이용하여 참기름을 생산하기 위한 기초연구로 참깨에 존재하는 천연항산화제인 $\gamma$-토코페롤을 고함유한 참기름에 대해 연구하였다. $\gamma$-토코페롤은 $\alpha$-토코페롤에 비해 비타민 E 효력은 약하긴 하나, 참깨의 리그난과 길항적으로 작용하면 생체내 잔존율이 높아져 $\alpha$-토코페롤처럼 과산화지질 생성을 억제한다고 한다. 참깨의 볶음온도와 시간, 초임계 유체의 압력과 온도 그리고 초임계 유체의 유속 변화 시 $\gamma$-토코페롤의 함량에 미치는 영향에 대해 연구하였다. 그 볶음 온도 변화 시 $200^{\circ}C$ 이후 $\gamma$-토코페롤의 농도가 거의 일정하게 유지되었고, $200^{\circ}C$에서 배전시간을 증가함으로써 약 1.13배 정도 $\gamma$-토코페롤의 농도가 증가되었다. 초임계 유체 추출 시 250 bar를 제외한 압력변화에 의해 $\gamma$-토코페롤의 농도는 거의 변화하지 않았다. 그러나 같은 온도에서 초임계 유체의 유속을 $1{\~}3 m{\ell}/L$로 변화시킴에 의해 $\gamma$-토코페롤의 농도가 1.1배${\~}$1.5배 증가되었는데, 이는 $\gamma$-토코페롤의 이 추출 메카니즘이 탈착보다는 확산에 의해 이뤄짐을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 토대로 기존 압출추출방법과 초임계 추출 방법을 비교한 결과 $\gamma$-토코페롤의 농도가 1.3${\~}$1.6배 증가함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.217-223
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• 1984

Twenty three healty women on self - selected diet were given 800IU of tocopherol daily for 4 weeks. The levels of tocopherol in plasma and red blood cells( RBC ) and total choles terol, TG, HDL- chol, HDL subfractions and lipoprotein pattern in serum were determined pre-and postregimen at 2 and 4 weeks. No significant change was noted in VLDL, LDL, HDL fraction and LDL/HDL ratio separated by electrophoresis, even though HDL fraction was decreased at 2 wk but slightly increased at 4 wk. There were also no significant changes in the relative amount of HDL-chol and VLDL-chol when cholesterol content of each lipoprotein fraction was assayed. A transient increase in LDL-chol was observed at 2 wk but returned to the pretreatment level. Plasma and RBC tocopherol levels were significantly ( p ^lt;0.05 ) increased and decreased respectively, at both 2 and 4 wk, and LDL-chol was positively correlated to plasma tocopherol level ( p<0.05 ) but not to RBC tocopherol. However HDL-chol fractionated by heparin-Mn was increased at 2 and 4 wk by a significant increase in $HDL_{2}$-chol but no change in $HDL_{3}$-chol, which resulted in a significant reduction of $HDL_{3}$/HDL ratio and increase of $HDL_{2}/HDL$ and $HDL_{2}/HDL_{3}$ ratios. HDL- chol was negatively correlated to the levels of LDL-chol ( p<0.05), VLDL-chol (p<0.01), and T-chol/HDL ratio ( p<0.01 ). Serum TG was significantly decreased ( p <0.05 ) but total cholesterol was decreased only at 4 weeks.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2001

In order to test the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and $\alpha$-tocopherol on full-thickness skin grafts in rats, we peeformed full-thickness skin grafts bilaterally on rats. After surgery, we analyzed the tissue-concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase(GPx)/reductase(GPr) on days 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28. The four groups had similar patterns of change in SOD, catalase, GPx and GPr values. SOD increased initially, and was significantly increased at day 7, returning to the preoperative activity level on day 14 (control, HBO, and $\alpha$-tocopherol treated alone) and 28 (HBO plus $\alpha$-tocopherol). Catalase had a similar pattern of change as the SOD enzyme activity, except for the surgical control on day 2. Glutathione peroxidase/reductase activity in the four groups had a similar pat-tern of enzyme activity, with a significant increase from preoperative level on day 4, peaking during days 7 to 10, and returning to preoperative level on day 21(surgical control, HBO, and $\alpha$-tocopherol-treated alone) and 28 (HBO plus $\alpha$-tocopherol treated group). Hence, the clinical use of HBO and $\alpha$-tocopherol mixture can be recommended as an adjunctive treatment for free skin grafts in rats. But, the antioxidant used, its dose, and the timing of its administration, as well as, the exposure time and the pressure of HBO, should be the subject of further research.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 1990

Influence of mixing ratio of blending oil (rice bran oil : RBD palm olein = 1 : 1, 1 : 4 mixture: w/w) and natural tocopherol, citric acid, and sodium polyphosphate on enhancement of oxidation stability of blending oil under the condition of tap water infulx(1 ml/min/200g oil) were compared by AOM test after heating these system at l80$^{\circ}C$. In addition, the effects of tocopherol, and synergist on oxidition stability were also tested with potato chips fried with blending oil(1 : 4 mixture). The result obtained were as followes; 1. The test of RBD palm olein addition of 50% and 80% against rice bran oil on oxidation stability showed that the higher the palm olein contents in blending oil, the higher the oxidation stability. 2. The test of oxidation stability, adding l00ppm, 200ppm and 400ppm of natural tocopherol in two different types of blending oils, A(1 : 1 mixture) and B(1 : 4 mixture), disclosed that blending oil B was more positively effective, and this trend was superior at 200ppm level particularly, Furthermore, oxidation stability was enhanced remarkably upon addition of 100ppm of natural tocopherol, and 50ppm of citric acid together with 50ppm, 100ppm and 200ppm of sodium polyphosphate in general. Especially, 200ppm of sodium polyphosphate addition induced the most synergetic effect on oxidation stability showing as much as 3 times compare to control. 3. The results of oxidation stability obtained by peroxide value on potato chips fried with blending oil (1:4 mixture} added tocopherol, citric acid and sodium polyphosphate and preserved at $60^{\circ}C$ revealed that addition of tocopherol and 50ppm of citric acid together with 200ppm of sodium polyphosphate treatment was the most synergistic coinciding with AOM test results.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.441-452
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• 1996

The effects of chlorophyll, tocopherols($\alpha$-tocopherol, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol and $\delta$-tocopherol), carotenoids ($\beta$-carotene and lutein), light sources, light intensities and strage temperatures on the photooxidative stability of soymilk were studied by measuring TBA value and depleted headspace oxygen(DHO) of soymilk. The samples were stored in the light storage box for 6 days and evaluated for the photooxidative stabilities. As the concentrations of chlorophyll increased, TBA value and DHO of the sample increased significantly(p<0.05), indicating chlorophyll acting as a photosensitizer. However, as the concentrations of tocopherols ($\alpha$-tocopherol, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol and $\delta$-tocopherol) and carotenoids ($\beta$-carotene and lutein) increased, TBA values and DHO of the samples decreased significantly(p<0.05). The light screening effects of carotenoids on DHO in the samples were not significantly different from the control at p>0.05. Therefore, there was no light screening effects of carotenoids on the oxidative stability of soymilk. The results indicate that tocopherols and carotenoids reduce the photooxidative stability of soymilk. $\delta$-Tocopherol was the most effective in photosensitized oxidation followed by ${\gamma}$-and $\alpha$-tocopherols in the order of increasing stability. $\beta$-Carotene was significantly(p<0.05) more effective than lutein in minimizing the chlorophyll-sensitized photooxidation of soymilk. Visible light was more effective than UV light in decreasing the photooxidative stability of soymilk. Therefore, photooxidation of soymilk containing chlorophyll is mainly due to photosensitized oxidation rather than photolysis reaction. As the intensities of fluorescence light increased, TBA values and DHO of the samples increased significantly at P<0.05. However, as the storage temperatures increased, TBA values and DHO of soymilk did not change significantly at p>0.05.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.566-577
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• 1993

The study was to compare the effect of dietary fatty acids on fatty acid profile in tissue and the status of tocopherol and lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities at two fat levels. Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing average 350g(17 weeks) were fed either low fat(LF, 4.3% w/w, 10% kcal) or high fat(HF, 20.8%, w/w, 40% kcal)diet for 6 weeks. The fats used were beef tallow as a source of saturated fatty acid, corn oil for n-6 linoleic acid, perilla oil for n-3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid and fish oil for n-3 eiocosapentatenoic acid(EPA) and n-3 docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). Palsma tocopherol was significantly reduced by fish oil compared to beef tallow at body fat level. However, there was no significant effect on the levels of plasma MDA, RBC MDA and tocopherol, and RBC hempolysis by the type and amount of dietary fat. The peroxidizibility index of fatty acid profile in plasma and liver was increased and liver MDA level was significantly increased by fish oil when dietary fat level was increased. The activities of SOD and GSHPx tended to be increased by perilla oil and fish oil at both fat oil significantly reduced the incorpration of c20:4 and increased the incorporation of c20:5 into liver compared to corn oil. The incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into tissue by perilla oil rich in $\alpha$-linolenic acid was significantly higher tan corn oil and its effect was improved with higher amount of perilla oil in diet by high fat diet. Overall, the lipid peroxidation of tissue could be prevented by tocopherol supplementation when dietary fat level was low in diet. However, at high fat diet, tocopherol supplementation might not be enough to prevent the lipid peroxidation in tissue since the potential for lipid peroxidation was tended to be increased with higher incorporation of higher unsaturated n-3 fatty acids into tissue. Therefore, it could not be recommended to consume large amount of fish oil even with excess amount of tocopherol supplemented to the high fat diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1266-1270
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• 2006

This study was carried out to determine the contents of vitamins A and E in carcass fat from Japanese Black and F1 cross cattle, because the method of controlling the amount of vitamin A in feed has been used in the production of expensive beef with high marbling in Japan. We determined the contents of tocopherol and retinol in subcutaneous and perirenal fats for 40 carcasses of Japanese Black and F1 (Holstein${\times}$Japanese Black crossed) cattle that had been sent to market from 10 prefectures. In bovine fat, free ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was present in the greatest amount, the level of ${\gamma}$-tocopherol was about 10% and there was only a trace of ${\delta}$-tocopherol. The means${\pm}$standard deviation of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol content in subcutaneous and perirenal fats were $0.68{\pm}0.33mg/100g$ and $0.54{\pm}0.23mg/100g$, respectively. The means${\pm}$standard deviation of retinol content in subcutaneous and perirenal fats were $2.9{\pm}4.5{\mu}g/100g$ and $2.9{\pm}5.1{\mu}g/100g$, respectively. Both vitamins differed widely between animals and were present at a relatively low level compared to other reports (${\alpha}$-tocopherol 2.4-5.4 mg/100 g fat tissue and $30-220{\mu}g/100g$ muscle tissue). The correlation coefficients between subcutaneous and perirenal fats for retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol content were 0.97 (p<0.01) and 0.82 (p<0.01), respectively, which showed high correlation. However, the correlation coefficients between retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol contents for subcutaneous and perirenal fats were 0.11 and 0.08, respectively, which showed low correlation. Breed effect was observed in both vitamins. These results indicated that vitamins A and E in fat from Japanese Black and F1 cross cattle under the vitamin A controlling method are present at relatively low levels and feeds need to be supplemented with vitamin E.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1109-1115
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• 1997

The present study was aimed to investigated whether there are age-and sex-related differences in serum levels of lipid peroxides, retinol , and $\alpha$-tocopherol in Korean adults. The subjects were 441 persons , including 268 men and 173 women. Those of each sex were divided into four age group : 20-29, 30-39, 40-49 and 50-65 years, and their lifestyles and serum levels were compared . Men smoked and drank less as age increased , but 99.9% of women of did not smoke and only 11% drank more than once a month. Lipid peroxides of males increased gradually with age, while those of females showed greater levels in the 50-65 years group thon younger groups. Lipid peroxides, retinol and $\alpha$-tocopherol concentrations, which were adjusted for age, were significantly higher in males than in females. Lipid peroxide levels adjusted for total lipid were positively correlated with age in males than in females. Serum levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol adjusted for total lipid were positively correlated with age both in males and in females , while retinol was neither. The results indicate that serum levels of lipid peroxides, retinol , and $\alpha$-tocopherol are affected by age and that the response could be different between males and females.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.373-382
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• 1994

This study was observed the effect of n6 and n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of dietary corn oil and fish oil which was supplemented with similar levels of tocopherol in high fat diet on the levels of tocopherol, malondialdehyde ( MDA) productions of plasma and tissues of rats. Also RBC hemolysis, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) activities In liver were determined. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed high fat (40%Cal) diet which was different only In fatty acid composition for 6 weeks. Dietary (arts were beef tallow(BT) as a source of saturated fatty acid, corn oil(CO) for n6 linoleic acid (LA) and fish oil(FO) for n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Plasma and liver tocopherol levels were lowered by n3 PUy4 but there was no difference in malondialdehyde(MDA) level by different dietary PUFA. However, MDA content of RBC and hemolysis were increased by n3 PUFA. MDA content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in liver were increased in more unsaturated dietary fat groups. Especially, SOD activity was increased in proportion to the degree of fat unsaturation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권8호
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• pp.708-718
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• 2007

본 연구는 비타민 E의 보충섭취가 폐경기 여성의 항산화 영양상태 및 임파구 DNA 손상을 개선할 수 있는지를 알아보고자 수행되었으며, 이중맹검법으로 실시되었고 플라시보를 위약군으로 하였다. 폐경기 여성 35명을 대상으로 6주 동안 비타민 E 보충섭취군에게는 비타민 E 캡슐($\alpha$-tocopherol 성분 400 IU/capsule)을, 위약군에게는 대두유로 만든 위약 캡슐(400 mg/capsule)을 하루 2회 섭취하도록 하였으며, 이 때 두 군의 분류는 무작위로 하였다. 항산화 영양상태를 알아보기 위해 혈장 vitamin C, $\alpha$-tocopherol, $\gamma$-tocopherol, $\alpha$-carotenoid, $\beta$-carotenoid, lycopene 농도를 측정하였고, 임파구 DNA 손상정도를 알아보기 위해서는 Comet assay를 이용하여 tail length, %DNA in tail, tail moment를 측정하였다. 비타민 E 보충섭취군에서는 혈장 vitamin C(p<0.05)와 $\alpha$-tocopherol(p<0.000)농도가 유의적으로 증가하였고, $\gamma$-tocopherol(p<0.000) 농도와 tail length(p<0.05)는 유의적으로 감소하였다. 반면, 위약군에서는 혈장 vitamin C(p<0.05)의 농도만이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 결론적으로, 본 연구는 비타민 E의 보충섭취가 혈장 항산화 상태 및 DNA 손상에 대해 부분적인 개선 효과가 있음을 보여주었다.