• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.341-349
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• 1998

To analyze the effects of surfactants on the biosynthesis of galactolipid and the composition of fatty acids, the chloroplast envelope and thylakoid membrane were cultivated in medium treated with anionic surfactants, such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (0.002%, LAS), a-olefin sulfonate (O.01%, AOS), and sodium lauryl ether sulfate (0.08%, SLES), respectively. During the cultivation, the chloroplast envelope and thylakoid membrane were isolated from the cells collected at the early and middle phase of the culture and the contents of their fatty acid composition were compared with the control. When treated with surfactants, the contents of total lipid MDGD methylesters, and DGDG methylesters decreased significantly when compared with the control. It was also confirmed that more unsaturated fatty acids were involved in the biosynthesis of galactolipid. The fatty acids utilized in the biosynthesis of MGDG were in the chloroplast envelope and in the control, and linoleic acid in LAS, linolenic acid and oleic acid in AOS, and linolenic acid and oleic acid in SLES. The fatty acids in the biosynthesis of DGDG were linolenic acid and oleic acid in the control linolenic acid and stearic acid in LAS, oleic acid and linolenic acid in AOS, oleic acid and linolenic acid in SLES. In the thylakoid membrane, the major fatty acids in the biosynthesis of MGDG were linolenic acid and oleic acid in the control, oleic acid and linolenic acid in LAS, linolenic acid and linoleic acid in AOS, linolenic acid and palmitoleic acid in SLES. The fatty acids in the biosynthesis of DGDG were linolenic acid and oleic acid in the control, oleic acid and linolenic acid in LAS, linolenic acid and linoleic acid in AOS, palmitoleic acid and oleic acid in SLES.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.839-850
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• 1993

This study investigated the hypolipidemic and antithrombotic effects of linolenic acid derived from Korean perilla oil. The experimental rats(male, Sprague-Dawley) were divided into 5 groups using a Randomized Complete Block Design and fed one of the five following diets : DO*/O#. D4/O, D4/4, D4/8, or D4/20(D*/# represents the ratio of linoleic to linoenic acid as the percentage of total dietary energy intake) for 4 or 8 months. Bleeding time and whole blood clotting time were determined and the composition of serum and platelet lipids analyzed. Comparisons from the DO/O to the D4/20 group showed that serum lipids (total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol) gradually decreased with increasing linolenic acid intake - the hypolipidemic effect. The composition of platelet fatty acids[the ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)/arachidonci aci(AA)] increased gradually with increasing linolenic acid intake. Higher linolenic acid intake increased bleeding time and whole blood clotting time, and decreased malondialdehyde(MDA) production in the platelets, though no significant differences. These results suggest that linolenic acid derived from perilla oil appears to suppress the conversion of linoleic acid to AA and the EPA transformed from linolenic acid appears to suppress the conversion of AA to TXA2. Since TXA2 is a platelet-aggregating and vasoconstricting agent, the redulction of TXA2 released by platelets with increasing intake of perilla oil containing a lot of linolenic acid confers an antithrombotic effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1734-1742
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• 2011

Conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are positional geometric isomers with three and two double bonds, respectively. In this study, perilla seed oil containing 60% ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (C18:3) and 30% linoleic acid (C18:2) was used as a reaction substrate. After the perilla seed oil was hydrolyzed, conjugated fatty acids were synthesized using different reaction parameters, such as reaction time and concentration of sodium hydroxide. As a result, CLnA, CLA, and other newly synthesized conjugated isomers were present at levels of 14.5%, 14%, and 42.2%, respectively, when the reaction was performed with 20% NaOH, at $180^{\circ}C$, and for 1 hr. The results of GC-MS and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed that CLnA isomer of cis-9, trans-11, and trans-13 octadecatrienoate, CLA isomer of cis-9, trans-11, and trans-10, cis-12 octadecadienoate, and other conjugated isomers were produced. Using urea, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid could be concentrated from perilla seed oil hydrolysate. After concentration by urea, the concentration of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid reached about 70%. After alkaline-isomerization was performed on the urea fraction containing 70% ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, the content of CLnA increased up to 16.6%.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.196-204
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary oils on the levels of the ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid in chicken meat lipids. Three hundred ten five, 1-d old, male, Ross strain, broiler chicks were fed for 35 d to compare diets containing evening primrose oil(EPO) and hemp seed oil(HO) to a control diet. Fatty acid composition of lipid from chicken skin, thigh and breast muscle were determined at the end of the trial. The level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of lipids from chicken meat fed diets containing EPO or HO was significantly higher than that of the control group(p<0.05). The level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of lipids from chicken skin was highest in the group, which had been fed the EPO 0.85%, followed in order by EPO 0.7%, 0.5%, EPO mixed oil, HO and HO mixed oil. There was a significant difference in the level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of chicken skin between the control and treatment groups(p<0.05). The level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of lipids from chicken thigh muscle was also similar to skin, and significantly higher than that of the control group(p<0.05). The level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of lipids from chicken breast muscle was highest in the group, which had been fed the EPO 0.5%, followed in order by EPO 0.7%, 0.85%, HO 0.5% and HO mixed oil. There was a significant difference in the level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of chicken breast muscle between the control and treatment groups(p<0.05).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.477-491
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• 1990

To observe the effect of dietary n6 linoleic acid, n6 gamma-linolenic acid and n3 alphalinolenic acid aon plasma lipid composition and platelet aggregation, twenty college women were divided into 4 groups and treated for 2 weeks with experimental diets supplying fat at 23% cal which were different only in fatty acid composition. Dietary fat was corn oil(CO) as a source of n6 linoleic acid(LA), perilla oil(PO) for n3 alpha-linolenic acid(ALA) and evenign primrose oil(EPO) for n6 gamma-linolenic acid(GLA). Plasma cholesterol level was slightly decreased by PL(13.5g) but significantly increased by equal amount of CO. However, there was similar hypocholeaterolemic effect when double amount of CO(27.0g), was supplemented. Therefore, total fat unsaturation may be more important factor for plasma cholesterol-lowering effect than the structure of fatty acid itself. Plasma cholesterol level was not lowered by supplement of GLA in CO diet. There was similar trend in hypotriglyceridemic effect by PO and CO as in plasma cholesterol. Plasma TG level was rather increased but not significantly by GLA supplement to CO diet. Overall, plasma lipid-lowering effect was greater by ALA than LA and GLA effect was not greater than by LA. GLA supplement did not significantly improve lipid compositions to prevent against CHD. There was no significant change both in fatty acid composition in platelet and ADP-induced platelet aggregation by GLA supplement to corn oil diet and by ALA in PO diet in young women.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.808-814
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• 1989

To produce ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid by a mold, cultural conditions of Mortierella isabellina IFO 8183 were investigated. It was found that the increase of initial pH resulted in the decrease of the ${\gamma}-Linolenic$ acid content and the increase of the C/N ratio of medium resulted in the increase of the lipid content. Addition of sodium acetate into the medium resulted in the increased of cell yield, lipid yield, ${\gamma}-Linolenic$ acid content and ${\gamma}-Linolenic$ acid productivity. Under the optimum coditions(glucose, $NH_4NO_3$, C/N ratio of 40, pH 6.0, $30^{\circ}C$ and 0.5% of sodium acetate), the following results were obtained: cell yield, 0.347(g dry biomass/g glucose; lipid yield, 0.18(g lipid/g glucose); lipid content, 0.52(g lipid/g dry biomass); ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid content, 60(mg ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid/g lipid); maximum ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid concentration, 347mg/l after incubation of 8 days.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 2003

This study was to compare the fatty acid composition of mare milk with cow milk in liquid, powder, cream and oil by gas-liquid chromatography. This study was to compare the fatty acid composition of mare milk with cow milk in liquid, powder, cream and oil by gas-liquid chromatography. These results showed that overall fatty acid concentration of mare milk was much higher than that of cow milk especially linoleic acid(C18:2) and linolenic acid(C18:3). The concentrations of oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid of mare milk were higher than those of cow milk in liquid, powder, cream and oil.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2022

Alpha-linolenic acid is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid that exhibits anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of alpha-linolenic acid on the cell proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 cells under essential amino acid-deficient conditions. Different concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid and essential amino acids were added to the growth and differentiation media. The concentrations of 10 µM of alpha-linolenic acid and 2% essential amino acid were chosen for subsequent experiments. Supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid and essential amino acids improved the proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 cells and significantly increased the mRNA levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, B-cell lymphoma-2, and beclin-1 as well as the protein levels of PPARγ coactivator-1α compared to those in the controls. Moreover, supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid and essential amino acids reduced the levels of phosphorylated H2A.X variant histone, Bcl-2-associated X, p53, and light chain 3 during C2C12 cell proliferation, and increased the expression levels of myogenic factors 4 (myogenin) and 5 during C2C12 cell differentiation. Overall, we determined that alpha-linolenic acid and essential amino acids maintained the cell proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 cells via their anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-autophagic effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.326-329
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• 1992

Mucor sp. KCTC 8405P was cultivated in a jar fermentor for the production of fungal lipid containing ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid with feeding the glucose solution periodically. The transition of the fungal growth into the mycelial phase from yeast-like growth was achieved by pH shift after the first two day of cultivation in the low pH medium and then lipid accumulation was accelerated until the seven day of cultivation, when the glucose in the culture broth was almost consumed. With the culture conditions applied in this experiment, biomass of 99.3 g/l by the dry cell weight and the total extractable lipid of 38.0 g containing 3.5 g/l ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid were obtained.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47
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• pp.150-162
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• 2002

Perilla, Perilla frutescens. (L.) Britton, is a traditional oil seed crops grown in Korea. The seeds and seed oil is used for edible and some industrial sectors. The seeds of perilla contains 35-54% of a drying oil which is similar to the linseed oil. The fatty acids of seed oil is composed with linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid. The majority of fatty acids of the oil is $\alpha$-linolenic acid proportioned 51-71% of the oil. This high linolenic acid makes it unstable of the oil and owing to the fast oxidation. Therefore, the plant breeders are challenges to develope a new varieties with low linolenic acid for edlible oil and high linolenic acid for industrial uses. Perilla foliage is also used as a potherb. The green leaves contains a special flavor, perilla aldehyde, and some abundant minerals and vitamins. The vitamin C and $\beta$-carotene is more available than lettuce and crown-daisy of which used for similar potherb and vegetables in traditional Korean food table. The authors are reviewed and discussed on the current status and prospects of the quality evaluations and researches in perilla seeds and leaves to provide and refers the condensed informations on their quality.