• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1351-1359
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• 2013

The anti-proliferative activity of ${\beta}$-ionone was investigated on human non-small lung cancer A-549 cells (designated A-549 cells). A-549 cells were treated with various concentrations of ${\beta}$-ionone (1, 5, 10, and 15 ${\mu}M$) for two, four, and six days. Biochemical markers related to the growth inhibition of A-549 cells by ${\beta}$-ionone were measured at the second day of incubation. ${\beta}$-Ionone inhibited the growth of A-549 cells by dose-and time-dependent manners, resulting in an $IC_{50}$ of 5.0 ${\mu}g/ml$ at the second day of incubation. ${\beta}$-Ionone induced apoptosis by a dose-dependent manner. ${\beta}$-Ionone increased levels of p53, p21, and Bax proteins, but suppressed expression of the Bcl-2 protein. Similarly, ${\beta}$-ionone enhanced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol, and induced activation of caspase-9 and -3. Additionally, ${\beta}$-ion-one reduced $cPLA_2$ and COX-2 protein levels. These results suggest that the ${\beta}$-ionone inhibits the proliferation of A-549 cells through reciprocal regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression and suppression of $cPLA_2$ and COX-2 protein expressions.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.286-291
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• 2006

Various ${\beta}$-ionone resistant mutants were isolated from the wild-type red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous KCTC 7704. Although the growth of X. dendrorhous KCTC 7704 was strongly inhibited at 0.025 mM ${\beta}$-ionone, one of the ${\beta}$-ionone resistant mutants isolated at 0.1 mM ${\beta}$-ionone by NTG mutagenesis showed rather 70% of relative survival at 0.15 mM ${\beta}$-ionone. Fermentation kinetics study with the mutant was carried out at $20^{\circ}C$ for 4 days in 300-mL baffled flasks. The mutant yielded up to 2.3-fold higher carotenoids content(viz. $1.2{\mu}g$ of total carotenoids per mg of dry cells) compared with the wild-type strain. The production of metabolites such as organic acids could be neglected. Studies on the kinetics with various carbon substrates revealed both an increase in final dry cell mass and a higher total carotenoids content in cell mass with glucose when compared to fructose or sucrose. As a further part of study, the effect of pH on the fermentation kinetics was investigated in glucose-limited chemostat at a dilution rate of $0.04h^{-1}$. When compared to steady-state kinetic parameters obtained at pH 4.0, a significant reduction in cell concentration at pH 3.0 and a lower carotenoids content at pH 5.2 were evident.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 1997

Inductive effects of cytochrome P450 2B1 by $\alpha$- and $\beta$-ionone were characterized in individual liver lobes of male Sprague Dawley rats. When rats were administered ionones orally at 100, 300, and 600 mg/kg for 24 hr, cytochrome P450 2B1 was induced dose-dependently in liver S-9 fractions as measured by P450 2B-specific monooxygenases and Western immunoblotting. The activity of P450 1A- and P450 2B-specific monooxygenases was differentially expressed in each lobe of normal liver. In addition, the monooxygenase activity was induced by $\alpha$- and $\beta$-ionone with different potency in each lobe of the liver. Our present results indicate that the different induction of P450s by $\alpha$- and $\beta$-ionone in each lobe may explain different susceptibilities of rat liver lobes to certain hepatotoxicants which require metabolic activation for their toxicity and that $\alpha$- and $\beta$-ionone may be useful model inducers of P450 2B1 in studying the toxic mechanism of certain toxicants which may require the metabolic activation by P450.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 2006

Volatile components of Phellinus linteus produced from different areas were collected by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction method (SDE). Concentrated extracts analyzed and identified by GC and GC-MS showed musty and earthy characteristics. 2-Methylphenol, methoxy benzene, coumaran, azulene, ${\alpha}-cedrene,\;{\alpha}-longipinene,\;{\beta}-selinene,\;{\alpha}-selinene$, camphor, ${\gamma}-ionone,\;{\beta}-ionone$, phytol, and borneol not reported in other edible mushrooms, were identified and/or tentatively identified in P. linteus for the first time. Main volatile components of P. linteus (Busan-Jinsung: BJ) were phytol from chlorophyll and methoxy benzenes having musty odor. Volatile components of P. linteus (Jinju-Kumwhang: JK) resembled those of BJ, but with high concentration of phenylacetaldehyde contributing to flower-odor. P. linteus (Cheju-Gullim: CG) contained low concentration of methoxy benzenes, but high concentration of phenylacetaldehyde. Low concentrations of ${\gamma}-ionone\;and\;{\beta}-ionone$ were identified in three kinds of P. linteus. They appeared to have been produced from degradation of carotenoid, which suggests P. linteus contains a carotenoid pigment.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1997

Volatile components of green tea were isolated by purge and trap headspace method and were analyzed by GC and GC/MSD. And ten headspace volatiles were compared with volatiles isolated by simultaneous distillation-extraction(SDE) method. A total of 99 components were identified in the green tea volatile components, from which 88 components were identified in the headspace volatiles, contained 20 alcohols, 30 hydrocarbons, 21 aldehydes, 10 ketones, 2 acids and 5 miscellaneous components. The major components were low boiling components, such as methyl butanal(3.1%), 1-penten-3-ol(5.48%), 2-penten-1-ol(2.89%), hexanal(5.77%), heptanal(1.90%), and ere 2,4-eptadienal(4.28%), linalool(2.27%), 2,6-dimethyl cyclohexanol(2.57%), $\alpha$-pinene(1.52%), caryophyllene(1.70%), and carbonyl compounds, such as $\alpha$-ionone(2.62%), $\beta$-ionone(2.98%), $\beta$-cyclocitral(2.0%). On the other hand SDE volatiles, from which 64 components were identified, contained 16 alcohols, 16 ydrocarbons, 15 aldehydes, 10 ketones, 3 acids and 4 miscellaneous components. The major components were alcohols, such as, benzyl alcohol(3.79%), linalool(9.52%), terpineol(2.16%), geraniol(2.75%), nerolidol(6.50%), ketones, such as $\alpha$-ionone(1.77%), $\beta$-ionone(4.80%), geranyl acetone(1.82%) and acids, such as hexanoic acid(1.45%), nonanoic acid(1.11%).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.197-201
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• 2002

${\beta}-lonone$ has been reported to induce the cytochrome P45O (P45O) 2B1 in rats. In this study, the effects of ${\beta}-ionone$ and an isomer, ${\alpha}-ionone$, on liver P45O IA and 2B expression in Sprague Dawley rats were investigated . Subcutaneous administration of ${\alpha}-$ and ${\beta}-lonone$ 72 and 48hr prior to sacrificing the animals induced the liver microsomal P45O 1A and 2B proteins. P45O 2Bl induction was associated with the accumulation of its corresponding mRNA. 1 Induction by ${\beta}-lonone$ was much higher than that by ${\alpha}-ionone$-ionone in both the mRNA and protein levels. When the route of administration was compared, P45O 2B was induced more strongly after oral administration compared to that after subcutaneous injection. A single oral dose of 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg of ${\alpha}-$ and ${\beta}-lonone$ for 24 h induced P45O 2B1 -selective pentoxyresorufin Odepentylase activity comparably in a dose-dependent manner In addition, ${\alpha}-$ and ${\beta}-lonone$ induced the P45O 1A and 2B proteins. These results suggest that ${\alpha}-$ and ${\beta}-lonone$ might be potent P45O 2Bl inducers in rats, and that both ionones may be useful for examining the role of metabolic activation in chemical-induced toxicity where metabolic activation is required.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.339-346
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• 2001

A new oxygenated monoterpene (4) was isolated from the methanol extract of the aerial part of Erechtites hieracifolia together with six known components, a dimethylheptane (1), three ionone derivatives (2, 3 and 7) and two phenylpropanoids (5 and 6). Their structures were identified by means of physico-chemical and spectral data to be (2E, 5E)-6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylhepta-2,4-dienal (1), 3(R)-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-$\beta$-ionone (2), 3(R)-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-7-ionol (3), (3E, 6E)-3,7-dimethylocta-3,5-dien-1,2,7-triol(4), 2-hydroxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenyl-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (5), 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenyl -$\beta$-D-glucopyra-noside (6) and (6R, 9R)-3-oxo-$\beta$-ionol-$\alpha$-D -glucopyranoside (7).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.568-573
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• 2001

Sea lettuce(Monostrima nitidum) were treated with several alkali agents on condition with water blanching at 9$0^{\circ}C$ for 10 min., and followed by drying and powdering, thus, the power samples treated and the not treated were then allowed to be stored at $25^{\circ}C$, dark place for 5 months. The sea lettuce powder samples were evaluated for green color intensity and volatile flavor at a month intervals. The green intensity of the samples were measured by using Hunter-lab colorimeter, therefore, the decoloration of greenness were seen in both of the samples treated and the not treated, but there were slight inhibitory effects on decoloration in the treated with alkali agents, especially in the treated with KHCO$_3$.The volatile flavor of the samples were collected by simultaneous distillation-extraction, and then the 31 flavor compounds were separated on HP-5 capillary column(25m$\times$0.25mm i.d) and identified by using GC-MS. From these results, it was presumed that the characteristic impact flavor compounds were $\beta$-cyclocitral, $\beta$-cyclohomocitral, ionene, $\alpha$-ionone and $\beta$-ionone. The total content of the characteristic impact flavor compounds decreased in the samples treated with alkali agents more alkali agents more than in the not treated, but lee decrease was observed in the treated with KHCO$_3$.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.392-398
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• 2005

Fresh, and sun- and oven-dried red peppers were analyzed for volatile components. Also, their odor-active compounds were determined using gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). More diverse volatile components, such as aldehydes, ketones, acids, and esters, were found in dried samples than in fresh ones. They included hexanal, ethyl acetate, ${\alpha}$-ionone, and ${\beta}$-ionone. Some Strecker aldehydes, 2-methyl butanal and 3-methyl butanal, were found only in dried red peppers. More hydrocarbons of high volatility and terpene-type components, such as ${\gamma}$-terpinene and aromadendrene, were detected only in fresh red peppers. A considerable amount of naphthalene was formed during sun-drying, whereas 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 1-methyl-1H-pyrrole and benzeneethanol were detected only in oven-dried red peppers. Characteristic odor of fresh ones could be attributed to 3-penten-2-o1, 2-methyl-2-butenal, 2-methoxy phenol, 2-hydroxy-methyl-benzoate, and 2-phenoxy ethanol, whereas some odorants, including 2-pentyl furan, naphthalene, hexyl hexanoate, and ${\alpha}$-ionone, could be responsible for distinctive odor property of sun-dried red peppers. 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, benzeneethanol, 4-vinyl-2-methoxy phenol, and unknown played important roles in odor property of oven-dried red peppers.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.2208-2212
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• 2009

Oxidation of cycloalkenes with $O_2$ promoted by heterogeneous bis(acetylacetonato) cobalt (II) complex catalyst which can be recycled has been performed under mild conditions. It was found that $\beta$-ionone, cyclohexene, 1-methylcyclohexene, and $\alpha$-ionone were efficiently oxidized with $O_2$ in the presence of Co (II) complex and butyraldehyde at $55\;{^{\circ}C}$. A simple treatment of the resulting products led to epoxides as predominant products and a small amounts of allylic oxides, the chemoselectivity for the former being 82.1 - 90.8% with a 70.6 - 98.6% substrate conversion. On the other hand, oxidation of 1-phenylcyclohexene, 1-cyclohex-1-enylethan-1-one, $\alpha$-pinene, and $\beta$-pinene gave allylic oxides as major products.