• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.77-95
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• 2004

This study was conducted to find out definition, specification and characteristics of water-proof method for pond at golf courses that located in the mountain in Korea. Water-proof method of pond was selected by location, kind of soil, area, depth, cost, construction period and so on. 1. Soil Bentonite Sealing Liner(SBL) is to mix soil with a good quality bentonite. Then the mixed material was dressed on the bottom of pond. $\\$Merit of SBL is to purify the water and planting is possible. It can also reduce construction period and is economical. It's easy to find out the leak points. Demerit of SBL is expensive, if good quality soil is not in constructing site. Shape of pond edge is simple. 2. Ethylen Propylene Diene Monomer Sheef(EPDM-Sheet) makes use of sheet that resists to acid and alkaline. EPDM-Sheet spreads out as a mat on the pond for water-proof. Merit of EPDM-Sheet is to perfectly prove water and make a diverse shape of pond edge. Demerit of EPDM-Sheet is not friendly to environment. It needs drain system, air ventilation and long period of construction. It is also difficult to find out leaking points in this method. 3. Water proof of ESS-13 uses ESS-13 that is resin of vegetable matter and friendly to environment. To prove water of pond, ESS-13 is delicate with water in the pond. After that, Ess-13 in the water is expanded at pore space in the soil and cover with soil. ESS-13 can be to prove a leaking pond in golf course under business. ESS-13 is cheap and it needs short construction period. It does not need to switch the old water-proof system, additionally. It needs to move fishes to other place before utilizing ESS-13.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.264-269
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• 2016

This paper reports a fundamental study of temperature characteristics of a solar pond with an insulation layer. Further, these characteristics were compared with those of a solar pond without the insulation layer. The governing equation was discretized via finite difference method. The governing equations are two-dimensional unsteady-state second-order partial differential equations. The conclusions of the study are as follows: 1) If the depth of the solar pond was increased, the desired effect of increase in temperature was not produced because the amount of solar insolation received by the bottom of the solar pond decreased. 2) As the temperature of the soil during winter is higher than the temperature of the water in a solar pond, heat was transferred from the soil to the solar pond. 3) For the case of the solar pond with insulation layer, it was estimated that the dependence rate of solar energy was 83.3% and that of the boiler was 16.7%.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.2 s.98
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• pp.133-140
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• 2002

This study was performed in lab scaled oxidation pond. The removal efficiency of pollutant on the influence of changes of hydraulic retention time and pond style was investigated. The correlation between organic removal efficiency and dissolved oxygen concentration on algal photosynthesis showed the light time revealed a higher relationship more than the dark time, and the squares of the correlation coefficient of 15 days retention time were higher than that of 5 days in single pond. The variation of dissolved oxygen concentration of a series pond was from 4.2 to 19.8 mg/l under 5 days retention time, the concentration of dissolved oxygen increased with increasing step of series pond. Between the single pond and a series of pond system, a series of pond system showed better organic removal efficiency. Average removal efficiency range of $TBOD_5$ and $SBOD_5$ was $49{\sim}83%$ and $87{\sim}92%$, respectively. Algae should be removed appropriately to increase the removal efficiency of organic matter.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.26-44
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• 2017

Regarded as Korea's traditional pond, Gungnamj Pond was surmised to be "Gungnamji" due to its geological positioning in the south of Hwajisan (花枝山) and relics of the Gwanbuk-ri (官北里) suspected of being components to the historical records of Muwang (武王)'s pond of The Chronicles of the Three States [三國史記] and Sabi Palace, respectively, yet was subjected to a restoration following a designation to national historic site. This study is focused on the distortion of authenticity identified in the course of the "Gungnamji Pond" restoration and the invention of tradition, whose summarized conclusions are as follows. 1. Once called Maraebangjuk (마래방죽), or Macheonji (馬川池) Pond, Gungnamji Pond was existent in the form of a low-level swamp of vast area encompassing 30,000 pyeong during the Japanese colonial period. Hong, Sa-jun, who played a leading role in the restoration of "Gungnamji Pond," said that even during the 1940s, the remains of the island and stone facilities suspected of being the relics of Gungnamji Pond of the Baekje period were found, and that the traces of forming a royal palace and garden were discovered on top of them. Hong, Sa-jun also expressed an opinion of establishing a parallel between "Gungnamji Pond" and "Maraebangjuk" in connection with a 'tale of Seodong [薯童說話]' in the aftermath of the detached palace of Hwajisan, which ultimately operated as a theoretical ground for the restoration of Gungnamj Pond. Assessing through Hong, Sa-jun's sketch, the form and scale of Maraebangjuk were visible, of which the form was in close proximity to that photographed during the Japanese colonial period. 2. The minimized restoration of Gungnamji Pond faced deterrence for the land redevelopment project implemented in the 1960s, and the remainder of the land size is an attestment. The fundamental problem manifest in the restoration of Gungnamji Pond numerously attempted from 1964 through 1967 was the failure of basing the restorative work in the archaeological facts yet in the perspective of the latest generations, ultimately yielding a replication of Hyangwonji Pond of Gyeongbok Palace. More specifically, the methodologies employed in setting an island and a pavilion within a pond, or bridging an island with a land evidenced as to how Gungnamji Pond was modeled after Hyangwonji Pond of Gyeongbok Palace. Furthermore, Chihyanggyo (醉香橋) Bridge referenced in the designing of the bridge was hardly conceived as a form indigenous to the Joseon Dynasty, whose motivation and idea of the misguided restoration design at the time all the more devaluated Gungnamji Pond. Such an utterly pure replication of the design widely known as an ingredient for the traditional landscape was purposive towards the aesthetic symbolism and preference retained by Gyeongbok Palace, which was intended to entitle Gungnamji Pond to a physical status of the value in par with that of Gyeongbok Palace. 3. For its detachment to the authenticity as a historical site since its origin, Gungnamji Pond represented distortions of the landscape beauty and tradition even through the restorative process. The restorative process for such a historical monument, devoid of constructive use and certain of distortion, maintains extreme intimacy with the nationalistic cultural policy promoted by the Park, Jeong-hee regime through the 1960s and 1970s. In the context of the "manipulated discussions of tradition," the Park's cultural policy transformed the citizens' recollection into an idealized form of the past, further magnifying it at best. Consequently, many of the historical sites emerged as fancy and grand as they possibly could beyond their status quo across the nation, and "Gungnamji Pond" was a victim to this monopolistic government-led cultural policy incrementally sweeping away with new buildings and structures instituted regardless of their original space, and hence, their value.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

The place of South Weol Dynastys authorities exhumed in the region of KangChoWu, China lies adjacent to a stone ditch through which water streams crookedly, and a dark trough of stone pond in the north side. There is a sharply curved stone ditch and a crescent-shaped water entrance made by stones. The place was separated by using stone columns and stone walls. There is a beam of ditch, a crooked entrance, a flat bridge of slate, a stepping-stone, a sluice gate, and a crooked corridor. There are big and small artificial islands, and reinforcing stone drainage way in the palace pond recently exhumed at the building site for the pavilion of Hwang-Yong Temple in Kuhwang-Dong, Gyeongju city, Korea. There are four facilities assumed to be entrance and exits at four corners and an open space on which gravel was spread extensively. A narrow road and a middle road with indefinite curves at the south of Asukakyoseki exhumed by the first, second and third and two stone buckets which one is to fill with water and the other is to drain water off like fountain are there, and besides wave protecting dam and north pond and the part that water pass were excavated. Palace ponds that were extensively distributed at old residential cities are a general phenomenon of countries in eastern Asia. Anap pond of Silla and Gungnam pond of Baekje were in Kroea. We believe that Asutnkyoseki is on the extension. Although more investigations in the background of thought and the genealogical relation about the palace pond are required, it seems that an idea was surely received from China.

• Solar Energy
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.22-29
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• 1987

This paper dealed with thickness variation of bottom heat sotrage zone due to salinity and flow rate of extration hot brine in small test solar pond (0.5m wide, 0.5m high, 1.0m long). Testing apparatus and situation were follows: 7.1 cm of height of suction diffuser and 1.8cm of height of discharge diffuser above the test pond respectively, 0.3cm of slot size of suction diffuser, 1.0cm of slot size of discharge diffuser, 47cm of length of the slot; heating of hot water ($75^{\circ}C$) through separated hot water tank, discharge of the brine into storage zone through discharge diffuser, the extration of the brine through suction diffuser, circulation of the extracted brine through a heat exchanger (cooler). Following results were obtained through the experiments. 1. In small test solar pond, the typical three zone which showed up in real solar pond were established. 2. Richardson Number was used more effectively to confirm hydrodynamic stability of the stratified flow. 3. The thickness of non convective layer had a great effect on the heat storage of the bottom convective layer, then the temperature of bottom convective layer had a relation to that of upper convective layer. 4. Optimum operating condition in the test pond was on 10%-15% of salt concentration and $0.05m^3/hr$ of flow rate of extraction hot brine. 5. Following thickness of 3 zones were available to obtain under optimum operation condition: o bottom storage zone: $30%{\pm}10%$ of total pond depth o non-convective zone: $40%{\pm}10%$ of total pond depth o Upper surface zone: $20%{\pm}10%$ of total pond depth.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.72-87
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• 2018

This study highlights a drainage gate and a ditch, which existed around the whole area of the western shore of Wolji Pond(月池) and focuses on a possible connection between the drainage facility on the western shore and the historical drainage system of Wolji Pond. Specifically, it primarily considered locations and the form of a drainage gate, the relationship between northwestern ditch of Wolji Pond and the drainage gate, and the establishment period and the character of the drainage facility on the western shore. The drainage gate found in excavation in 1975 is determined as the same facility as Surakgu(水落口) recorded on an actual measurement drawing, 1922. Therefore, it is highly probable that there were already the drainage facility in the western shore of Wolji Pond before the 1920s. The drainage gate constructed by processing rectangular stones has four drainage holes for controlling water level. The way of the drainage through the drainage holes is the same as that of the northern shore of Wolji Pond. From a cadastral map drawn in 1913, it is found that the ditch existed in northwest of Wolji Pond. The ditch was proximate to the drainage gate and shared the same axes. Hence, the ditch and the drainage gate are determined as a organic facility connected to the drainage system of Wolji Pond. In particular, the ditch existed in northwest of Wolji Pond is the basis for judging that the drainage facility in the western shore were established before the 1910s. Water flowed in through drainage holes of the drainage gate is drained into the northwest of Wolji Pond, through the ditch. The establishment period and the intention of the drainage facility on the western shore can be interpreted in two aspects. First, they might be 'a agricultural irrigation facility in the Joseon era', given that Wolji Pond was recorded as a agricultural reservoir, and that the whole northwestern area of Wolji Pond was used as farm land areas. Second, they might be 'a drainage facility for controlling the water level in creating Wolji Pond', given that the drainage gate was annexed to the lower shore forming the waterline of Wolji Pond, and that the hight of drainage holes on top of the drainage gate was similar to the full water level of Wolji Pond. Considering the related grounds and circumstance, the latter possibility is high.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.123-133
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• 1982

The tropic structure and the function of a small pone ecosystem under the tree stand were studied in terms of energy flow. About 28% of total solar radiation was intercepted by the tree canopy over the pond. Primary producers converted 1.1%(3,382 kcal$\cdot$$m^{-2}$$\cdot$$y^{-1}$) of solar radiation (320,000 kcal$\cdot$$m^{-2}$$\cdot$$y^{-1}$) into gross primary production. The amount of energy availble to the pond snail was 1,683 kcal.m-2.y-1 of the net production by primary producers and 1,033 kcal$\cdot$$m^{-2}$$\cdot$$y^{-1}$ of the litter fallen into the pond. The amount of gross secondary production by the pond snail was 245 kcal$\cdot$$m^{-2}$$\cdot$$y^{-1}$. Judging from these, supply of both net primary production and the litter was indispensable for the maintenance of the pond ecosystem. The total amont of energy as gross primary production plus litter was 4,415 kcal$\cdot$$m^{-2}$$\cdot$$y^{-1}$(100%). Since the total respiration loss was calculated to be 1,917 kcal$\cdot$$m^{-2}$$\cdot$$y^{-1}$(43.4%), the rate of energy accumulation in the pond estimated to 56.6%.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.36 no.3 s.134
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• pp.385-398
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• 2003

The concept of the effective storage ratio has been suggested to determine the size of detention pond by the previous researchers. The 11 pump - pond facilities in Dongdu-chun city were selected to analyze the critical duration for design rainfall and the storage ratio for each rainfall duration in this study It has been then found that the criteria of the maximum storage ratio is not reasonable for determining the size of detention pond because the difference of storage ratio with respect to each rainfall duration is too small. Moreover, since the size of pond compared with the pump capacity is not always big enough, the pump should be frequently operated, which may result in pump failure. Thus, the pond should be sufficiently sized to prevent the possibility of the pump failure due to frequent operation. According to the analyses for changing pump capacity, it has been found that if the function of the pond compared with the pump is concentrated, determining the size of pond based on the storage ratio is operationally feasible for even small basin. Thus, an improved procedure based on the storage ratio for determining the size of detention pond in small basin has been suggested. The results by the proposed procedure considering pump switching frequency may lead to reasonable pump operation. A simple linear programming model has been also adopted to figure out the relationship between pump capacity and pond size. It has been shown that the determination lot the size of detention pond based on conventional hydrologic flood routing in pond is feasible for only urban districts not rural areas.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2008

The Gold-spotted pond frog, Rana plancyi chosenica, designated as a vulnerable species by IUCN Red list. This species is a typical example facing local population threats and extinction due to human activities in South Korea. A strategic conservation plan for this endangered species is urgently needed. In order to provide information for future conservation planning, accurate information on the genetic diversity and taxonomic status is needed for the establishment of conservation units for this species. In this study, we used a molecular genetic approach using the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and control region sequences to find the genetic diversity of gold-spotted pond frogs within South Korea. We sequenced the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene and control region of 77 individuals from 11 populations in South Korea, and one from Chongqing, China. A total of 15 cytochrome b gene haplotypes and 34 control region haplotypes were identified from Korean gold-spotted pond frogs. Mean sequence diversity among Korean gold-spotted pond frogs was 0.31% (0.0-0.8%) and 0.51% (0.0-1.0%), respectively. Most Korean populations had at least one unique haplotype for each locus. The Taean, Ansan and Cheongwon populations had no haplotypes shared with other populations. There was a sequence divergence between Korean and Chinese gold-spotted pond frogs (1.3% for cyt b; 2.9% for control region). Analysis of genetic distances and phylogenetic trees based on both cytochrome b and control region sequences indicate that the Korean gold-spotted pond frog are genetically differentiated from those in China.