• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.402-409
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• 2017

Selection of optimal cutting conditions is important for improving productivity and implementing efficient process control in metal machining. In this study, improvement of cutting conditions in machining using end-mills is studied by using deep-layered neural networks, which comprise an input layer, output layer, and two hidden layers. System networks are designed with inputs as cutting conditions, and they output the cutting force. A pseudo-inverse network is designed that has the adjustable cutting condition as output and cutting force and other cutting conditions as input. The combination of the system network and pseudo-inverse network enables selection or improvement of cutting conditions that results in the expected cutting force.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제77권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2021

This paper deals with damage detection using a Gapped Smoothing Method (GSM) combined with deep learning. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a model of deep learning. CNN has an input layer, an output layer, and a number of hidden layers that consist of convolutional layers. The input layer is a tensor with shape (number of images) × (image width) × (image height) × (image depth). An activation function is applied each time to this tensor passing through a hidden layer and the last layer is the fully connected layer. After the fully connected layer, the output layer, which is the final layer, is predicted by CNN. In this paper, a complete machine learning system is introduced. The training data was taken from a Finite Element (FE) model. The input images are the contour plots of curvature gapped smooth damage index. A free-free beam is used as a case study. In the first step, the FE model of the beam was used to generate data. The collected data were then divided into two parts, i.e. 70% for training and 30% for validation. In the second step, the proposed CNN was trained using training data and then validated using available data. Furthermore, a vibration experiment on steel damaged beam in free-free support condition was carried out in the laboratory to test the method. A total number of 15 accelerometers were set up to measure the mode shapes and calculate the curvature gapped smooth of the damaged beam. Two scenarios were introduced with different severities of the damage. The results showed that the trained CNN was successful in detecting the location as well as the severity of the damage in the experimental damaged beam.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.313-319
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• 1999

4층구조의 다층퍼셉트론을 변형하여 3 종류의 다층회귀예측신경망을 구성하고, 예측차수, 두 은닉층의 뉴런개수, 연결세기의 초기치 및 전달함수 변화에 따른 각 망의 음성인식성능을 실험을 통해 각각 비교 분석한다. 실험결과에 의하면, 다층회귀신경망이 다층퍼셉트론에 비해 음성인식성능이 우수하다. 그리고 구조적으로는 상위은닉층의 출력을 하위은닉층으로 회귀할 때 인식성능이 가장 우수하며, 각 망 공히 상, 하위은닉층의 뉴런 10 혹은 15개, 예측차수 3 혹은 4차일 때 인식률이 양호하다. 학습시 연결세기의 초기치를 -0.5에서 0.5사이로 설정하고, 하위은닉층에서 단극성 시그모이드 전달함수를 사용할 때 인식성능이 더욱 향상된다.

• 실천공학교육논문지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.381-388
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• 2023

스프레드시트를 활용한 인공신경망 교육을 통해, 비전공자 학부생들은 인공신경망의 동작 원리을 이해하며 자신만의 인공신경망 SW를 개발할 수 있다. 여기서, 인공신경망의 동작 원리 교육은 훈련데이터의 생성과 정답 라벨의 할당부터 시작한다. 이후, 인공 뉴런의 발화 및 활성화 함수, 입력층과 은닉층 그리고 출력층의 매개변수들로부터 계산되는 출력값을 학습한다. 마지막으로, 최초 정의된 각 훈련데이터의 정답 라벨과 인공신경망이 계산한 출력값 간 오차를 계산하는 과정을 학습하고 오차제곱의 총합을 최소화하는 입력층과 은닉층 그리고 출력층의 매개변수들이 계산되는 과정을 학습한다. 스프레드시트를 활용한 인공신경망 동작 원리 교육을 비전공자 학부생 대상으로 실시하였다. 그리고 이미지 훈련데이터와 기초 인공신경망 개발 결과를 수집하였다. 본 논문에서는 12화소 크기의 소용량 이미지로 두 가지 훈련데이터와 해당 인공신경망 SW를 수집한 결과를 분석하고, 수집한 훈련데이터를 Orange 머신러닝 모델 학습 및 분석 도구에 활용하는 방법과 실행 결과를 제시하였다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.67-79
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• 2016

The forecasting of air pollution is an important and popular topic in environmental engineering. Due to health impacts caused by unacceptable particulate matter (PM) levels, it has become one of the greatest concerns in metropolitan cities like Karaj City in Iran. In this study, the concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was predicted by applying a multilayer percepteron (MLP) neural network, a radial basis function (RBF) neural network and a Markov chain model. Two months of hourly data including temperature, NO, $NO_2$, $NO_x$, CO, $SO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ were used as inputs to the artificial neural networks. From 1,488 data, 1,300 of data was used to train the models and the rest of the data were applied to test the models. The results of using artificial neural networks indicated that the models performed well in predicting $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations. The application of a Markov chain described the probable occurrences of unhealthy hours. The MLP neural network with two hidden layers including 19 neurons in the first layer and 16 neurons in the second layer provided the best results. The coefficient of determination ($R^2$), Index of Agreement (IA) and Efficiency (E) between the observed and the predicted data using an MLP neural network were 0.92, 0.93 and 0.981, respectively. In the MLP neural network, the MBE was 0.0546 which indicates the adequacy of the model. In the RBF neural network, increasing the number of neurons to 1,488 caused the RMSE to decline from 7.88 to 0.00 and caused $R^2$ to reach 0.93. In the Markov chain model the absolute error was 0.014 which indicated an acceptable accuracy and precision. We concluded the probability of occurrence state duration and transition of $PM_{2.5}$ pollution is predictable using a Markov chain method.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.153-167
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• 2016

We applied multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) neural network in upstream and downstream water quality stations of the Karaj Reservoir in Iran. For both neural networks, inputs were pH, turbidity, temperature, chlorophyll-a, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and nitrate, and the output was dissolved oxygen (DO). We used an MLP neural network with two hidden layers, for upstream station 15 and 33 neurons in the first and second layers respectively, and for the downstream station, 16 and 21 neurons in the first and second hidden layer were used which had minimum amount of errors. For learning process 6-fold cross validation were applied to avoid over fitting. The best results acquired from RBF model, in which the mean bias error (MBE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) were 0.063 and 0.10 for the upstream station. The MBE and RSME were 0.0126 and 0.099 for the downstream station. The coefficient of determination ($R^2$) between the observed data and the predicted data for upstream and downstream stations in the MLP was 0.801 and 0.904, respectively, and in the RBF network were 0.962 and 0.97, respectively. The MLP neural network had acceptable results; however, the results of RBF network were more accurate. A sensitivity analysis for the MLP neural network indicated that temperature was the first parameter, pH the second and nitrate was the last factor affecting the prediction of DO concentrations. The results proved the workability and accuracy of the RBF model in the prediction of the DO.

• 한국인쇄학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 1997

The objectives of color reproduction in printing, photography, and digital hard-copy is an important problem. The Color is obsorved differently from illumination an obsorvation condition, and varied according to individual taste. Generally, the color reproduction system is designed with colorimetric color reproduction method. But the color gamut of the color reproduction system is different each other and the one device has nonlinear relationalship between the other. By these reason, to predict the reproduced color based on linear color transform method is difficult. Some methods of non-linear color transform by neural network was proposed. These method was theoretical useful and valid to transform from CIE color to device color. But more studies were needed to realize the non-linear color transform system. In this paper, we described a method to realize the non-linear color transform system by neural network. The optimum structure of the non-linear color transform system was found out. The structure of descrived system has four layer( input, output and two hidden layers.) Input and output layer have 3 units, and a hidden layer has 27 units. We trained 216 color-samples, and estimated the realized color transform system by 1115 color-samples. The average color difference between original color samples and transformed color samples was 2.54.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2020년도 학술발표회
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• pp.170-170
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• 2020

Due to the development of technologies, complex computation of huge data set is possible with a prevalent personal computer. Therefore, machine learning methods have been widely applied in the hydrologic field such as regression-based regional frequency analysis (RFA). The main purpose of this study is to compare two frameworks of RFA based on the artificial neural network (ANN) models: quantile regression technique (QRT-ANN) and parameter regression technique (PRT-ANN). As an output layer of the ANN model, the QRT-ANN predicts quantiles for various return periods whereas the PRT-ANN provides prediction of three parameters for the generalized extreme value distribution. Rainfall gauging sites where record length is more than 20 years were selected and their annual maximum rainfalls and various hydro-meteorological variables were used as an input layer of the ANN model. While employing the ANN model, 70% and 30% of gauging sites were used as training set and testing set, respectively. For each technique, ANN model structure such as number of hidden layers and nodes was determined by a leave-one-out validation with calculating root mean square error (RMSE). To assess the performances of two frameworks, RMSEs of quantile predicted by the QRT-ANN are compared to those of the PRT-ANN.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.47-68
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• 1997

This paper discusses a method of modified Elman network(1990) for nonlinear predictions and its a, pp.ication to forecasting daily exchange rate returns. The method consists of two stages that take advantages of both time domain filter and modified feedback networks. The first stage straightforwardly employs the filtering technique to remove extreme noise. In the second stage neural networks are designed to take the feedback from both hidden-layer units and the deviation of outputs from target values during learning. This combined feedback can be exploited to transfer unconsidered information on errors into the network system and, consequently, would improve predictions. The method a, pp.ars to dominate linear ARMA models and standard dynamic neural networks in one-step-ahead forecasting exchange rate returns.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.431-441
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• 2018

This study provides fragility-based assessment of seismic performance of reinforced concrete bridges. Seismic fragility curves were created using nonlinear analysis (NA) and artificial neural networks (ANNs). Nonlinear response history analyses were performed, in order to calculate the seismic performances of the bridges. To this end, 306 bridge-earthquake cases were considered. A multi-layered perceptron (MLP) neural network was implemented to predict the seismic performances of the selected bridges. The MLP neural networks considered herein consist of an input layer with four input vectors; two hidden layers and an output vector. In order to train ANNs, 70% of the numerical results were selected, and the remained 30% were employed for testing the reliability and validation of ANNs. Several structures of MLP neural networks were examined in order to obtain suitable neural networks. After achieving the most proper structure of neural network, it was used for generating new data. A total number of 600 new bridge-earthquake cases were generated based on neural simulation. Finally, probabilistic seismic safety analyses were conducted. Herein, fragility curves were developed using numerical results, neural predictions and the combination of numerical and neural data. Results of this study revealed that ANNs are suitable tools for predicting seismic performances of RC bridges. It was also shown that yield stresses of the reinforcements is one of the important sources of uncertainty in fragility analysis of RC bridges.