• 영미문화
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.1-27
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• 2017

My aim in this paper is to provide a clear view of Victorian gender ideology and highlight the role played by Browning's dramatic monologues in the challenge against the strict patriarchal codes of the era. Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze theory in cinema is especially useful for understanding Browning's most well-known dramatic monologues, "Porphyria's Lover," and "My Last Duchess," because these poems are structured by polarities of looking and being looked at, the active and the passive. In her 1975 essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema", Mulvey introduced the second-wave feminist concept of "male gaze" as a feature of gender power asymmetry in film. To gaze implies more than to look at – it signifies a psychological relationship of power, in which the gazer is superior to the object of the gaze. She declares that in patriarchal society pleasure in looking has been split between active/male and passive/female. Browning's women are subject to the male gaze, but they refuse to become the objects of a scopophilic pleasure-in-looking. Porphyria and the Duchess don't exist in order to satisfy the desires and pleasures of men. They reveal themselves as an autonomous being - reserved in Victorian gender dynamics for men. Mulvey advocates 'an alternative cinema' which can challenges the male-dominated Hollywood ideology. It is possible to say that Browning's dramatic monologues correspond to Mulvey's 'alternative cinema' because they show a counterview in terms of the representation of woman against the Victorian patriarchal ideology.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to comprehensively re-interpret the garments that emphasize a phallus such as codpiece throughout history. Perspective to understand the codpiece is extremely limited in most studies, thus it could be refocused in historical perspectives, formative point of views, and from a psychological point of view from various angles. A literature study of research methods and case studies were combined in order to investigate the emphasis of phallus' appearing in costumes. The following results were obtained. First of all, in length, the form of emphasizing a phallus tended to be distorted as it was protruding. Secondly, in area and volume, the forms of the phallus were mostly exaggerated or expanded. For the last, it drew strong attention with particular detail to the phallus, such as ribbons and swordbelts. The symbolic meaning of various garments with which emphasized a phallus has changed in social context through history. Doubtlessly, it represents patriarchal ideology. Also, it expresses dramatic eroticism due to the theory of immodesty. However, the meaning of it becomes more decentralized through reinterpretation of ideal male suits for modern society and turns into a representational tool of sub-culture. In addition, it could broaden out the new way of fashion expression.

• 영어영문학
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.511-526
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• 2013

Focusing on Anna Katharine Green's Amelia Butterworth series and Agatha Christie's Miss Marple mysteries, this paper aims to examine the contradictory representation of a detective in spinster detective fiction. The spinster detective fiction reveals distinct ways of representing a female detective from the earlier woman detective fiction. Unlike the earlier woman detective represented as submissive and desperate for survival, a spinster detective is a wealthy, intelligent, brave, and independent woman from an upper class family. Since a spinster detective's attributes honor such masculine qualities as independence, intelligence, courage, and capacity for leadership, the spinster detective fiction has a possibility to threaten the established patriarchal authority. The possibility of gender disruption in the spinster detective fiction is, however, contained by the spinster's marginal position in the patriarchal system. Since a spinster exists outside the normal expectation of a woman's life in patriarchal society, a spinster detective creates no conflict with the dominant gender ideology. Furthermore, a spinster detective is represented as a conservative elderly woman expressing reactionary views on social, political issues including women's problems. The spinster detective fiction reinforces the established gender norms rather than challenges and questions them.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.215-228
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• 2011

수천년을 거쳐 온 역사 속에서 '아버지'라는 인물은 가족의 건강과 마음을 챙겨주는 대상 이외에도 사회적으로 가족을 대표하고 부양하는 능력을 가진 존재로 그려지고 있다. 19세기에 편중된 서구의 가부장적 전통과 더불어 한국 사회에서의 아버지 역시 한국 전통의 유교문화를 바탕으로 가부장적 부성성을 띠고 있다. 1960년대부터 산업화를 이루어 결국 21세기에는 가족중심주의 대신 개인중심주의로, 서열화 대신 평등성을 강조하며 상호존중과 자율성을 바탕으로 하는 근대적 가치에 중심을 두게 되었다. (2005, 한국가족문화원, 21세기 한국 가족) 하지만 짧은 기간 동안 이루어진 급작스런 근대화로 인해 실제로는 아직 한국사회에 전통적 가족문화 현상이 남아있는 것이 사실이다. 결국 이러한 한국 특유의 가족문화를 바탕으로 가족 내에서 한국의 아버지는 가부장적 남성중심적 사고를 가지고 가족의 생계와 안전을 책임지며 감정보다는 이성에, 부드러움 보다는 무뚝뚝함에 더 중심을 두는 것이 남자, 그리고 아버지로서의 역할이라고 여기게 된다. 이러한 아버지의 모습에 대한 사회적 이데올로기는 미디어를 통해 표현되는데, TV나 영화에서 보여지는 가부장적 아버지의 이미지가 그 예이다. 본고는 그러한 한국의 아버지가 묘사된 영화 분석을 위해 선정한 영화 두 편을 통해 한국 영화 속에서 표현되는 아버지의 역할이 어떠한지를 메츠의 통합체, 계열체분석과 그레마스 분석 방법을 이용하여 기호학적 의미에서 살펴보도록 하겠다. 사례분석을 위해 선정된 영화로는, 한국형 가장으로서의 아버지가 표현된 영화 '플라이 대디'와 한국형 기러기 아빠가 등장하는 '우아한 세계'가 있다. 위의 영화들은 영화 속의 가부장적 부성성과 그 배경이 된 한국 전통의 이데올로기가 미디어를 통해 투영된다는 것을 보여주는 좋은 예이다.

• 한일민족문제연구
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• 제32호
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• pp.215-275
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• 2017

In the absence of the alternative public space of women in Japan, the experience of the "Bongseonhwa" was interpreted as the public domain of Japanese society as a public domain, a confession that focused on gender discrimination in the patriarchal system of Japan, Most of the enemy discourse is. These alienated discourses are the product of the efforts of women in Japan who do not want to forget about the traces and memories that can not be incorporated into the big narrative. It can not be denied that the women in the society of Japan have been excessively excluded and alienated by national ideology and patriarchal ideology. The meaning of presenting them through "Bongsinghwa" is the resistance of the minority, and it is the expression way of reconstructing and strengthening the identity of the women, and it is said to be a space of symbolic meaning. It is further clarified that it is based on a narrative that creates a new life area for coexistence with Japanese society, on the other hand, by constantly searching for the linkage with the motherland, held by women in Japan. As a result, between public social phenomena and private living space, confirmed that it conflicts with repetitive internal contradiction of controlling power and confirmed that complicated and detailed material of women living in Japan who undergo double discrimination What has been expressed over a period is considered to be a resistance expression and a will of expression of reconciliation to coexist with Japanese society. I have attempted to analyze the confessed alienated discourse of "Bongsinghwa" by classifying it as . As a result, it is confirmed that the public social phenomenon and the private life space are confronted with the repetitive internal contradictions of the power of domination, and the expression of the complex and detailed material of the discriminated women in Japan over a long period of time is a resistance to symbiosis with Japanese society And the will of the conversation.

• 영어영문학
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.701-721
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• 2012

This paper aims to revisit William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom! by focusing on the corporeal body and its role in dismantling the Southern ideology of white patriarchy. The latter, which is represented by Thomas Sutpen and his attempt to establish a white male dynasty, is a symbolic space in which the corporeal body turns into a symbolic one through the process of inscribing social ideologies on it. However, this symbolic space is also a contending site between the two bodies. The symbolic body of Sutpen cannot entirely erase its corporeal traces, and therefore the corporeal body, which is buried but nonetheless existent, threatens to undermine rules and premises of the symbolic order. Given that, this paper approaches Faulkner's critique of the Southern white patriarchal ideology from the tension that the corporeal body and the symbolic body create. The 'flesh' roughly corresponds to racial and sexual otherness, namely black flesh and the homoerotic desire of male body. Although they-as the matter of race and that of gender - function in different levels of signification, they still share a common purpose in revealing the logical paradox within Sutpen's symbolic order. The idea of pure whiteness that Sutpen subscribes to is a concept that prerequisites the existence of blackness. Likewise, his idea of male homosociality based upon patriarchal legacy stands precariously on the verge of disintegrating into homoetoricism. As internal otherness that Sutpen's symbolic order cannot fully incorporate, the corporeal body functions to indicate the limitation of Sutpen's Design and its body-signification process.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.211-233
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• 2007

Caryl Churchill achieved spacial politics to resist dominant ideology in Cloud Nine. It is suggested that heterotopia is a counter-site to the places which are controlled by colonialism and sexuality. Churchill juxtaposes African colony of Victorian period in the first act and modern London in the second act. It implies that individuals are similarly oppressed by dominant ideology until now though several conditions for individuals are drastically improved. White heterosexual men in the play try to build their utopia to keep their privileges. If they find anything abnormal to their standard, they systematically classify people and organize them into the different ranks and levels to seclude them from their utopia. Actually, the ideal people in the ideal place are oppressed by patriarchal ideology, compulsory heterosexuality, and colonialism which are covertly associated with gender. Therefore, Churchill uses the cross-casting to challenge the artificiality of gender, sexuality, generation and race in the play. People realize that they need to find their own desires free from gender, compulsory heterosexuality, ethnic, and race and their subjectivity flowing in and out of space. It is the site that all the binary oppositions are deconstructed and creates new multiple nodes to expand the boundary of their communities to heterotopia in real places.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권11호
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• pp.175-183
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• 2009

본 연구는 학문적 연구 대상에서 소외돼온 텔레비전 드라마 작가에 관한 본격적 연구로, 한국 텔레비전 드라마 역사를 써 온 김수현 작가의 최근작 멜로드라마 <내 남자의 여자>를 연구 대상으로 삼아 김수현 작가의 차별성과 경향성을 분석하고 있다. 김수현 작가는 연구 대상 작품을 통해, 불륜이라는 선정적 소재를 '심리 추적과 이분법 파기'라는 장르 문법을 구사함으로써 사랑에 관한 '자기 성찰'의 메시지를 전달하는데 성공한다. 이는 한국 텔레비전 멜로드라마에 제기돼 온 상투성과 이분법, 비현실성, 감정 과잉의 텍스트 문제점을 극복하는 결과이다. 또한 김수현 작가는 서사와 인물화를 통해 기존의 가부장 중심 성 이데올로기를 전복하는 진보적 경향성을 보이는 것으로 분석됐다. 본 연구는 김수현 작가의 이 같은 장르 문법 차별성이 한국 텔레비전 멜로드라마에 끼칠 수 있는 영향에 관한 후속 연구를 제안한다. 또한 멜로드라마에서 보여준 진보적 경향성이 김수현 작가의 다른 장르 작품에도 투영되는지에 관한 후속 연구를 제안함으로써, 지속적인 드라마 작가 연구의 필요성을 강조하고 있다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.167-184
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate actual conditions of family/kin ritual transition and to find out relationships to socio-economic variables. For this purpose, 716 subjects of urban family were interviewed with questionnaires. The results of this study may be summarized as follows: 1. It was discovered the pervasive themes of family/kin ritual transition: westernization, commercialization, socialization, and cultural anomie. 2. In contemporary family/kin rites, traditional structure coexists with external westernized aspects under the influnce of industrialization and commercialization. The rites were continued to provide a place where participants reproduce the ideology of patriarchal family group, especially the strong parent-child ties and narrow kin relationships. 3. Respondents who support traditional ritual style are old, lower class, and Buddhist. 4. Respondents who support westernization and socialization of family/kin rites are young, higher class, and Christian. But family/kin rites are not affected by sex relatively.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1038-1050
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• 2015

This study is a theoretical research to investigate a methodological framework for analyzing the representation of women in fashion photography. For this study, this article attempts to develop a conceptual framework of the visual representation system through Lacan's gaze theory, and analyze the representational aspects of women configured by gendered characteristics in the visual representation system. Structuralizing the visual representation system based on that theory, the gaze, the image/screen, and the subject of representation in the Lacan's triangle diagram are replaced by the camera as the signifier of gaze, the representational image, and the seeing subject respectively. In the visual representation system, the camera creates a male-oriented visual field and structures a relationship of gendered power between male gaze as the seeing subject and female eye as an object to be seen. Looking into the representational aspects of women in this visual representation system structuralized by male gaze, women are represented in a way that reflects male desire through masquerade to comply with the patriarchal gaze, or differences that emphasizes the uniqueness and autonomy of women released from a patriarchal discourse. This study would be significant in that it provides theoretical basis for an analytic approach to the representation of women in fashion photography which we accept as a fixed one through the ideology of naturalization.