• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2017

거머리말은 해양 현화 식물로 일생의 대부분을 해수 내에서 생활하며, 공기에 노출시 건조 스트레스를 받게 된다. 지금까지 거머리말 성체에서 나타나는 건조 스트레스는 다수 알려진데 비해, 거머리말 종자의 건조 스트레스에 대한 정보는 부족한 편이다. 이 연구는 거머리말 종자의 건조 스트레스를 알아보기 위해 공기 중 노출로 인한 종자의 발아율과 함수율의 변화를 실험하였다. 상대습도 50%, $20^{\circ}C$의 공기에 1시간 노출된 거머리말 종자의 발아율은 현저히 감소되었으며, 노출시간이 길어질수록 종자의 발아율은 지속적으로 감소하였고, 11시간 이상 노출된 종자는 전혀 발아하지 않았다. 거머리말 종자의 공기 노출시간이 길어질수록 발아율과 함수율은 감소하는 음의 상관관계가 나타났다. 또한, $30^{\circ}C$의 공기에 노출된 거머리말 종자는 $10^{\circ}C$와 $20^{\circ}C$의 공기에 노출된 거머리말 종자보다 현저히 낮은 발아율을 나타내었다. 따라서 거머리말 성체가 공기 중 노출 시 건조 스트레스를 겪는 것처럼 거머리말 종자도 건조에 의한 발아율의 감소가 확인되었으며, 이것은 종자를 활용한 거머리말 서식지 복원 사업에 유용한 정보를 제공하고자 한다.

• ALGAE
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2010

To test the feasibility of using chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ fluorescence to assess the establishment success of seagrass transplants, photosynthetic characteristics of eelgrass Zostera marina transplants were measured using a Diving-pulsed amplitude modulation fluorometer in Jindong Bay on the southern coast of Korea. Maximum quantum yield ($F_v/F_m$), photosynthetic efficiency ($\alpha$), saturating irradiance ($E_k$) and maximum electron transport rate ($ETR_{max}$) of transplants and reference plants in a nearby transplant site were measured using the fluorometer for 5 months. Additionally, shoot morphology, individual shoot weight and productivity of transplants and reference plants were also monitored. Shoot height, leaf weight and productivity of transplants were significantly reduced during the first two or three months after transplantation compared to those of reference plants, and then increased to the levels of reference plants Characteristics of chlorophyll a fluorescence, including $F_v/F_m$, $\alpha$, $E_k$ and $ETR_{max}$ of transplants were also significantly reduced in the initial period, but recovered slightly sooner than shoot morphology or leaf productivity. These results indicated that after transplantation, Z. marina transplant photosynthesis recovered faster than shoot morphology, biomass or productivity. Thus, chlorophyll a fluorescence can be used as an indicator for early assessment of the status of eelgrass transplants without destructive sampling.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2004

In order to develop new anti-photoaging agents, we examined the antioxidative activity and the inhibition effect of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) on the extracts of a marine product, Zostera marina L., which is known for its potent activity. Three compounds (compounds 1, 2, and 3) were isolated from an ethyl acetate (EtOAc) soluble fraction of the product; they were identified as apigenin-7 -O-$\beta$-D-glucoside (1), chrysoeriol (2), and luteolin (3). These compounds were found to scavenge radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and were measured to have $SC_{50}$/ values of 0.18 mM, 0.68 mM, and 0.01 mM against the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 0.04 mM, 0.03 mM, and 0.01 mM against the superoxide radical in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, respectively. Compound 3 suppressed the expression of MMP-1 by up to 44％ at 4.0 $\mu$M and inhibited the production of interleukin 6 (IL-6), which is known as a cytokine that induces MMP-1 expression. From these results, compound 3 and the other compounds were determined to have antioxidative activity and to inhibit MMP-1 expression. Thus, the three compounds are expected to be useful for preventing the photoaging of skin.

• 생태와환경
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• 제33권4호통권92호
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• pp.336-341
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• 2000

자연 기수호인 화진포호에서 자생하는 거머리말(Zostera marina)의 분포와 생육환경을 파악하기 위하여 1998년 6월과 2000년 7월에 식물체와 퇴적물을 채집하여 수질과 함께 분석하였다. 거머리말 초지의 분포는 해수와 담수의 수체의 소통이 원활한 지역으로 수심 $0.8{\sim}l.5\;m$에 서식하였으며, 초지의 면적은 약 $3,200\;m^2$로 해안과 연결되는 호수 입구 쪽을 따라 길게 분포하였다. 서식지의 염분은 $8.0{\sim}23.0%_o$, 수온은 $22.0{\sim}23.7{\circ}C$, pH는 $8.34{\sim}8.62$으로 나타났으며, 영양염의 농도는 인접한 해양의 거머리말 생육지 보다 낮았다($TN:\; 24.34\;{\mu}M$, NH_4-N:\;2.57\;{\mu}M$, $NO_3-N:\;0.56\;{\mu}M$, $NO_2-N:\;0.27\;{\mu}M,$, $TP:\;2.08\;{\mu}M$, $PO_4-P\;:\;0.34\;{\mu}M$). 조사지역의 부유형물질 (Suspended particulate matter, SPM)의 농도는 62.8 mg/l이였으며, 입자성유기물질 (particulate organic matter, POM)은 평균 21.3mg/l로서 평균 33.9%의 부유 유기물 함량을 나타내었다. 서식지의 퇴적환경은 4 cm까지는 호기성이었으며, $3.13{\varphi}$의 세립한 사질로 구성되었다. 식물체의 외부 형태는 협엽성 거머리말의 형태적 특징을 나타내었으며,식물체의 길이는 $70.0{\sim}126.5\;cm$, 잎 너비는 $5{\sim}7\;mm$의 범위로 나타났다. 단위 면적당 서식밀도는 $264{\sim}296$개체이었으며, 개체당 건중량은 $1.26{\pm}0.75g$로 나타났다 화진포호의 거머리말 초지의 생물량은 $332.6{\sim}373.0g/m^2$의 범위이었다. 한반도에서 거머리말의 생육환경은 기수호인 화진포호까지 분포되었으며, 형태학적인 특징이 다양하게 출현하였다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2005

한반도 연안에 자생하는 거머리말속(Zostera) 해초 4종인 포기거머리말(Z caespitosa), 수거머리말(Z. caulescens), 애기거머리말(Z. japonica), 그리고 거머리말(Z. marina)에 대한 생물계절학과 생식지 특징을 조사하였다. 율포만의 조하대에 혼재하는 포기거머리말과 수거머리말은 2002년 11월부터 2003년 8월까지 조사하였다. 승봉도의 애기거머리말은 조간대 중부에서 하부까지 분포하였으며, 식물체는 2002년 11월부터 2003년 10월까지 채집하였다. 거머리말은 승봉도의 조간대 하부에서부터 간조시 수심 1m 내외의 조하대까지 패치로 분포하였으며, 생물계절학적 특징은 2003년 2월부터 2003년 10월까지 조사하였다. 거머리말속 종들의 유성생식 단계는 개화, 열매, 종자 출현시기와 생식기간이 명확하게 구분되어 나타났다. 포기거머리말의 개화는 2월에서 5월초$(10{\sim}16^{\circ}C)$까지 출현하였지만, 최대 종자는 5월초에 나타났다. 수거리말의 생식지는 1월$(9^{\circ}C)$에 출현하였으며, 개화는 2월부터 6월$(10{\sim}19^{\circ}C)$까지 출현하였다. 애기거머리말의 개화는 7월에서 9월$(18{\sim}22^{\circ}C)$까지 출현하였으며, 종자는 8월부터 9월까지 성숙하였다. 거머리말의 개화는 4월에서 8월$(7{\sim}21^{\circ}C)$까지 출현하였으며, 7월에 종자가 나타났다. 수거머리말의 생식지와 육수화서는 가장 길게 신장하였으며, 개체당 종자 수도 가장 높았다. 거머리말의 생식지는 중간 크기이며, 생식능력이 가장 높게 나타났다. 거머리말속 4종에 대한 생식지의 생식 단계와 생식 능력은 증가하는 수온과 관련된 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구지역에서 거머리말속 개체군의 생식 전략은 유성 생식 능력이 낮은 다년생의 특징을 보였다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2009

Seasonal variation in the biomass of eelgrass (Zostera marina) and epiphytic algae in two eelgrass beds (Dongdae and Aenggang Bay) around Namhae Island was investigated throughout 2005. Shoot density and eelgrass biomass differed across months and locations. Peak shoot density occurred from April to August 2005, whereas eelgrass biomass was higher in July and August 2005. Shoot density as well as eelgrass biomass were higher in Dongdae Bay compared to Aenggang Bay. A total of 21 epiphytic algal species (4 Chlorophyta, 2 Phaeophyta, and 15 Rhodophyta) were collected, and dominant species included Polysiphonia japonica, Lomentaria hakodantensis, Symphyocladia latiuscula, Champia sp., and Heterosiphonia japonica. Seasonal variation in both the species composition and biomass of epiphytic algae was substantial: peak epiphytic algal biomass occurred in January and December 2005. We also observed high epiphytic algal biomass in the eelgrass bed of Dongdae Bay. Seasonal changes in the biomass of eelgrass and epiphytic algae were primarily influenced by water temperature, whereas those of the epiphytic algal community were also correlated with eelgrass (substrate) morphology and growth, the life cycle of epiphytic algae, and physical characteristics within eelgrass beds. The spatial variation of eelgrass density and biomass were also limited by sediment characteristics.

• ALGAE
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2010

A variety of Cyclotella atomus were discovered among the epiphytic diatoms on eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in Korean waters. Cyclotella atomus var. marina has a flat and disc-shaped valve, and is clearly differentiated into a striate marginal zone and a smooth central zone. The valves have a very small diameter ranging from 3.1-3.4 ${\mu}m$. This small diatom does not have any central ornamentation. The marginal striate zone has numerous granules toward the mantle. The valves have five or six marginal fultoportulae with two satellite pores and a single marginal rimoportula.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.272-277
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• 2010

Seagrasses are marine angiosperms of ecological importance in providing shelter and food to aquatic species as well as maintaining the carbon cycle on earth. Phyllospadix iwatensis is a seagrass of the family Zosteraceae and is distributed along the eastern coast of Korea. The nucleotide sequences of P. iwatensis nuclear genes encoding 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) were determined for molecular phylogenetic analysis. Genomic DNA was isolated from P. iwatensis and used for PCR amplification of 18S rRNA and ITS-1. Examination of the 18S rRNA sequence of P. iwatensis showed a close (99% similarity) relationship to Zostera noltii, another genus of Zosteraceae, but a distant (84% similarity) evolutionary relationship to other macroalgal Laminariales species. Further discrepancies found in ITS-1 nucleotide sequences between closely related species indicate that the sequence information could be used for species identification.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.253-260
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• 2004

Zosterin is a pectin from a seagrasses of the family Zosteraceae. Zosterin was given to rats intragastrically once 1h before the emotional stress or injection of indomethacin, or administration of 2, 4-D solution daily for seven days at dose of 100 mg/kg. The data obtained demonstrate that zosterin enhances resistance of the stomach tissue to various ulcerogenic factors (emotional stress, indomethacin, pesticide 2, 4-D). It was shown to possess a gastroprotective effect, which is accompanied by diminution of the number and sizes of destructive regions in the gastric mucosa during the ulcer affection, as well as reduction of ATP and glycogen deficit, decrease of lactate excess, and normalization of the energy balance in the gastric mucosa. According to its antiulcer effect, zosterin may be recommended for application in prevention and treatment of stomach diseases together with the basic therapy.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.225-236
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• 2006

Seagrass meadows are considered as critical habitats for a wide variety of marine organisms in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. In many cases, studies on the spatial/temporal distribution of seagrass have depended on direct observations using SCUBA diving. As an alternative method fur studying seagrass distribution, an application of hydroacoustic technique has been assessed for mapping seagrass distribution in Dongdae Bay, on the south coast of Korea, in September 2005. Data were collected using high frequency transducer (420 kHz split-beam), which was installed with towed body system. The system was linked to DGPS to make goo-referenced data. Additionally, in situ seagrass distribution has been observed using underwater cameras and SCUBA diving at four stations in order to compare with acoustic data. Acoustic survey was conducted along 23 transects with 3-4 blot ship speed. Seagrass beds were vertically limited to depths less than 3.5m and seagrass height ranged between 55 and 90cm at the study sites. Dense seagmss beds were mainly found at the entrance of the bay and at a flat area around the center of the bay. Although the study area was a relatively small, the vertical and spatial distributions of the seagrass were highly variable with bathymetry and region. Considering dominant species, Zostera marina L., preliminary estimation of seagrass biomass with acoustic and direct sampling data was approximately $56.55g/m^2$, and total biomass of 104 tones (coefficient variation: 25.77%) was estimated at the study area. Hydroacoustic method provided valuable information to understand distribution pattern and to estimate seagrass biomass.