• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2009년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.137-137
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• 2009

Thin-film transistors (TFTs) that can be prepared at low temperatures have attracted much attention due to the great potential for flexible electronics. One of the mainstreams in this field is the use of organic semiconductors such as pentacene. But device performance of the organic TFTs is still limited by low field effect mobility or rapidly degraded after exposing to air in many cases. Another approach is amorphous oxide semiconductors. Amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOSs) have exactly attracted considerable attention because AOSs were fabricated at room temperature and used lots of application such as flexible display, electronic paper, large solar cells. Among the various AOSs, a-IGZO was considerable material because it has high mobility and uniform surface and good transparent. The high mobility is attributed to the result of the overlap of spherical s-orbital of the heavy pest-transition metal cations. This study is demonstrated the effect of thickness channel layer from 30nm to 200nm. when the thickness was increased, turn on voltage and subthreshold swing were decreased. a-IGZO TFTs have used a shadow mask to deposit channel and source/drain(S/D). a-IGZO were deposited on SiO2 wafer by rf magnetron sputtering. using power is 150W, working pressure is 3m Torr, and an O2/Ar(2/28 SCCM) atmosphere at room temperature. The electrodes were formed with Electron-beam evaporated Ti(30nm) and Au(70nm) structure. Finally, Al(150nm) as a gate metal was evaporated. TFT devices were heat treated in a furnace at $250^{\circ}C$ in nitrogen atmosphere for an hour. The electrical properties of the TFTs were measured using a probe-station to measure I-V characteristic. TFT whose thickness was 150nm exhibits a good subthreshold swing(S) of 0.72 V/decade and high on-off ratio of 1E+08. Field effect mobility, saturation effect mobility, and threshold voltage were evaluated 7.2, 5.8, 8V respectively.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2001

본 연구는 폐컴퓨터 인쇄회로기판으로부터 Au와 Ag 및 유가금속을 회수하기 위해 수행하였다. 시료는 슈레더를 사용하여 1 mm이하 입자로 분쇄한 후 정전선별하여 약 70%의 부도체를 분리제거하고, 회수된 30%의 도체는 자력선별에 사용하였다. 자력선별에 의해 42%의 자성체는 제거되고 58%의 비자성체를 유가물 침출 원료로 사용하였으며, 비자성체의 Au및 Ag의 함량은 각각 0.227mg/g, 0.697 mg/g 이였다. 회수된 물질로부터 Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni, Al를 침출분리하기 위해 황산과 과산화수소수를 혼합한 침출용매를 사용하였다. 2.0M 황산, 0.2M과산화수소수, 반응온도 $85^{\circ}C$에서 95%이상의 Cu, 로n, Fe, Ni, Al를 침출 할 수 있었으며, Au와 Ag는 침출되지 않았다. 반면에 황산침출 후 잔사로부터 Au, Ag의 선택적인 침출을 위해 혼합용매(0.2M(NH$_4$)$_2$S$_2$O$_3$, 0.02M $CusO_4$,0.4M NH$_4$OH)를 사용하였을 때 Ag는 100%, Au는 95%이상 침출하였다 또한 최종 잔사로부터 Pb침출은 NaCl용액을, Sn침출은 황산용액을 사용하였으며 침출율은 각각 95%, 98%를 나타냈다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.701-717
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to extensively estimate the air quality trends of the study area by surveying con-centration trends in months or seasons, after analyzing the mass concentration of PM-10 samples and the inorganic lements, ion, and total carbon in PM-10. Also, the study introduced to apply the PMF (Positive Matrix Factoriza-tion) model that is useful when absence of the source profile. Thus the model was thought to be suitable in Korea that often has few information about pollution sources. After obtaining results from the PMF modeling, the existing sources at the study area were qualitatively identified The PM-10 particles collected on quartz fiber filters by a PM-10 high-vol air sampler for 3 years (Mar. 1999∼Dec.2001) in Kyung Hee University. The 25 chemical species (Al, Mn, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Ba, Ce, Pb, Si, N $a^{#}$, N $H_4$$^{+}$, $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, C $l^{[-10]}$ , N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ , S $O_4$$^{2-}$, TC) were analyzed by ICP-AES, IC, and EA after executing proper pre - treatments of each sample filter. The PMF model was intensively applied to estimate the quantitative contribution of air pollution sources based on the chemical information (128 samples and 25 chemical species). Through a case study of the PMF modeling for the PM-10 aerosols. the total of 11 factors were determined. The multiple linear regression analysis between the observed PM-10 mass concentration and the estimated G matrix had been performed following the FPEAK test. Finally the regression analysis provided source profiles (scaled F matrix). So, 11 sources were qualitatively identified, such as secondary aerosol related source, soil related source, waste incineration source, field burning source, fossil fuel combustion source, industry related source, motor vehicle source, oil/coal combustion source, non-ferrous metal source, and aged sea- salt source, respectively.ively.y.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2006년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.467-470
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• 2006

For a mobile application such as cellular phone, micro fuel cells should be extremely compact and thin. RHFC can be an alternative solution because RHFC gives higher power density than DMFC and does not need ahydrogen storage vessel In this paper, RHFC using methanol fuel is made as a novel planar design without a PROX. Both reformer and cell are made closely in a same plate to share the heater of reformer with the cell. The PBI membrane is used in the cell. The reason is that high temperature of reformer can cause a performance drop when perfluorosulfonic acid membrane such as Nafion is used such a high temperature operation also guarantees the higher CO tolerance to MEA catalyst. The cell is designed as an air-breathing type which the cathode of the cell is opened to the air. The commercial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 steam reformer catalyst is packed in reformer channel. The active area of MEA is $11.9cm^2$ and the peak power density was $27.5mW/cm^2$.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2014

In this study, the performances of various adsorbents-red mud, zeolite, limestone, and oyster shell-were investigated for the adsorption of multi-metal ions ($Cr^{3+}$, $Ni^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $As^{3+}$, $Cd^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$) from aqueous solutions. The result of scanning electron microscopy analyses indicated that the some metal ions were adsorbed onto the surface of the media. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the Si(Al)-O bond (red mud and zeolite) and C-O bond (limestone and oyster shell) might be involved in heavy metal adsorption. The changes in the pH of the aqueous solutions upon applying adsorbents were investigated and the adsorption kinetics of the metal ions on different adsorbents were simulated by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The sorption process was relatively fast and equilibrium was reached after about 60 min of contact (except for $As^{3+}$). From the maximum capacity of the adsorption kinetic model, the removal of $Pb^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ were higher than for the other metal ions. Meanwhile, the reaction rate constants ($k_{1,2}$) indicated the slowest sorption in $As^{3+}$. The adsorption mechanisms of heavy metal ions were not only surface adsorption and ion exchange, but also surface precipitation. Based on the metal ions' adsorption efficiencies, red mud was found to be the most efficient of all the tested adsorbents. In addition, impurities in seawater did not lead to a significant decrease in the adsorption performance. It is concluded that red mud is a more economic high-performance alternative than the other tested adsorption materials for applying a removal of multi-metal in seawater.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2010년도 제39회 하계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.175-175
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• 2010

Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) films are widely used as transparent conducting thin film material for application in various fields such as solar cells, optoelectronic devices, heat mirrors and gas sensors, etc. Recently the increased utilization of many transparent electrodes has accelerated the development of inexpensive TCO materials. Indium tin oxide (ITO) film is well-known for TCO materials because of its low resistivity, but there is disadvantage that it is too expensive. ZnO film is cheaper than ITO but it shows thermally poor stability. On the contrary, antimony-doped tin oxide films (ATO) are more stable than TCO films such as Al-doped zinc oxide (AZO) and ITO. Moreover, SnO2 film shows the best thermal and chemical stability, low cost and mechanical durability except the poor conductivity. However, annealing is proved to improve the conductivity of ATO film. Therefore, in this work, antimony (6 wt%) doped tin oxide films to improve the conductivity were deposited on 7059 corning glass by RF magnetron sputtering method for the application to transparent electrodes. In general, of all TCO films, glass is the most commonly selected substrate. However, for future development in flexible devices, glass is limited by its intrinsic inflexibility. In this study, we report the growth and properties of antimony doped tin oxide (ATO) films deposited on PES flexible substrate by using RF magnetron sputtering. The optimization process was performed varying the sputtering parameters, such as RF power and working pressure, and parameter effect on the structural, electrical and optical properties of the ATO films were investigated.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.285-285
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• 2010

$Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$ (CIGS) 박막 태양전지 제조에는 동시증발법 (co-evaporation)으로 Cu, In, Ga, Se 각 원소의 증발을 세 단계로 제어하여 CIGS 박막을 증착하는 3-stage 방법이 널리 이용된다[1]. 3-stage 중 1st-stage에서는 In, Ga, Se 원소 만을 증발시켜 $(In,Ga)_2Se_3$ 전구체 (precursor) 박막을 성장시킨다. 고효율의 CIGS 태양전지를 위해서는 $(In,Ga)_2Se_3$ 전구체 증착의 공정 변수와 이에 따른 박막 특성의 이해가 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 Mo 박막이 증착된 소다석회유리 (soda lime glass) 기판에 동시증발장비를 이용하여 280 380 의 기판 온도에서 In, Ga, Se 물질을 증발시켜 $(In,Ga)_2Se_3$/Mo/glass 시료를 제작하였으며 XRD, SEM, EDS 등의 방법을 이용하여 특성을 분석하였다. XRD 분석 결과 기판 온도 $280{\sim}330^{\circ}C$에서는 $(In,Ga)_2Se_3$ 박막의 (006), (300) 피크가 관찰되었으며, 기판 온도가 증가할수록 (006) 피크 세기는 감소하였고 (300) 피크 세기는 증가하였다. $380^{\circ}C$에서는 (110)을 포함한 다수의 피크가 관찰되었다. 그레인 (grain) 크기는 기판 온도가 증가할수록 커지며 Ga/(In+Ga) 조성비는 기판 온도에 따라 일정함을 각각 SEM과 EDS 측정을 통해 알 수 있었다. $(In,Ga)_2Se_3$ 전구체의 (300) 배향은 CIGS 박막의 (220/204) 배향을 촉진하고[2], 이것은 높은 광전변환효율에 기여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 때문에 $(In,Ga)_2Se_3$의 (300) 피크의 세기가 가장 큰 조건인 $330^{\circ}C$를 1st-stage 증착 온도로 하여 3-stage CIGS 태양전지 공정을 수행하였으며, $MgF_2$/Al/Ni/ITO/i-ZnO/CdS/CIGS/Mo/glass 구조의 셀에서 광전변환효율 16.96%를 얻었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.479-487
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• 2009

Glutathione reductase (GR) is an enzyme that recycles a key cellular antioxidant molecule glutathione (GSH) from its oxidized form (GSSG) thus maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. A recombinant plasmid to overexpress a GR of Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (BrGR) in E. coli BL21 (DE3) was constructed using an expression vector pKM260. Expression of the introduced gene was confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblotting and enzyme assays. Purification of the BrGR protein was performed by IMAC method and indicated that the BrGR was a dimmer. The BrGR required NADPH as a cofactor and specific activity was approximately 458 U. The BrGR-expressing E. coli cells showed increased GR activity and tolerance to $H_2O_2$, menadione, and heavy metal ($CdCl_2$, $ZnCl_2$ and $AlCl_2$)-mediated growth inhibition. The ectopic expression of BrGR provoked the co-regulation of a variety of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Consequently, the transformed cells showed decreased hydroperoxide levels when exposed to stressful conditions. A proteomic analysis demonstrated the higher level of induction of proteins involved in glycolysis, detoxification/oxidative stress response, protein folding, transport/binding proteins, cell envelope/porins, and protein translation and modification when exposed to $H_2O_2$ stress. Taken together, these results indicate that the plant GR protein is functional in a cooperative way in the E. coli system to protect cells against oxidative stress.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.41-54
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 등가회로를 이용하여 브래그 반사층형 FBAR (Film Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator) 와 membrane 형 FBAR 그리고 상 하부 전극이 공기와 접하는 이상적인 FBAR 의 특성을 서로 비교함으로서 브래그 반사층과 membrane 이 공진 특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 압전층으로는 ZnO, membrane 층과 낮은 음향적인 임피던스 반사층은 SiO₂, 높은 음향적인 임피던스 반사층으로는 W, 전극층으로는 Al를 가정하였고 각 층은 탄성파 전달 손실을 가정하였다. 1-port 의 등가회로를 ABCD 파라미터를 추출할 수 있는 단순화된 등가회로로 변환하여 ABCD 파라미터를 추출하여 입력임피던스를 계산하였다. 필터 설계에서는 구하여진 파라미터를 산란행렬로 변환하여 필터의 대역폭 및 삽입손실을 구하였다. 전극층, 반사층, membrane 층의 두께 변화에 의한 공진주파수의 변화는 membrane 층과 전극 바로 아래의 반사층의 두께 변화가 가장 큰 영향을 미친다는 결과를 확인하였다. 반사층 구조에서 반사층수에 따른 공진특성과 K/sub eff/와 electrical Q 의 변화에서는 반사층수가 K/sub eff/ 에는 거의 영향을 미치지 않지만 electrical Q 는 층수가 증가할수록 증가하다가 7층 이상에서 포화되었다. 또한 FBAR의 electrical Q 는 membrane 층과 반사층의 mechanical Q 에 의존함을 알 수 있었다. Ladder 필터와 SCF(Stacked Crystal Filters) 모두 공진기의 수가 증가할수록 삽입손실과 out-of-band rejection 이 증가하였고 층수가 증가할수록 삽입손실은 감소하지만 대역폭에는 거의 변화가 없었다. membrane형의 ladder 필터와 SCF 는 불효 공진 특성으로 인한 불효응답특성이 나타났다. 또한 ladder 필터는 보다 우수한 대역폭의 skirt-selectivity 특성을 나타내었으며 SCF 는 대역폭의 삽입손실 측면에서 더 우수하였다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.239-245
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• 1992

한국 재래식 간장의 독특한 맛을 생성하는 B. licheniformis SSA3-2M1 의 배양액으로부터 proteinase 를 정제한 결과 2 종의 proteinase 의 역가를 확인할 수 있었다. Proteinase I 의 역가는 II 보다 두배가량 되며 최적 pH 가 7-11.5 이었다. Proteinase I 의 역가는 II 보다 두배가량 되며 최적 pH 가 7-11.5 이었다. Proteinase II 의 최적 pH 는7-9 이며 proteinase II 는 I 보다 pH3-5 부근의 상성에서 더 안정하고 활성이 강하였다. Proteinase I 과 II 의 최적온도는 각각 50.deg.C 였으며, proteinase II 의 온도안정성은 30-45 .deg.C 온도범위에서 proteinase I 보다 더 안정하였다. Proteinase I 은 45.deg.C 에서 60% 가 실현되었으며 protein II 는 45.deg.C 에서 5% 가량 실활되었다. 염에 대한 영향은 proteinase I 이 염의 농도 25-35% 범위에서 proteinase I 보다 효소활성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. Proteinase 치는 casein 을 기질로 사용하였을 경우, proteinase I 은 6.89 mg/ml, proteinase II 는 9 mg/ml 의 $K_{m}$ 치를 나타내었다. 이결과는 proteinase I 이 II 보다 기질에 대한 친화력이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 각종 금속이온의 농도 1 mM 에서는 Pb($CH_{3}$CCO)$_{2}$ 는 효소 활성을 증가시켰고 $ZnSO_{4}$, $7H_{2}$O, $K_{2}$$SO_{4}$, $HgSO_{4}$ 등은 저하시켰으며, 5 mM 이상에서는 $HgSO_{4}$ 와 $ZnSO_{4}$ 가 다른 염에 비해서 특히 효소활성을 많이 저히하였다. Proteinase I 과 II 는 대두 단백을 가수분해하여 peptide 와 아미노산을 생성하였으머 peptide 를 다시 아미노산으로 분해하였다. Proteinase I 과 II 는 한국재래식 간장의 중요 맛성분인 아미노산을 생성하는 주효소로 밝혀졌다.