• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.551-555
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• 2010

Cinnamomum Iners (Darchini, 쟈 바 계피), Elettaria Cardamomum (Elachi, 백두구, 소두구, 카다몬, 카도몬), Punica Granatum (Anar Dana, 석류), Curcuma Longa (Haldi, 터메릭, 투메릭, 심황, 울금, 울금은, 컬쿠마), Piper Nigrum (Kali Mirch, 페퍼, 페퍼블랙, 후추, 블랙 페퍼), Syzygium aromaticum (Loung, 클로브, 정향, 정향나무,), Capsicum Annum (Laal Mirch, Red Pepper), Mentha Arvensis (Pahari Podina), Curcuma Zedoaria (Kachur, 가쥬츠, 봉출, 아출, 커큐머 제도) Zingiber officinale (Adrak, 건강, 생강, 진저) and Garam Masala (Hot Spice, a mixture) have been analyzed in the present work for their metallic components with the help of SEM-EDS and ICP-AES. Minor concentrations have been determined with ICP-AES and major concentrations with the help of SEM-EDS.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.73-83
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• 2008

Objectives : The root of Zingiber officinale ROSC. (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens; Ginger) has been widely used as one of folk remedies and food materials in many traditional preparations. Ginger is known as an effective appetite enhancer and anti-inflammatory agent. This study was performed to investigate the effect of ginger chloroform fraction (GCF) in microglia which play a central role on brain inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Methods : Dried ginger was extracted with 80% methanol, and then fractionated with chloroform. BV2 mouse microglial cells were cultured with different concentrations of GCF and then stimulated with LPS (1 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$) at indicated times. The cell toxicity of GCF was determined by MTT assay. The concentrations of NO, PGE2 and cytokines were measured by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. The mRNA and protein expressions of iNOS, COX-2 and cytokines were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The phosphorylation of three MAPKs (p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK) and $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation were determined by Western blotting. Results : GCF significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of inflammatory mediators, NO, $PGE_2$ and proinflammatory cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IL-1{\beta}$) in a dose-dependent manner. GCF attenuated LPS-induced expression of mRNA and protein of inflammatory enzymes, iNOS, COX-2 and proinflammatory cytokines through suppressing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK and the activation of p65 $NF-{\kappa}B$ in BV2 cells. Conclusions : This study suggests that GCF may have an anti-inflammatory property through suppressing the inflammatory mediator production released by activated microglia after the brain injury.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.209-214
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of rhizome size and planting space on some agronomic characters and rhizome yield of ginger in greenhouse cultivation. The average air temperature was 9$^{\circ}C$ higher in greenhouse cultivation than in field. The average soil temperature also was 2-4$^{\circ}C$ higher in greenhouse. Plant height, leaf area, stem number and rhizome yield were significantly increased when cultivated at greenhouse compared to field. Under greenhouse the yield of rhizome in 30$\times$30cm planting space were appeared to be increase 121-183% compared with field cultivation. At the planting space of 60$\times$30cm, harvests were increased 76-82% comparing field cultivation. The most suitable rhizome size for planting at 30$\times$30cm planting space found to be 40g in greenhouse cultivation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.96-104
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• 2003

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is traditionally used as appetite enhancer, improver of the digestive system, antithusive, anti-cold, antipyretic, analgesic, and antiinflammation. In vitro evaluation using human lymphocyte cultures showed almost similar indication with those in in vivo mouse study, NK cell lysing activity was improved significantly. Proliferation activity of B and T cells, and CD3$^{＋}$ and CD3$^{＋}$CD4$^{＋}$T cell subset were better observed using oleoresin or gingerol and shogaol fractions. Although there were higher activities in gingerol, the improvement was almost equal to that by oleoresin. Shogaol did not show better improvement except at higher concentration. It could be concluded that treatment with single bioactive compound, such as gingerol, did not show significant effects compared to oleoresin, the crude extract. In human study, involving healthy male adult, the improvement of NK cell lysing activity was again demonstrated and even more apparent. The mechanism involved in the protection seemed to be through the antioxidant activity of gingerol. However, other mechanism underlying the improvement of NK cell lysing activity must be involved since this improvement seemed to be specifically toward NK cell activity. Since NK cells ave specific for the elimination of virus-infected cell and mutated cells, this positive effect on the immune system are very interesting. This work has also scientifically proved that the traditional beliefs that ginger had preventive effects on common cold appeared to be reasonable.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1289-1297
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• 2016

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignant tumor in the oral cavity, comprising up to 90% of oral cancer. Oral cancer is characterized by a marked tendency of local invasiveness and is good for early detection and treatment; therefore, it is recognized as a good model for cancer prevention. The present study investigated the antioxidant, thrombin inhibitory, and anti-invasive activities of the solvent fractions of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Samples were fractionated into hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water fractions, and each of these was assayed individually. The water fraction showed the highest extraction yield at 9.79%(w/w). Anti-oxidative activity was analyzed by DPPH assay. Thrombin inhibitory activity was used to analyze thrombin inhibitor assay. Cell viability was detected by the MTS assay. The activity and mRNA expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in human oral squamous carcinoma YD-10B cells were examined by zymography and RT-PCR. The antioxidative activities of hexane and water fractions were 92.38% and 92.96%, respectively. In the thrombin inhibitory activity test, water fraction was the highest, with a value of 65.86%. MMP-2/-9 activation was increased in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced YD-10B cells. MMP-9 activation was increased in thrombin-treated YD-10B cells. In PMA- or thrombin-treated YD-10B cells, the increased mRNA expression and protein activation of MMP-2/-9 were significantly inhibited in the hexane fraction. Therefore, the hexane fraction obtained from a Zingiber officinale Roscoe water extract is a promising therapeutic anti-invasive agent in oral cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.9
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• pp.1369-1379
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• 2014

The physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of leaf, stem, and root of ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) were determined. Nutrient composition, reducing sugar, saponin, mineral, heavy metal, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities based on DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assay were measured. Catechins, gingerols, shogaols, and capsaicin compositions were also determined by HPLC. The contents of water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fiber, and ash from ginger root were 6.4, 6.8, 3.2, 65.4, 7.3, and 18.2%, respectively. Crude fiber contents of leaf and stem were 4~5 times higher than those of root (P<0.05), and reducing sugar content of stem was about 3 times higher than those of root. Crude saponin contents were in the order of stem

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2001

Ethanol extracts of 38 vegetables were subjected to an in vitro screening for their growth-inhibitory activities towards Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, Clostridium perfringens, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, and Escherichia coli using paper disc agar diffusion methods under anaerobic conditions. The responses varied with both bacterial strain and vegetable species. In a test with 20 mg/disc, Zingiber officinale extracts showed significant growth-inhibitory responses against B. bifidum, and strong inhibitions against L. casei were detected in the extracts of Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum and Lactuca sativa. The extracts of Allium sativum, Capsicum annuum, L. esculentum, L. esculentum var. cerasiforme, and Z. officinale showed strong inhibitory activities against C. perfringens, while moderate growth-inhibitory responses were observed in the extracts of C. ffutescens, Cucurbita moschata, Daucus carota var. sativa, and Rubus coreanus. However, all vegetable extracts showed no inhibitions against B. longum, L. acidophilus, and E. coli. In tests with 5 mg/disc, moderate inhibitions were observed in the extracts of C. coronarium var. spatiosum and L. sativa against L. casei and Z. officinale against B. bifidum. Vegetables extracts, except for C. coronarium var. spatiosum, L. sativa, and Z. officinale, did not affect the growth of beneficial bacteria. Strong inhibitory responses against C. perfringens were detected in the extracts of C. annuum and L. esculentum var. cerasiforme. Daily intake of vegetables may be important in the prevention of human diseases caused by the intestinal bacteria.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 2001

We surveyed on the host plants of Fungus gnat, Bradysia app. and found 21 species in the greenhouse and field. These are as follows: Cucumis sativus L., Cucumis melo L., Citrullus lanatus T., Cucurbita moschata F., Lycopersicon esculentum M., Capsicum annuum L (Pepper), Capsicum annuum L (Paprika), Lillium longiflorum T., Dianthus caryophyllus L., Rosa hybrida H., Gerbera jamesonii B., Chrysanthemum morifolium R, Phalaenopsis schilleriane R., Gladiolus grandiflours H., Zingiber officinale R., Cnidium officinale M., Canavalia gladiata DC., Angelica utilis M., Polygonatum odoratum D., Pinus densiflora S., and Pinus thunbergii P. Fungus gnat larvae cause damages to the root and promote decay and wilt by feeding on the roots and burrowing in plant tissue.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2015

This study was to investigate the preventive effect of taemyeongcheong (TMC, a Korean traditional health drink) on acetaminophen (APAP, 800 mg/kg BW)-induced hepatic damage in ICR mice. TMC is prepared from Saururus chinensis, Taraxacum officinale, Zingiber officinale, Cirsium setidens, Salicornia herbacea, and Glycyrrhizae. A high dose of TMC (500 mg/kg BW) was found to decrease APAP-induced increases in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase. TMC pretreatment also increased the hepatic levels of hepatic catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione, and reduced serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-6 in mice administered APAP (P<0.05). TMC (500 mg/kg BW) reduced hepatic mRNA levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS by 87%, 84%, 89%, 85%, and 88%, respectively, in mice treated with APAP (P<0.05). Furthermore, histological observations suggested TMC pretreatment dose-dependently prevented APAP-induced hepatocyte damage. These results suggest that TMC could be used as a functional health drink to prevent hepatic damage.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.55-67
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• 2011

Through analyzing the frequencies of medicinal herb combinations in the prescriptions of "Bangyakhappyeon(方藥合編)", we could understand the characteristics of prescription composition and author's medical thoughts. So we conducted this study that analyze combination of 324 medicinal herbs in 467 prescriptions, and found meaningful combinations of 5,045. Among these, the most meaningful combination is the one of 10 herbs, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer, Angelica gigas Nakai, Ziziphus jujube Mille, Atractylodes japonica Koidzumi, Poria cocas Wolf, Zingiber officinale, Rehmanniae radix preparata, Cinnamomum loureirii, Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer, Astragalus membranaceus. This combination is Sibjeondaebo-tang(Shiquandabu-tang) without Cnidium officinale and Paeonia japonica which compose Samul-tang(Siwu-tang). It means this combination is kind of modified Sibjeondaebo-tang(Shiquandabu-tang), which is more effective in tonifying qi than tonifying blood. Prescriptions of "Bangyakhappyeon(方藥合編)" involve herbs mostly used to improve weak and frail health and the herbs which are more effective in tonifying qi than tonifying blood. Through this study, we know the author' s one of medical view points on tonifying qi and blood, attaching importance to tonifying qi relatively to tonifying blood.