• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1717-1724
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• 2004

The study was conducted to determine the effect of Salmonella typhymurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge on egg-laying performance, inflammatory response, zinc metabolism in layer fed diets supplemented with organic or inorganic zinc since 3-wk-old. The three dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal basal diet without supplemental zinc or with supplemental zinc at 60 mg/kg zinc from $ZnSO_4$ or zinc amino acid complex (ZnAA). At the age of 58 wk-old, twelve hens from each dietary treatment were allotted into two sub-groups. On day 1, 3, 5, 7 of the $58^{th}$ week of age, six birds of one sub-group were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 2 ml LPS (1.0 $\ell$/ml) or sterile saline. Neither zinc source ${\times}$ immune challenge interaction nor zinc source effect on egg production performance was observed (p>0.05), LPS-challenge decreased egg production (p<0.04) and increased percentage of cracked eggs (p <0.01). With LPS challenged, the fever response of hens fed ZnAA peaked and subsided earlier than in hens fed $ZnSO_4$ or basal diet. Serum IL-1$\beta$ at 3 h was higher (p<0.01), but lower (p<0.001) at 12 h post-challenge with LPS in hens fed ZnAA than $ZnSO_4$. In salinetreated groups, serum IL 1$\beta$ was higher in hens fed ZnAA than the basal diet at 3 h post-injection (p<0.01). LPS-challenged birds had lower serum zinc and higher zinc sequestered in liver and spleen (p<0.001). In saline-treated birds, there was no difference in zinc concentration of serum, liver and spleen among different dietary treatments (p>0.05). Supplementation of 60 mg/kg zinc from either ZnAA or $ZnSO_4$ significantly (p<0.05) elevated metallothionein (MT) concentration in liver and spleen. MT concentration in liver of birds fed ZnAA diet was higher than in those fed $ZnSO_4$ diet (p<0.05). The magnitude of increase of hepatic and splenic MT due to LPS challenge was higher by supplementation of ZnAA than $ZnSO_4$. The results suggest that zinc amino acid complex enhanceed MT synthesis and zinc sequestered in liver and spleen and increased the sensitivity to immune response due to LPS challenge.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1267-1274
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of zinc amino acid complex (ZnAA) on growth performance, hematological and biochemical parameters in weanling pigs. Methods: In Exp. 1, a total of 216 Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Large White weanling pigs were assigned randomly to 6 dietary treatments. Each treatment had 6 replicates (pens) with 6 pigs each. The diets were corn-soybean meal based with supplementation of 0, 20, 40, 80, 120 mg Zn/kg from ZnAA or 40 mg Zn/kg from feed-grade zinc sulfate. The experiment lasted 42 days. In Exp. 2, a total of 180 weanling pigs were assigned randomly to 3 dietary treatments supplemented with 0, 80, or 800 mg Zn/kg from ZnAA. Results: In Exp. 1, pigs fed 40 to 80 mg Zn/kg from ZnAA had higher (p<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) than the unsupplemented group during d 0 to 14. During d 0 to 42, the pigs fed 20 to 120 mg Zn/kg from ZnAA had increased (p<0.05) ADG. Pigs fed 20 to 120 mg/kg Zn from ZnAA had lower feed:gain (p<0.05), increased the activity of serum Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase on d 14, and increased serum Zn levels on d 42 (p<0.05). In Exp. 2, pigs fed diets with 800 mg Zn/kg had increased average daily feed intake during d 15 to 28 (p<0.05) compared to the unsupplemented group. During d 0 to 28, the pigs fed supplemental Zn had increased ADG (p<0.05). On d 14 and d 28, pigs fed supplemental Zn had higher the serum alkaline phosphatase activities (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the hematological parameters and organ indices. Conclusion: Supplementation with 20 to 80 mg/kg Zn from ZnAA improved the growth performance in weaned pigs. The piglets can tolerate up to 800 mg/kg Zn from ZnAA with limited potential health effects.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1477-1483
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• 2004

We present the tandem mass spectrometry applications carried out to elucidate the coordination structure of Zn(II) bound lysine ternary complexes, $(Zn+Lys+Lys-H)^+$, which is a good model system to represent a simple (metallo)enzyme-substrate complex (ES). In particular, experimental efforts were focused on revealing the involvement of a lysine side chain ${\varepsilon}$-amino group in the coordination of $Zn^{2+}$ divalent ions. MS/MS fragmentation pattern showed that all the oxygen species within a complex fell off in the form of $H_2O$ in contrast to those of other ternary complexes containing amino acids with simple side chains (4-coordinate geometries, Figure 1a), suggesting that the lysine complexes have different coordination structures from the others. The participation of a lysine basic side chain in the coordination of Zn(II) was experimentally evidenced in MS/MS for $N{\varepsilon}$-Acetyl-L-Lys Zn(II) complexes with acetyl protection groups as well as in MS/MS for the ternary complexes with one $NH_3$ loss, $(Zn+Lys+Lys-NH_3-H)^+$. Detailed structures were predicted using ab initio calculations on $(Zn+Lys+Lys-H)^+$ isomers with 4-, 5-, and 6-coordinate structures. A zwitterionic 4-coordinate complex (Figure 7d) and a 5-coordinate structure with distorted bipyramidal geometry (Figure 7b) are found to be most plausible in terms of energy stability and compatibility with the experimental observations, respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1809-1814
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• 2006

The L-Valinate anion coordinating zinc complex, [$Zn(val)_2(H-2O)$], was isolated and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The crystal possess orthorhombic symmetry with a space group $P2_12_12_1$, Z = 4, and a = 7.4279(2)$\AA$, b = 9.4342(2)$\AA$, c =20.5862(7)$\AA$ respectively. The compound features a penta-coordinate zinc ion in which the two valine anion molecules are directly coordinating the central zinc metal ion via their N (amine) and O (carboxylate) atoms, and an additional coordination to zinc is made by water molecule (solvent) to form a distorted square pyramidal structure. In addition, further synthesis of the valine capped ZnS:Mn nanocrystal from the reaction of [$Zn(val)_2(H-2O)$] precursor with $Na_2S$ and 1.95 weight % of $Mn^{2+}$ dopant is described. Obtained valine capped nanocrystal was water dispersible and was optically characterized by UV-vis and solution PL spectroscopy. The solution PL spectrum for the valine capped ZnS:Mn nanocrystal showed an excitation peak at 280 nm and a very narrow emission peak at 558 nm respectively. The measured and calculated PL efficiency of the nanocrystal in water was 15.8%. The obtained powders were characterized by XRD, HR-TEM, and EDXS analyses. The particle size of the nanocrystal was also measured via a TEM image. The measured average particle size was 3.3 nm.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1734-1740
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• 2001

Feeding trials using weanling pigs and broiler chicks were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different metal-amino acid chelates and complexes at various levels of copper and zinc on the performance and fecal excretions. A total of 200 weanling pigs (Large White ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc, $11.20{\pm}0.81kg$) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments following a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with 10 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments were designated as : A-diet containing 170 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$ and 120 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, B-diet containing 85 ppm Cu from Cu-amino acid chelate (CAC) and 60 ppm Zn from Zn-amino acid chelate (ZAC), C-diet containing 170 ppm Cu from CAC and 120 ppm Zn from ZAC, D-diet containing 85 ppm Cu from Cu-lysine complex (CL) and 60 ppm Zn from Zn-methionine complex (ZM), and E-diet containing 170 ppm Cu from CL and 120 ppm Zn from ZM. On the other trial, 144 of one day old broiler chicks were randomly distributed to 6 dietary treatments following a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated 3 times with 8 chicks per replicate. The dietary treatments were as follows: 1-diet with 60 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$ and 40 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, 2-diet with 120 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$ and 80 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, 3-diet with 60 ppm Cu from CAC and 40 ppm Zn from ZAC, 4-diet with 120 ppm Cu from CAC and 80 ppm Zn from ZAC, 5-diet with 60 ppm Cu from CL and 40 ppm Zn from ZM, and 6-diet with 120 ppm Cu from CL and 80 ppm Zn from ZM. In Exp. 1 with pigs, there was no difference on average daily gain and average daily feed intake observed among treatments. There was improvement (p<0.05) on the overall feed conversion ratio (FCR) of pigs fed diet containing 120 ppm Zn and 170 ppm Cu from metal-amino acid chelates relative to those fed diet containing inorganic sources of Cu and Zn but equally efficient as those fed diet containing metal-amino acid complexes. Pigs fed diet containing either metal-amino acid chelates or complexes as sources of Cu and Zn had higher (p<0.05) Cu and Zn concentration in serum and lower (p<0.05) in feces than those receiving diet with inorganic sources. In Exp. 2 with broiler chicks, the overall FCR was not different among treatments. Higher (p<0.05) Cu and Zn concentration in serum was obtained from birds fed diet with 60 ppm Cu and 40 ppm Zn from metal-amino acid chelates compared to those fed diet with inorganic sources of Cu and Zn. Also, the feces collected from birds fed diet with either metal-amino acid chelates or complexes contained generally lower Cu and Zn than those birds fed diet with inorganic sources. The higher the dietary level of Cu and Zn the higher the Cu and Zn concentration in the feces. Based on the results, both metal-amino acid chelates and complexes of Cu and Zn at low levels (Zn 60 ppm, Cu 85 ppm for weanling pigs and Zn 40 ppm, Cu 60 ppm for broiler chicks) are not different from that of high levels of inorganic sources in maintaining growth performance and serum concentration. The fecal excretions for Cu and Zn were greatly reduced when organic sources were used.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.498-505
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the optimal dose of novel iron amino acid complexes (Fe-Lys-Glu) by measuring laying performance, egg quality, egg iron (Fe) concentrations, and blood biochemical parameters in laying hens. Methods: A total of 1,260 18-week-old healthy Beijing White laying hens were randomly divided into 7 groups with 12 replicates of 15 birds each. After a 2-wk acclimation to the basal diet, hens were fed diets supplemented with 0 (negative control, the analyzed innate iron content was 75.06 mg/kg), 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu or 45 mg Fe/kg from FeSO₄ (positive control) for 24 wk. Results: Results showed that compared with the negative and positive control groups, dietary supplementation with 30 to 75 mg Fe/kg from Fe-Lys-Glu significantly (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) increased the laying rate (LR) and average daily egg weight (ADEW); hens administered 45 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu showed a remarkable (linear, p<0.05) decrease in feed conversion ratio. There were no significant differences among all groups in egg quality. The iron concentrations in egg yolk and serum were elevated by increasing Fe-Lys-Glu levels, and the highest iron content was found in 75 mg Fe/kg group. In addition, hens fed 45 mg Fe/kg from Fe-Lys-Glu had (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) higher yolk Fe contents than that with the same dosage of FeSO₄ supplementation. The red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin content (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) increased obviously in the groups fed with 30 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu in comparison with the control group. Fe-Lys-Glu supplementation also (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) enhanced the activity of copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) in serum, as a result, the serum malonaldehyde content (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) decreased in hens received 60 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu. Conclusion: Supplementation Fe-Lys-Glu in laying hens could substitute for FeSO₄ and the optimal additive levels of Fe-Lys-Glu are 45 mg Fe/kg in layers diets based on the quadratic regression analysis of LR, ADEW, RBC, and Cu/Zn-SOD.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.7-11
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• 1996

MR-387Al (ARPA-Val-Pro) and A2 (AHPA-Val-Hyp) were prepared as aminopeptidase N inhibitors through the synthesis of peptide MR-387A and B analogues which contained 3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenyl butanoic acid (ARPA) as a zinc-chelating moiety. They are competitive inhibitors of aminopeptidase N with inhibition constants(Ki) of 4.1 $\times 10^{-7}\;and 1.1 \times 10^{-6}$ M, respectively. MR-387Al also strongly inhibited aminopeptidase B of human myelogenous leukemia K-562 cell with $IC_50$ of 0.35 $\mu$ M. Inhibitions of aminopeptidase N activity by ARPA-bearing inhibitors of various peptide chain lengths also have been studied. $IC_ 50$ values of AHPA-Val (bestatin), ARPA-Val-Pro (MR-387Al) and ARPA-Val-Pro-Leu (MR-387C) compared against porcine kidney aminopeptidase N were 20.1, 0.60 and 0.08 $\mu$ M, respectively. These results support that a multiple interaction between the $S_1\to S'_3$ sites of aminopeptidase N and the $P_1\to P'_3$ of the inhibitor plays a crucial role in stabilizing strongly the enzyme-inhibitor complex.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.203-218
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• 1975

양송이 재배중(栽培中) 재배상(栽培床) 퇴비(堆肥)의 성분변화(成分變化)를 파악(把握)하기 위하여 양송이의 대규모(大規模) 생산(生産) 조건하(條件下)에서 퇴비입상후(堆肥入床後) 수확(收穫)이 끝나는 폐상시기(廢床時期)까지의 재배상퇴비(栽培床堆肥) 및 양송이 자실체(子實體)의 여러가지 성분(成分)을 분석(分析)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었으며 재배상(栽培床) 퇴비(堆肥)의 숙성기작(熟成機作)을 제시(提示)하였다. 1) 재배상(栽培床) 및 배양실(培養室)의 온도변화(溫度變化)와 양송이의 수량(收量)을 주기별(週期別)로 조사(調査)하였고 전체수량(全體收量)은 $15.6kg/m^2$이었다. 2) 입상직후(入床直後)의 퇴비(堆肥)는 pH8.2이었으나 복토시기(覆土時期)부터 pH 6.4로 떨어져 폐상시(廢床時)까지 유지(維持)되었다. 3) 재배상(栽培床) 퇴비(堆肥)의 일반성분(一般成分)을 고형물(固形物) 기준(基準)으로 볼 때 회분(灰分)은 증가(增加)하였으나 전실소(全實素), 에텔 추출물(抽出物), 조섬유(粗纖維)는 계속으로 감소하였으며 결국 유기물(有機物)의 감소하였으며 결국 유기물(有機物)의 감소를 초래하였다. 4) 재배상(栽培床) 퇴비(堆肥)의 전실소(全實素)는 계속적으로 감소하였으며 부용성(不溶性) 실소(室素)의 감소량(減少量)이 수용성(水溶性) 실소(實素)보다 더 컸고, C/N율(率)은 최초(最初) 21이던것이 16으로까지 점차적으로 감소하였다. 5) 재배상(栽培床) 퇴비(堆肥)의 탄수화물(炭水化物)중 ${\alpha}-cellulose$, pentosan, lignin은 각각 87%, 75%, 60%씩 소실되었으며 특히 ${\alpha}-cellulose$는 복토직후(覆土直後)에 크게 감소(減少)하였다. 6) 재배상(栽培床) 퇴비(堆肥)의 유리환원당(遊離還元糖)은 계속적으로 증가(增加)하였고, 유리(遊離)아미노산(酸)을 수확초기(收穫初期)까지 증가(增加)하다가 폐상시(廢床時)에는 다시 감소하였다. 입상시(入床時)의 퇴비(堆肥)에는 alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, serine이 검출(檢出)되었으나 양송이 재배(栽培)에 따라 glycine은 크게 감소하는 반면(反面) proline이 크게 증가(增加)하였다. 7) 재배상퇴비(栽培床堆肥)의 무기원소(無機元素) 중 P, Zn은 감소하는 경향이 있고, Cu은 증가(增加)하는 경향이있으며 K, Na은 큰 변화(變化)가 없었다. 8) 수확주기(收穫週期)가 다른 양송이의 일반성분(一般成分), 무기성분(無機成分), 유리환원당(遊離還元糖) 및 아미노산(酸)을 분석(分析) 비교(比較)한 결과(結果) 큰 차이가 없었으나 조지방(粗脂肪), 환원당(還元糖), Na함량(含量)은 초기수확(初期收穫)의 것에서, 아미노산(酸) P은 후기수확(後期收穫)의 것에서 약간 높았다. 양송이중의 유리(遊離)아미노산(酸)으로는 alanine, serine, threonine glutamic acid를 위시(爲始)하여 12종(種)이 검출(檢出)되었다. 9) 본실험(本實驗)으로 재배상(栽培床) 퇴비(堆肥)의 숙성(熟成) 과정은 중온균(中溫菌)에 의한 암모니아의 생성(生成)과 탄수물화(炭水物化)의 분해에 이어 고온균(高溫菌)에 의한 단백질합성(蛋白質合成), 균경형성(菌經形成) 그리고 다실소(多室素) lignin 부식복합기(腐植複合畿)를 형성(形成)하고 이들 성분(成分)이 잔류(殘留)하는 탄수화물(炭水化物)과 함께 양송이의 영양원(營養源)을 이루게 되는 숙성기작(熟成機作)을 뒷받침 할 수 있었다.