• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.235-258
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• 2022

We interpreted the evolutionary history of the southwestern part of the Pohang Basin, the largest Miocene basin in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula, based on the detailed geological mapping and analysis of the geological structures. The southwestern part of the Pohang Basin can be divided into the Bomun Domain in the west and Ocheon Domain in the east by an NNE-trending horst-in-graben. These two domains have different geometries and deformation histories. The Bomun Domain was rarely deformed after the incipient extension of the basin, whereas the Ocheon Domain is an area where continued and overlapped deformations occurred after the basin fill deposition. Therefore, the Bomun Domain provides critical information on the initial extension mode of the Pohang Basin. The subsidence of the Bomun Domain was led by the zigzag-shaped western border fault that consists of NNE-striking normal and NNW-striking dextral strike-slip fault segments. This border fault is connected to the Yeonil Tectonic Line (YTL), a regional dextral principal displacement zone and the westernmost limit of Miocene crustal deformation in SE Korea. Therefore, it is interpreted that the Pohang Basin was initially extended in WNW-ESE direction as a transtensional fault-termination basin resulting from the movement of NNE-striking normal and/or oblique-slip faults formed as right-stepover in the northern termination of the YTL activated since approximately 17-16.5 Ma. As a result, an NNE-trending asymmetric graben or half-graben exhibiting an westward deepening of basin depth was formed in the Bomun Domain. Afterward, crustal extension and deformation were migrated to the east, including the Ocheon Domain.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.129-135
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• 1973

The accumulation of peroxides, acid values, and carbonyl values during irradiation and post-irradiation storage of the ricebran oil has been studied. The rice bran oils were irradiated two doses of 2 and 7 megarads (300 rads/sec) at $23^{\circ}C$ atmospheric circumstance. The acid values, peroxide values and carbonyl values were measured at regular intervals of one week during the storage at $5^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. 1) During the storage, the acid values of the irradiated rice bran oils increased or decreased insignificantly regardless of the addition of antioxidants and storage temperature. 2) The peroxide values were not increased continuously but increased zigzag. The result was indicated that the composition and decomposition of peroxides occurred continuously throughout the storage. 3) As the peroxide values increased, carbonyl values decreased and changed quite differently, but, especially in 7th week, they were constant or insignificant. 4) Dibutylhydroxytoluene is more effective than caffeic acid in retarding the formation of peroxides during irradiation of rice bran oils and post-irradiation storage. The effect of antioxidant is more efficient at 2 megarads than at 7 megarads irradiation. When we store the rice bran oil, the addition of antioxidants of post-irradiation is more desirable than that of preirradiation. 5) In spite of changing conditions such as storage temperature and addition of antioxidants, the peroxide values of rice bran oils irradiated at 2 megarads were always greater than those at 7 megarads during the storage. Peroxide values of samples at high temperature $(25^{\circ}C)$ storage increased as twice as those of low temperature $(5^{\circ}C)$ storage samples. At low temperature, peroxide values in the first week increased twice during the period of 8th weeks storage, but those did from three to four times at higher temperature in the same period Therefore, the low temperature storage is recommandable too.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.65-74
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• 1992

The tegumental ultrastructure of juvenile and adult Echinostoma cinetorchis (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Three-day (juvenile) and 16-day (adult) worms were harvested from rats (Sprague-Dawley) experimentally fed the metacercariae from the laboratory-infected fresh water snail, Hippeutis cantori. The worms were fifed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde, processed routinely, and observed by an ISI Korea DS-130 scanning electron microscope. The 3-day old juvenile worms were elongated and ventrally curved, with their ventral sucker near the anterior two-fifths of the body. The head crown was bearing 37∼38 collar spines arranged in a zigzag pattern. The lips of the oral and ventral suckers had 8 and 5 type II sensory papillae respectively, and bewteen the spines, a few type III papillae were observed. Tongue or spade-shape spines were distributed anteriorly to the ventral sucker, whereas peg-like spines were distributed posteriorly and became sparse toward the posterior body. The spines of the dorsal surface were similar to those of the ventral surface. The 16-day old adults were leaf-like, and their oral and ventral suckers were located very closely. Aspinous head crown, oral and ventral suckers had type II and type III sensory papillae, and numerous type I papillae were distributed on the tegument anterior to the ventral sucker. Scale-like spines, with broad base and round tip, were distributed densely on the tegument anterior to the ventral sucker but they became sparse posteriorly. At the dorsal surface, spines were observed at times only at the anterior body. The results showed that the tegument of E. cinetorchis is similar to that of other echinostomes, but differs in the number and arrangement of collar spines, shape and distribution of tegumenal spines, and type and distribution of sensory papillae.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.35
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• pp.45-66
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• 1997

This thesis is a study on the kaftan styles iin Asia. The purpose of he study was to examine the origin o the kaftan concentrating on the history and cultural backgrounds of nomads in he Western Central and North Eastern Asia. Secondly for more thorough study and expla-nation on how these kaftans contributed to East-West trade along the silk road. wall paintings and miniature illuminations along Oasis roads persia and Saracen period were compared, Also real kaftans were compared and analyzed the characteristics of Western (Turkey palestine) Central(Kazakistan Uz-bekistan Tadzhistan Qyrgyztan Turkmenistan) and the North Eastern Asian(Mongol) area. Thirdly an attempt has been made to provide the North Eastern Asian(Mongol) area. Thirdly an attempt has been made to provide the style classifications according to their peculiarities of the various kaftans as well as how kaftan gave important influences on custumes of different religious sects. The kaftan is a long coat-like garment with front openings fastened with long sash having an extra long sleeves which were worn by middle and high class nomadics throughout the West Central and North Eastern Asia This type of kaftans were a basic clothing for nomadics since they were constantly moving fromone to another areas on their horse back riding. They also wore tight trousers with boots. Kaftans seem to be originated from nomads of Steppe around B.C. 800 On B. C 400 west asian areas such as Solokha Kul-oba Kulogan had pictures sculptues on vases showing kaftans of half coat type length with front opening tied with band. Also the materials used were the products of animals such as wool or felt with animal designs showing Scythian nomads. In the North Eastern Asia Hsiung-Nu were active in Kazakha North Altai and Mongol The Clothing and fabrics exfavated near Noin-ula Pazyrik showed many samples of kaftan with trousers with other interment be-longings with a corpse around B.C 300 to A. D 100 when trades along the silk roads were proven by many historians Kaftans excavated in this area wore red front opening silk materials which suggesting settling down of nomads. in he central Asia Dol-gull near Altai mountain area were mainly miners who later had many trades with Persia and Bizantine. After Dol-gull Bezeklik temple Samarkant Kizil cow Budda sculture wall paintings of Astana tomb showed typical kaftan of this re-gion. These were both hip covered length as well as long coat with narrow sleeves. Es-pecially they had different color band fron the main kaftan with grogeously and splendously designed silk. In perusia during A. D 1400 to 1600 minia-ture illumination showed kaftan as a high class symbol more than clothing purpose. They had best quality silk with extra long sleeves draping and had a layers of kaftans one on top of anther as a symbol of wealth These Kaftans with different colors and designs were even more beautiful with their effective combinations and contrast of colors. On the other hand the lower class common people and servants wore simple kaftan with the front part of the kaftan were slipped into the belt in order to be more active and con-venient to work, The real kaftans discovered at Topkapi Saray palace of Turkey from A. D 1300 to 1900 were also compared. These kaftans were very numerous in numbers as well as designs The materials and designs used were also vari-ous such as Chinese to Italian silk. The shaped and pattern itself were not much different from the previous nomad's Kaftans. The Palestian kaftans remained were from the beginning of 19th and 20th century. Since this area is hot and dry desert they used black and navy blue colors mostly in order to exclude the sun lights. The patterns used were similar to Nomads and Bedouin with cross stiches and patch work decorations. In the central Asia they had similar life style and natural environmental cnditions with Turkish tribe which resulted in similar kaftan styles as nomads. Mongols conserved basic patterns of kaftan since Cinggis Khan with deep folding in order to keep warm. At last the kaftans studided in this thesis were classified in to four such as half coat long coat jacket and vest style. A pattern used in the Central Asia were zigzag and ani-mal design whereas in the West Asia were floral plant arabesk and circle pattern. As I discussed previously kaftan styles of nomads in the Asia maintained its basic pat-tern throughout the history except slight changes in color gusset sleeve shapes. These slight changes were made according to the need to adapt the need of environmental natu-ral conditions, The reason for aboriginality of kaftan in Asia was its simplicity and con-venience Most interesting fact is that for all these years Mongols are still wearing kaftan in their life ensuring us that they art the preserves of old kaftan. Since this thesis dealt enormous Asian regions I had a limitation of not being able to cover the Far Esatern asian areas such as Korea China and Japan how these kaftans were influenced in their clothing history as well as Eastern and Western culture. This topic along with the studies on materials and designs of patterns of kaftan will be another research project in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.31-31
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• 2010

The growth of the high-quality GaN epilayers is of significant technological importance because of their commercializedoptoelectronic applications as high-brightness light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) in the visible and ultraviolet spectral range. The GaN-based heterostructural epilayers have the polar c-axis of the hexagonal structure perpendicular to the interfaces of the active layers. The Ga and N atoms in the c-GaN are alternatively stacked along the polar [0001] crystallographic direction, which leads to spontaneous polarization. In addition, in the InGaN/GaN MQWs, the stress applied along the same axis contributes topiezoelectric polarization, and thus the total polarization is determined as the sum of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations. The total polarization in the c-GaN heterolayers, which can generate internal fields and spatial separation of the electron and hole wave functions and consequently a decrease of efficiency and peak shift. One of the possible solutions to eliminate these undesirable effects is to grow GaN-based epilayers in nonpolar orientations. The polarization effects in the GaN are eliminated by growing the films along the nonpolar [$11\bar{2}0$] ($\alpha$-GaN) or [$1\bar{1}00$] (m-GaN) orientation. Although the use of the nonpolar epilayers in wurtzite structure clearly removes the polarization matters, however, it induces another problem related to the formation of a high density of planar defects. The large lattice mismatch between sapphiresubstrates and GaN layers leads to a high density of defects (dislocations and stacking faults). The dominant defects observed in the GaN epilayers with wurtzite structure are one-dimensional (1D) dislocations and two-dimensional (2D) stacking faults. In particular, the 1D threading dislocations in the c-GaN are generated from the film/substrate interface due to their large lattice and thermal coefficient mismatch. However, because the c-GaN epilayers were grown along the normal direction to the basal slip planes, the generation of basal stacking faults (BSFs) is localized on the c-plane and the generated BSFs did not propagate into the surface during the growth. Thus, the primary defects in the c-GaN epilayers are 1D threading dislocations. Occasionally, the particular planar defects such as prismatic stacking faults (PSFs) and inversion domain boundaries are observed. However, since the basal slip planes in the $\alpha$-GaN are parallel to the growth direction unlike c-GaN, the BSFs with lower formation energy can be easily formed along the growth direction, where the BSFs propagate straightly into the surface. Consequently, the lattice mismatch between film and substrate in $\alpha$-GaN epilayers is mainly relaxed through the formation of BSFs. These 2D planar defects are placed along only one direction in the cross-sectional view. Thus, the nonpolar $\alpha$-GaN films have different atomic arrangements along the two orthogonal directions ($[0001]_{GaN}$ and $[\bar{1}100]_{GaN}$ axes) on the $\alpha$-plane, which are expected to induce anisotropic biaxial strain. In this study, the anisotropic strain relaxation behaviors in the nonpolar $\alpha$-GaN epilayers grown on ($1\bar{1}02$) r-plane sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVO) were investigated, and the formation mechanism of the abnormal zigzag shape PSFs was discussed using high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.147-159
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• 1998

A survey of the internal parasites in 115 fishes of Ophicephalus argus was carried out in Kyungpook province during the period from January 1995 to November 1997. A species of trematode from the stomach and a species of nematode from the caeca of the fishes was discovered respectively. The trematode was identified as Azygia hwangtsinyi (Tsin, 1993) and the nematode as Pingus sinensis ($Hs\ddot{u}$, 1993). The fluke was pressed at thick of 0.1mm~0.2mm between slide glasses and fixed in 70% ethyl alcohol solution. The fluke was washed with tap water after fixation and stained with hematoxylin-carmin and mounted in balsam through routine methods. The nematode was fixed in 5% formalin solution and mounted with lactophnol or glycerine jelly. Morphology : Arygia hwantsinyi ; The fluke is elongate body with approximately parallel margins and rounded extremities in pressed preparations(Fig 1). The cuticle is unarmed. The oral sucker is ventro-subterminal in position. The ventral sucker is slightly smaller than oral sucker and positioned at 14.2% of body length from the oral sucker. The cirrus sac and genital pore is in mid-ventral line, slightly anterior to the ventral sucker. The oral sucker is succeeded by a well developed muscular pharynx. It is succeeded by a short inverted Y-shaped oesophagus. The inner wall of oesophagus is consisted of many fine folded membrane. The fine tubes of esophagus pass into the intestinal heads which are distended and presented a marked borderline between the fine tube and intestinal heads. The Intestinal heads start at level of pharynx and pass caudad in a zigzag course to end quite near caudal margin. The uterine coils occupy the intercecal area between the level of the cephalic margin of the ovary and about the level of the ventral sucker. The uterus is filled with many eggs. The testes are round or oval and placed one behind the other generally a little diagonally. The posterior testis is placed at level of 75.1% of body length. The ovary is oval, placed ahead the anterior testis. The shell gland not discernible outline is contacted with ovary ahead it. The vitelline glands are consisted of small oval vesicles. The vesicles occupy extracecal regions and between a little posterior of the ventral sucker and near caudal margin. Pingus sinensis : Female ; The cuticle is smooth and the cervical alae are well developed. The mouth opening is small, triangular, and without lips. The anterior end bears four sub-medial papillae. The oesophagus is divided into a muscular and glandular portion. The nerve ring is situated just at the junction of the muscular and glandular portions of the oesophagus. The vulva which has a prominent flap, is placed behind the middle of the body about one-third of the length of the worm from the posterior extremity. The vagina is strongly muscularised and after running anteriorly about $68{\mu}$, divides itself into two broad uterine tubes with an anterior and a posterior one. There are a few eggs in the uterine tubes. The tail is slender, straight and pointed. The ovary extends almost to the posterior extremity. Male : Male is smaller than female. The tail is pointed, curved and carrying well-developed caudal alae. A prominent muscular precloacal sucker is characteristic. The spicules are equal and short. There are four pairs of pedunculated pre-anal papillae, of which the most anterior pair are situated just at the level anterior to the muscular sucker. Two pairs of pedunculated papillae are present before the anus. There are five pairs of post-anal papillae of which the most anterior pair and the second counted from the posterior end are ventral and more marked than the ones which are situated laterally.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.93-107
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• 2019

The purpose of this paper is to explore the application of Chinese traditional garden space construction principle studied by predecessors in modern park landscape, and to find more methods of traditional garden space construction inheritance and innovation through research. Tian Chaoyang's book "Fifteen Lectures on Chinese Classical Gardens and Modern Translation" mentions that Chinese traditional gardens are combining time and space, so he draws a brief pattern diagram containing the principle of the space construction. According to this principle of space construction, the researchers chose Qujiang Pool Heritage Park, which combines modern and traditional, then analyzed its spatial structure and and space elements. The results are as follows. The complex spatial structure of the park is composed of spatial boundary lines and spatial routes. The complex boundary space is composed of bridges, squares, plants, rows of buildings and other elements. The water space in the center of the park is designed in accordance with the traces of the historical water system, and its natural zigzag shoreline expands the water space. The central water space is divided into the big pool and the small pool, the Yanbo island and Bird island are created respectively. The building at the park boundary connects the park's interior and exterior. Most of the buildings in the park are located in the convex corner of the route or space. Through this research, it can be concluded that Qujiang park also applies the space construction principle combining time and space. And then, the garden elements of Qujiang park are recreating the history and culture of Qin, Han, Sui and Tang dynasties with modern methods, thus creating a park with Chinese regional characteristics. Since the Tang dynasty was the most prosperous period in Qujiang, the park was dominated by Tang culture. Through the research of this paper, we can see that the space construction principle of Qujiang Pool Heritage Park is the inheritance of the space construction principle of Chinese traditional garden. And the landscape element of Qujiang park is the landscape created by combining traditional history and culture, which is the innovative part of modern garden. Through this study, the creation of modern landscape with Chinese characteristics can provide some hints on the direction of inheritance and innovation.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.6-15
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• 2009

In this paper, a new 4-way search window is designed for the high-performance 2D PE architecture in H.264 Motion Estimation(ME) to improve the memory bandwidth. While existing 2D PE architectures reuse the overlapped data of adjacent search windows scanned in 1 or 3-way, the new window utilizes the overlapped data of adjacent search windows as well as adjacent multiple scanning (window) paths to enhance the reusage of retrieved search window data. In order to scan adjacent windows and multiple paths instead of single raster and zigzag scanning of adjacent windows, bidirectional row and column window scanning results in the 4-way(up. down, left, right) search window. The proposed 4-way search window could improve the reuse of overlapped window data to reduce the redundancy access factor by 3.1, though the 1/3-way search window redundantly requires $7.7{\sim}11$ times of data retrieval. Thus, the new 4-way search window scheme enhances the memory bandwidth by $70{\sim}58%$ compared with 1/3-way search window. The 2D PE architecture in H.264 ME for 4-way search window consists of $16{\times}16$ pe array. computing the absolute difference between current and reference frames, and $5{\times}16$ reusage array, storing the overlapped data of adjacent search windows and multiple scanning paths. The reference data could be loaded upward and downward into the new 2D PE depending on scanning direction, and the reusage array is combined with the pe array rotating left as well as right to utilize the overlapped data of adjacent multiple scan paths. In experiments, the new implementation of 4-way search window on Magnachip 0.18um could deal with the HD($1280{\times}720$) video of 1 reference frame, $48{\times}48$ search area and $16{\times}16$ macroblock by 30fps at 149.25MHz.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.65-78
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• 2021

Jagyeokru, an automatic striking water clock described in the Sejong Sillok (Veritable Records of King Sejong) is essentially composed of a water quantity control device and a time-signal device, with the former controlling the amount or the flow rate of water and the latter automatically informing the time based on the former. What connects these two parts is a signal generating device or a power transmission device called the 'Jujeon' system, which includes a copper rod on the float and ball-racked scheduled plates. The copper products excavated under Gongpyeong-dong in Seoul include a lot of broken plate pieces and cylinder-like devices. If some plate pieces are put together, a large square plate with circular holes located in a zigzag can be completed, and at the upper right of it is carved 'the first scheduled plate (一箭).' Cylinder-like devices generally 3.8 cm in diameter are able to release a ball, and have a ginkgo leaf-like screen fixed on the inner axis and a bird-shaped hook of which the leg fixes another axis and the beak attaches to the leaf side. The lateral view of this cylinder-like device appears like a trapezoid and mounts an iron ball. The function of releasing a ball agrees with the description of Borugak Pavilion, where Jagyeokru was installed, written by Kim Don (1385 ~ 1440). The other accounts of Borugak Pavilion's and Heumgyeonggak Pavilion's water clocks describe these copper plates and ball releasing devices as the 'Jujeon' system. According to the description of Borugak Pavilion, a square wooden column has copper plates on the left and right sides the same height as the column, and the left copper plate has 12 drilled holes to keep the time of a 12 double-hours. Meanwhile, the right plate has 25 holes which represent seasonal night 5-hours (Kyeong) and their 5-subhours (Jeom), not 12 hours. There are 11 scheduled plates for seasonal night 5-hours made with copper, which are made to be attached or detached as the season. In accordance with Nujutongui (manual for the operation of the yardstick for the clepsydra), the first scheduled plate for the night is used from the winter solstice (冬至) to 2 days after Daehan (大寒), and from 4 days before Soseol (小雪) to a day before the winter solstice. Besides the first scheduled plate, we confirm discovering a third scheduled plate and a sixth scheduled plate among the excavated copper materials based on the spacing between holes. On the other hand, the width of the scheduled plate is different for these artifacts, measured as 144 mm compared to the description of the Borugak Pavilion, which is recorded as 51 mm. From this perspective, they may be the scheduled plates for the Heumgyeonggak Ongru made in 1438 (or 1554) or for the new Fortress Pavilion installed in Changdeokgung palace completed in 1536 (the 31^st year of the reign of King Jungjong) in the early Joseon dynasty. This study presents the concept of the scheduled plates described in the literature, including their new operating mechanism. In addition, a detailed model of 11 scheduled plates is designed from the records and on the excavated relics. It is expected that this study will aid in efforts to restore and reconstruct the automatic water clocks of the early Joseon dynasty.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.171-193
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• 2019

This study aims to identify the geometry and internal structures of the Yeongdeok Fault, a branch fault of the Yangsan Fault, by detailed mapping and to characterize its kinematics by analyzing the attitudes of sedimentary rocks adjacent to the fault, slip data on the fault surfaces, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of the fault gouges. The Yeongdeok Fault, which shows a total extension of 40 km on the digital elevation map, cuts the Triassic Yeongdeok Granite and the Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic rocks with about 8.1 km of dextral strike-slip offset. The NNW- or N-S-striking Yeongdeok Fault runs as a single fault north of Hwacheon-ri, Yeongdeok-eup, but south of Hwacheon-ri it branches into two faults. The western one of these two faults shows a zigzag-shaped extension consisting of a series of NNE- to NE- and NNW-striking segments, while the eastern one is extended south-southeastward and then merged with the Yangsan Fault in Gangu-myeon, Yeongdeok-gun. The Yeongdeok Fault dips eastward with an angle of > $65^{\circ}$ at most outcrops and shows its fault cores and damage zones of 2~15 m and of up to 180 m wide, respectively. The fault cores derived from several different wall rocks, such as granites and sedimentary and volcanic rocks, show different deformation patterns. The fault cores derived from granites consist mainly of fault breccias with gouge zones less than 10 cm thick, in which shear deformation is concentrated. While the fault cores derived from sedimentary rocks consist of gouges and breccia zones, which anastomose and link up each other with greater widths than those derived from granites. The attitudes of sedimentary rocks adjacent to the fault become tilted at a high angle similar to that of the fault. The fault slip data and AMS of the fault gouges indicate two main events of the Yeongdeok Fault, (1) sinistral strike-slip under NW-SE compression and then (2) dextral strike-slip under NE-SW compression, and shows the overwhelming deformation feature recorded by the later dextral strike-slip. Comparing the deformation history and features of the Yeongdeok Fault in the study area with those of the Yangsan Fault of previous studies, it is interpreted that the two faults experienced the same sinistral and dextral strike-slip movements under the late Cretaceous NW-SE compression and the Paleogene NE-SW compression, respectively, despite the slight difference in strike of the two faults.