• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.176-179
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to investigate reductive dechlorination of aromatic hydrocarbons using zero valent metals (ZVMs) and catalysts as reactive materials for permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). A group of small aromatic hydrocarbons such as monochlorophenols, phenol, benzene were readily reduced with palladium catalyst and zero valent iron. Poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also tested with the catalysts and zero valent metal combinations. The aromatic rings were reduced and partly reduced PAHs were found as the daughter compounds. Current preliminary study implicate that ZVMs and modified catalysts can be successfully applied for PRBs which currently applicable for halogenated organic compounds and some inorganic contaminants including chromium(Ⅵ) and nitrate.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 1999년도 정기총회 및 춘계 공동 학술발표회
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• pp.62-63
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• 1999

Reduction 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by zero valent iron was studied in a batch reactor under anoxic conditions. Results showed that the removal of TNT was a pseudo-first order and the rate was dependent on the available metal surface area. Final product, presumably triaminotoluene, accumulated in the solution as well as on the metal surface. However, little amounts of aminodinitrotoluenes were detected. Therefore, it is postulated that the reduction of nitro group occurs simultaneously in all three position.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.139-147
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• 2007

For environmental remediation of a contaminated groundwater plume, the use of zero-valent metal represents one of the latest innovative technologies. In this study, the effects of denitrification by zero-valent iron adsorbed in mesoporous silicas have been studied for groundwater contaminant degradation. The mesoporous silica was functionalized with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) ligands and the zero-valent iron precipitated in the mesopore of granular silica was made by $FeCl_2$ and $NaBH_4$. Hydrogen was exchanged with $Fe^{2+}$ ions in the granular silicas. And then the ions were reduced by sodium borohydride in the mesoporous silicas. The surface area of the silica determined via the BET method ranged from 858 to $1275m^2/g$. The reductive reaction of nitrate-nitrogen indicated that the degradation of nitrate-nitrogen appeared to be pseudo first-order with the observed reaction rate constant kobs ($0.1619h^{-1}$) and to be directly proportional to the specific surface area. Therefore, the mesoporous silica with nano zero-valent iron proposed as a novel treatment strategy for contaminated groundwater was successfully implemented herein for the removal of nitrate-nitrogen.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.283-288
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• 2020

This study investigated the purification process of groundwater contaminated with zinc and arsenic using a permeable reactive barrier with a zero-valent iron/pumice mixture. We determined the removal rates of the contaminants for 30 days. In this study, column reactor filled with the zero-valent iron/pumice reactive mixture was used. Experimental results showed that the mixture exhibited an almost complete removal of the zinc and arsenic ions. Arsenic was removed via co-precipitation and adsorption processes while zinc ions were asorbed in active sites.The purification process of water from the metal ionscontinued for 30 days with constant hydraulic conductivity because of the enhanced porosity of the pumice and interparticle distance between the zero-valent iron and pumice. Contaminants removal rates and the remediation mechanism for each reactive system are described in this paper.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2002년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.187-190
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• 2002

Reductive dechlorination of endosulfans was studied with zero valent metals (ZVMs) and bimetals in aqueous batch reactors. The effect of surfactants was evaluated. Endosulfan was successfully dechlorinated with zero valent iron. However, a bimetal, palladium coated iron (Pd/Fe) showed a highly enhanced reactivity for both endosulfan I and II indicating palladium act as a dechlorination catalyst on the iron. The effect of surfactants on degradation with ZVM has been very controvertible. Variable concentration of a nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100 and an anionic surfactant, SDS were added into the reactor with ZVM. The reaction rates of endosulfan were increased with both surfactants. In the case of Triton X-100, the reaction rate was increased with the increasing surfactant concentration up to 400 mg/L. Addition of small amount of surfactant under the CMC, the reaction rate was increased. However, the enhancing effect was diminished when a higher concentration of surfactant (1,000 mg/L) was used. Current study implicate that the surfactant adsorbed on the metal surface might increase the surface concentration of endosulfan resulting in the increased reaction rate. However, partitioning of endosulfan into the micelle formed at the high concentration of surfactant diminish the enhancing effect by reducing the contact chance between target compound and the metal surface.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2010

본 연구는 고농도의 PCE 및 1,1,1-TCA가 단독 또는 혼합물로 오염된 지하수 복원을 위해 영가 금속을 이용한 탈염소환원공정을 적용할 때 기술적으로, 경제적으로 가장 적절한 영가금속 선정을 목표로 수행되었다. 고순도 영가철, 고순도 영가아연, 철광석, 고로 슬래그, 차수재용슬래그, 망간 광석 및 아연 광석 등을 대상으로 회분식 반응조 실험을 수행하였으며, PCE, 1,1,1-TCA 및 혼합물의 분해능 및 탈염소화율을 도출하고, 금속 단가 당 변환량을 포함한 경제성 등을 검토하여 최적의 금속광물을 선정하고자 하였다. 연구결과 단일물질 처리시 고순도 영가철과 고순도 영가아연에 의한 제거율 및 분해능이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 그 다음으로 아연광석에 의한 분해능이 양호하였다. 두 물질 제거를 위한 경제성 비교에서는 고순도 영가철과 고순도 영가아연에 비해 아연광석이 매우 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 두 물질의 혼합처리 시에는 단일 처리에 비해 분해능이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로부터 단일 또는 혼합 1,1,1-TCA, PCE 처리를 위한 분해능, 처리특성 및 경제성 등을 고려하였을 때 아연광석이 가장 적절한 금속광물로 사료된다.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.97-108
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• 1999

금속 철(Fe$^{0}$ )에 의한 TNT의 환원실험을 회분식 반응조를 사용하여 환원 상태에서 연구하였다. 실험 결과, 환원에 의한 TNT의 농도감소는 유사 1차 반응으로 나타났고 반응상수는 반응조에 첨가한 철의 표면적에 선형적으로 비례하였으며, 교반 속도 60 rpm에서의 반응상수는 0.0981$min^{-1}$m$^{-2}$ L로 측정되었다. Triaminotoluene로 추정되는 최종산물이 용액내에 축적되었다. 철 표면에 흡착된 물질을 용출하기 위하여 acetonitrile혹은 물(인산염 완충액, pH=7.0)로 추출을 시도하였으나 용출되는 물질은 극히 미량이었다. 또한, 용액 내에서 생물학적 분해에서의 주요 중간산물인 aminodinitrotoluenes은 검출되지 않았다. 그러므로, 철에 의한 TNT의 환원시 니트로기의 환원이 순차적으로 발생하여 아미노기를 형성하지 않고, 3개의 니트로기에 대하여 동시에 발생하는 것으로 사료된다. 이에 TNT의 환원 모델을 제시하였다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 침출수 차수재에 Zero Valent Iron (ZVI)를 포함 시켰을 경우, ZVI 함량과 pH에 따른 TCE, 6가 크롬, 질산성질소의 제거능의 변화를 살피고, 반응이 끝난 후 철과 벤토나이트 표면의 철 산화물을 라만 분광기를 통해서 알아보고자 하였다. ZVI의 함량을 중량비로 벤토나이트의 0, 3, 6, 10, 13, 16, 20, 30, 100 w/w% 로 맞춘 9가지의 샘플을 pH7의 완충 용액을 사용했을 경우와 완충 용액을 사용하지 않을 경우 두 가지로 나누어서 실험하였다. Kinetic test 결과, pH7의 완충 용액을 사용하였을 때가 사용하였지 않았을 때보다 TCE의 경우 330시간에서 300시간으로, 6가 크롬의 경우 20시간에서 4시간으로, 질산성질소는 140시간에서 5시간으로 제거 속도가 빨라졌다. 모든 오염물질의 경우 ZVI 함량이 증가할수록 제거 효율이 높아졌으며, pH 7의 완충 용액을 사용하였을 경우 제거 효율도 더 높아지는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 반응 후 철과 벤토나이트의 표면을 라만 분광기를 이용하여 분석한 결과 여러 가지 철산화물이 확인되었다. 이러한 철산화물은 좋은 흡착제의 역할을 할 수 있으며, 이 중 magnetite는 장기간 동안 오염물질의 제거 성능을 유지시켜 줄 수 있다.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.37-55
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• 2012

Here we show that perchlorate reduction during pitting corrosion of zero-valent titanium (ZVT) is likely caused by dissolved titanium species, especially Ti(II). Several possible mechanisms were suggested based on the literature and were evaluated based on experimental observations. Direct reduction of perchlorate on the bare metal of the ZVT electrode was thermodynamically infeasible due to the high anodic potential that was applied. Other potential mechanisms were considered such as reduction by small ZVT metal particles released from the electrode and direct reduction on the oxide layer of the electrode where potential was sufficiently reduced by a high ohmic potential drop. However, these mechanisms were not supported by experimental results. The most likely mechanism for perchlorate reduction was that during pitting corrosion, in which ZVT is partially oxidized to form dissolved ions such as Ti(II), which diffuse from the electrode surface and react with perchlorate in solution. This mechanism is supported by measurements of the dissolution valence and the molar ratio of ZVT consumed to perchlorate reduced (${\Delta}Ti(0)/{\Delta}ClO_4{^-}$). The results shown in this study demonstrate that ZVT undergoing pitting corrosion has the capability to chemically reduce perchlorate by producing dissolved Ti(II) and therefore, it has the potential to be applied in treatment systems. On the other hand, the results of this research imply that the application of ZVT undergoing pitting corrosion in treatment systems may not be feasible now due to several factors, including material and electricity costs and possible chloride oxidation.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.187-203
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• 2011

Chlorophenols (CPs) are widely used industrial chemicals that have been identified as being toxic to both humans and the environment. Zero valent iron (ZVI) and iron based bimetallic systems have the potential to efficiently dechlorinate CPs. This paper reviews the research conducted in this area over the past decade, with emphasis on the processes and mechanisms for the removal of CPs, as well as the characterization and role of the iron oxides formed on the ZVI surface. The removal of dissolved CPs in iron-water systems occurs via dechlorination, sorption and co-precipitation. Although ZVI has been commonly used for the dechlorination of CPs, its long term reactivity is limited due to surface passivation over time. However, iron based bimetallic systems are an effective alternative for overcoming this limitation. Bimetallic systems prepared by physically mixing ZVI and the catalyst or through reductive deposition of a catalyst onto ZVI have been shown to display superior performance over unmodified ZVI. Nonetheless, the efficiency and rate of hydrodechlorination of CPs by bimetals depend on the type of metal combinations used, properties of the metals and characteristics of the target CP. The presence and formation of various iron oxides can affect the reactivities of ZVI and bimetals. Oxides, such as green rust and magnetite, facilitate the dechlorination of CPs by ZVI and bimetals, while oxide films, such as hematite, maghemite, lepidocrocite and goethite, passivate the iron surface and hinder the dechlorination reaction. Key environmental parameters, such as solution pH, presence of dissolved oxygen and dissolved co-contaminants, exert significant impacts on the rate and extent of CP dechlorination by ZVI and bimetals.