• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.145-152
• /
• 1988

The potential natural vegetation of Naejangsan national park area, southwestern Korea, was inferred from the actual vegetation. With the phytosociological classification, ordinatins and field surveys, the actual vegetation map of the area was made in scale 1:25, 000, including ten communities of Pinus densiflora, quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus laxiflora, Daphnipyllum macropodum, Carpinus tschonoskii, Quercus aliena-Carpinus tschonoskii, Cornus controversa-Lindera erythrocarpa, Torreya mucifera-Zelkova serrate and Acer mono-Zelkova serrata community. The analyses of species richness, age structure and various informations on vegetation changes suggest the three pathways of late stage succession from P. densiflora forest to climatic climax. The first of them is through Q. variabilis forest to Q. monogolica forest in the upper parts of the mountain, the second through Q. variabilis and Q. serrata forest to C. laxiflora forest in the middle parts and the third through Q. aliena forest to C. tschonoskii forest in lower parts. Considering the actual vegetation and informations on the vegetation changes including human activities, the potential natural vegetation of the mountain mainly composed of Q. monogolica, C. laxiflora, C. tschonoskii, P. densiflora and Z. serrata forest as climatic climax and/or edaphic climax was inferred. The present situration of nature conservation in the area was estimated by the examination on the actual vegetation and potential natural vegetation map.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.151-160
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted by using a Nikon Coolpix S800c camera equipped with a NIR filter to measure the NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). It was used for the measurement of the three trees of Pinus densiflora, Taxus cuspidata, Zelkova serrata and Acer palmatum in Kangwon National University. The NDVI value of the surface of the building was compared and analyzed. The average value of NDVI in August and September was high in all species. The NDVI distribution of Taxus cuspidata was higher than the other trees. The NDVI distribution of Pinus densiflora and Taxus cuspidata did not show any significant seasonal differences, but The NDVI distribution of Zelkova serrata and Acer palmatum were relatively low in May and June, which are leafless periods. Previous studies related to NDVI value were generally analyzed using satellite imagery. However, it was scarce related to study the NDVI value of each tree or study the changing process of NDVI by time series. Previous studies have used NDVI values on the ground but this study used NDVI values in the ground section. Future studies will be necessary to measure the NDVI value at different times for various species and also to make efforts to generalize the measurement method. In addition, research related to various fields such as the relationship between NDVI and carbon stocks and the relationship with LAI needs to be conducted.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.81-88
• /
• 2014

In this study, one of the measures for the promotion of the growth of trees planted in poor drainage areas, which functionality pipe supplying oxygen in the soil, and promotes drainage, barren soil and poor drainage areas in planting design was to provide the basic data to compare the impact on the application of functionality pipe. The Zelkova serrata testing materials were selected, planted a total of 12 by three to four individual experiments were conducted. Growth measurements of the items Plot A > Plot C > Plot D > Plot B were excellent in the order of height, number of leaves, leaf width, and chlorophyll content, Plot A > Plot C > Plot D > Plot B was in good order of the growth of the length of the root-collar diameter, Plot C > Plot A > Plot B > Plot D in order rate of variation was good. This has adverse effects on plant growth, poor drainage planting base represents, promote drainage and oxygen supply technique can be applied good to the planting from Zelkova serrata growth based drainage is poor and barren presented as part of research to be done in the future include a means for promoting the growth of plants in soil, the planting design.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.581-584
• /
• 2006

The tissue water relation parameters were compared to assess the resistance of representative three gardening tree species to water stress. Zelkova serrata showed a strong resistant characteristics to water stress compared to Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Liriodendron turipifera. Turgor pressure at turgor loss point in Z. serrata was -2.54 MPa, whereas those of 5. platyphylla var, japonica and L. turipifera were -2.24 and -2.03, respectively. In addition, Z. serrata showed less reduction in pressure potential to decrease of free water content in the leaf tissue, indicating effective shrinking of the cell wall compared to others. On the other hand, L. turipifera indicated a weak resistance to water stress, which has low turgor potential at turgor loss point and cell wall elasticity. These results suggest that Z. serrata would be suitable for relatively dry conditions of location and humid conditions of location would be suitable for L. dendronas plantation.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.237-241
• /
• 2018

A circular bark with a 30 cm width was artificially removed from the trunk of a 250-year-old zelkova tree (Zelkova serrata) heavily damaged by artificial girdling in Sunchang, Jeonbuk Province in March of 2005. The debarked area was cleaned approximately 10 days after artificial girdling and bark margins with 2 cm width above and below the girdled portion were cut off to promote wound callus formation. Nine pieces of fresh bark (width 8 cm, length 35 cm, thickness 0.5 cm) were then prepared from branches of neighbor zelkova trees broken by heavy snowfalls and pasted onto the girdled portion of the tree, after which a Vaseline dressing was applied to water-proof the area and rubber bars were used to hold the implants to the trunk. Two pieces of the implanted fresh barks were successfully grafted onto the girdled area and the damaged tree has been vigorously growing over 13 years. To our knowledge, this is the first case of successful bark implantation to cure a 250-year-old zelkova tree heavily damaged by artificial girdling. This bark implantation technique will be utilized for the conversation and management of heavily damaged big and old trees in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.77-84
• /
• 2012

This study suggested the planting model of Zelkova serrata communities in the areas with the warmth index of both 80~100 and $100{\sim}120^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$. Warmth index was calculated with 449 weather points using inverse distance weighted interpolation method. The planting species were selected by correlation analysis between Z. serrata and each species of four or more frequency among the 36 relev$\acute{e}$ surveyed for this study. The result of this study is summarized as follows : Warmth index of Z. serrata communities was among $74{\sim}118^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$. Results of the correlation analysis between Z. serrata and each species observed that the Z. serrata belongs to the tree layer with warmth index of 80~100 and $100{\sim}120^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$. On the other hand, the species of Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus serrata, Prunus sargentii and Platycarya strobilacea appeared only in the tree layer with warmth index of $80{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$. Z. serrata and Styrax japonica appeared in the subtree layer with the warmth index of 80~100 and $100{\sim}120^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$, while Acer pseudosieboldianum, Lindera erythrocarpa, Acer mono, Quercus serrata, etc. appeared in the subtree layer with the warmth index of $80{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$. Z. serrata, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Lindera obtusiloba, Callicarpa japonica and Zanthoxylum schinifolium all appeared in the shrub layer with the warmth index of 80~100 and $100{\sim}120^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$. Lindera erythrocarpa, Orixa japonica, Staphylea bumalda, Akebia quinata and Sorbus alnifolia appeared in the shrub layer with the warmth index of $80{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ and Styrax japonica and Stephanandra incisa appeared in the shrub layer with the warmth index of $100{\sim}120^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$, The numbers of each species planted in a $100m^2$ area of the Z. serrata community were suggested as follows : five in tree layer, five in subtree layer and nine in shrub layer. The average area of canopy are suggested to be about $86m^2$ for tree layer, $34m^2$ for subtree layer and $34m^2$ for shrub layer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.84 no.4
• /
• pp.424-431
• /
• 1995

This study was conducted to evaluate resistance and physiological responses of Zelkova serrata Makino seedlings to ozone in open-top chamber. One-year-old seedlings of Zelkova serrata were planted in pots in April and grown in greenhouse until August. The plants were transferred into two out-door open-top chambers with a dimension of 2.0 m in diameter and 2.0 m in height. First chamber served as a control and was supplied with ambient air. Ozone was added to the second chamber for 5 hours per day(10.00 AM-15.00 PM) for 23 consecutive days at 0.1 ppm. Each chamber housed 70 pots. Every two, three or five days after initiation of exposure, ten pots were randomly removed from the chamber and determined for the contents of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and ${\beta}$-carotene in the leaves. Photosynthesis and dark respiration were estimated by measuring $CO_2$ absorption in a gas exchange chamber and oxygen absorption by oxygen monitoring system, respectively. Superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity in the leaves was assayed by a xanthine oxidase method. First visible injury of translucent(water-soaked looking) spots appeared on the leaves 14 days after the initial exposure, and ozone accelerated senescence of old leaves. Contents of chlorophyll a and b decreased by 17%, and 31%, respectively, in ozone treatment two days after exposure. The decrease in chlorophyll b was greater than that of chlorophyll a. Content of ${\beta}$-carotene in ozone treatment decreased by 25% two days after initiation of exposure, but the reduction was recovered with time. Photosynthesis decreased by 45%, and the respiration increased by 28% in the ozone treatment. SOD activity started to increase 4 days after beginning of exposure and increased by 285% 7 days after exposure, and decreased to the level below the control treatment with the advancement of the visible injury.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.89 no.2
• /
• pp.198-207
• /
• 2000

The diurnal and seasonal changes of water potential and stomatal diffusive resistance were investigated with the effects of shade treatment to elucidate the water relations of the one year old seedlings of Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Zelkova serrata, Acer mono, and Prunus sargentii subjected to five levels of artificial shade treatments from full sun to nearly full shading of 2-6% relative light transmittance. Stomatal diffusive resistance measured in the four deciduous hardwood species studied changed variously by growing season and by species with the five shade treatments in the ranges of 1.7~25.1s/cm in 9 a.m., 2.3~33.3s/cm in 1 p.m., and 1.1~36.8s/cm in 5 p.m.. The measurements of stomatal diffusive resistance increased with increasing the shading, and were higher in September than in June or July in most of the species studied. The stomatal diffusive resistance measured in Zelkova serrata, Acer mono, and Prunus sargentii seemed to be approximately 3~4 times higher in nearly full shading treatment than in full sun. Water potential also changed variously by growing season and by species with five different shade treatments in the ranges of -0.17~-1.20MPa in 9 a. m., -0.30~-2.03MPa in 1 p. m., and -0.18~-1.34MPa in 5 p.m., respectively. On the reverse of stomatal diffusive resistance, the measurements of water potential were lower in September than in June or July in most of the species studied, and the seasonal differences were especially greater in Zelkova serrata comparing with the other species. The water potential seemed to be higher of approximately 2~3 times in nearly full shading treatment than in full sun in all of the species studied, but the differences among the shading treatments were less in water potential than in stomatal diffusive resistance. The differences of water potential following the gradient of five shading treatment seemed to be less in Betula platyphylla var. japonica than in the other species. In Acer mono and Prunus sargentii being some shade tolerant species, the water potential increased rapidly through about noontime with raising the shading level from full sun to the intermediate shading level of 22-28% relative light transmittance, but slowly with closing to full shading. In Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Zelkova serrata being shade intolerant species, the water potential increased gradually throughout the shading levels and the increment ranges were greater in Zelkova serrata than in Betula platyphylla var. japonica.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.577-584
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to verify the types of village forest in Gyeongsan City, North Gyeongsang Province, and a total of 32 village forests were investigated. The result indicated that village forests in Gyeongsan City can be classified as 8 village enterance forests(25.0%), 6 hillside forests(18.8%), 7 streamside forests(21.9%), and 11 village peripheral forests(34.4%). The major tree species in the village enterance forests are as follows: Zelkova serrata(34.3%), Ginkgo biloba(11.2%) and Robinia pseudoacacia(10.5%). The major tree species in hillside forests are: Pinus densiflora(56.8%), Quercus acutissima(26.4%) and Zelkova serrata(4.3%). The major tree species in the streamside forests are: Zelkova serrata(40.4%), Salix chaenomeloides var. chaenomeloides(27.1%) and Cornus wateri(5.5%). The major tree species in the village peripheral forests are: Zelkova serrata(21.7%), Quercus acutissima(10.8%) and Cornus walteri(8.9%). The habitat fragmentation due to transportation infrastructure, the function of habitats for village forests has deteriorated. In order to improve it, the management plan should be implemented and the seedlings of village forest trees should be carefully selected and propagated. Furthermore, the public should be educated about the importance of preserving and developing those village forests.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.42-55
• /
• 2021

This study investigated the memories of the natives and the migrants who had been living with the 760-year-old Zelkova serrata located in the Keangnam Apartment Complex in Dogok 1-dong. Place memory is a newly illuminated concept since the 1980s, and is also used as a new research methodology for studying and recording multi-layered memories left in a place based on feelings and traces of vivid memories. The urban development of Gangnam, which began in the 1970s, quickly changed rural to apartment complexes. The natives of Yeokmal were scattered throughout the country, and new migrants moved in. In the process, zelkova serrata was managed in different ways from time to time, and residents also establish relationship in different ways. Natives used to take a rest in the tree or swing at Dan-o, and recognized it as a place to receive the god during the village ritual. In other words, they shared the entire process of life and death and were given various roles depending on the lives of the residents. It is also a direct experience that was experienced in detail and a place where collective memories of residents are melted. On the other hand, with the construction of Keangnam Apartment, the management of zelkova tree has become stricter, making it impossible for migrants to access. Migrants have come to enjoy zelkova serrata visually, and the annual Yeokmal Traditional Festival makes common memories in the city. In addition, many people personified trees and received mental comfort. In addition, the nature of the old big tree was highlighted in the background of the city, and the symbol of "uniqueness and speciality" was newly formed, which led to the formation of pride and attachment. Through the memories of the two subjects' zelkova tree, we were able to examine the memories of the tree value, and management of protected tree in the city.