• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.503-512
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• 1999

The morphological variations and habitat environment of the Zostera asiatica Miki (Zosteraceae) were examined in the waters off the eastern coast of Korea and Akkeshi Bay of Japan. In this study, we report new habitat of Z. asiatica along the eastern coast of south Korea； Gonghunjin, Donghori, Youngdong and Chilpo. Z. asiatica is found at the depth of 8∼15 m in these areas. However, Z. asiatica grows at the depth of 3 m in Akkeshi Bay of Japan. The sediment of habitats in the eastern coast of Korea were principally composed of sand. The stems were 64.0∼75.7 cm long in mature plants with flowering shoots and the leaves were 11.0∼15.0 mm wide for Korean populations. Plants from Akkeshi Bay of Japan had stems of 187.0∼234.0 cm in length. The difference in size are considered to be due to the depth of habitats. In spite of the significant morphological difference between Korea and Japan population of Z. asiatica, there was no difference in ITS sequences.

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.111.2-111.2
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• 1999

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.501-507
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• 2000

Distribution and habitat characteristics of Zostera (Zosteraceae) in the eastern coast of Korea were examined along with plant monohology, sediment composition and physicochemical factors of seawater from June 1998 to July 2000, The results showed that three species, Zostera marina, Z. asiatica and Z, caespitosa were found in specific habitats. The depth of habitat for Z. asiatica was deeper ($8.5{\~}15.0 m$) than that of Z. marina ($1.3{\~}5.6 m$) and Z. caespitosa ($3.2{\~}5.2 m$). Z. marina beds were observed at brackish-water, port and inner bay with the sediment type of sand or muddy sand. Habitats of Z. asiatica were restricted to the open bay with the sediment type of sand, Zostera have been described with regard to different growth forms of vegetation, flowering shoot and life history. Vegetation and flowering shoot length varied significantly with habitats; values ranged $66.8{\~}110.0 cm$ and $128.0{\~}217,8 cm$, respectively. Morphology of Z. marina varied with water depth and different substrates. Morphological characteristics of Z. asiatica showed a new phenotype at the deeper water depth. Vegetation and flowering shoots of Z. caespitosa were not significantly different between study sites (values ranged from 64.9 cm to 70.3 cm). Nutrient concentrations of seawater were higher at southern part than at middle part of the eastern coast of Korea. Distribution of Zostera in the eastern coast of Korea was dependent upon differences in water depth and habitat environments, by which affected the morphological differences were affected.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.117-131
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• 2020

Although most species in genus Zostera inhabit shallow coastal areas and bays with weak wave energy, the Asian eelgrass, Zostera asiatica is distributed in deep water depth (8-15 m) unlike other seagrasses on the eastern coast of Korea. To examine factors limiting distribution Z. asiatica in relatively deep coastal areas, a transplantation experiment was conducted on October 2011, in which Z. asiatica shoots were transplanted from the reference site (donor meadow, ~9 m) to the shallow transplant site (~3 m). We compared shoot density, morphology, and productivity of Z. asiatica as well as environmental factors (underwater irradiance, water temperature, and nutrients) between the reference and transplant sites from October 2011 to September 2012. Shoot density and shoot height of transplants dramatically decreased within a few months after transplantation, but were similar with Z. asiatica in the reference site during spring. Shoot productivity were significantly higher in the transplant site than in reference site because of high light availability and nutrient concentrations. Transplants showed photoacclimatory responses such as higher rETR_max and E_k and lower photosynthetic efficiency in the transplant site than those in the reference site. Most of Z. asiatica transplant in the shallow transplant site disappeared in summer, which may be due to the high wave energy and physical damages induced by typhoons (TEMBIN and SANBA) in August and September 2012. According to the results of this study, Z. asiatica could not survive in shallow areas despite of more favorable light and nutrient conditions. Thus, Z. asiatica may restrictively occur in deep areas to avoid the intense physical stresses in the shallow area on the east coast of Korea.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.59-63
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• 1996

The antimicrobial activity of mugwort(artemisia asiatica Nakai) was investigated. The methanol extract or dried mugwort was fractionated to hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol, and aqueous fractions. The hexane fraction among these fractions showed the hifhest inhibitory effect on the growth of microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus plantarum. Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus were completely inhibited at a concentration of 250, 500 , and 750$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml respectively. The hexane fraction was further fractionated into 16 subfractions by silica gel column and thin layer chromatography(TLC). The subfraction No. 8, 9, and 10 on TLC exhibited high antimicrnial activity. At 3rd fractionation, subfraction No. 2 inhibited the growth of microorganisms at 500$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. Heptadecane, dodecamethyi cyclohexasiloxane, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, dodecamethul pentasiloxane, coumarin, 5,6,6,6a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-2(4H)-benzofuranone, neophytadiene, tridecanoic acid, methyl ester, 2-methyl-4,5-nonadiene, (Z,Z)-9-12-octadecadienoyl chloride, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) were identified from this antimicrobial fraction by GC-MS.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.406-407
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• 2000

한반도에 서식하는 해초(Seagrass) 중 거머리말속(Zostera, Zosteraceae)은 거머말(Zostera marina), 애기거머리말(Z. japonica), 왕거머리말(Z. asiatica), 수거머리(Z. caulescens), 포기거머리말(Z. caespitosa) 5종이 기재되었다 (Miki, 1932). 이 해들은 연안의 사질 또는 사니질에 서식하며 생태계에 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있다. 그러나 연안의 매립과 개발로 인해 이들 해초지의 감소와 연안생태계의 붕괴가 진행되고 있으나 해초에 대한, 특히 Zostera속에 대한 연구는 미진하다.(중략)

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2022

Objectives This paper investigates the origins, changes, and the constructive principles of Hyungbangjihwang-tang(荊防地黃湯). Methods Hyungbangjihwang-tang and other related prescriptions were analyzed in terms of their pathological indications, based on previous literature including 『Gogeumuigam(古今醫鑑)』, 『Sanghannon(傷寒論)』, 『Uihagjeongjeon(醫學正傳)』, 『Donguisusebowon·Sasangchobongwon(東醫壽世保元·四象草本卷)』, 『Donguisusebowon·Gabobon(東醫壽世保元·甲午本)』, 『Donguisusebowon·Sinchukbon(東醫壽世保元·辛丑本)』. Results and Conclusions The origins of Hyungbangjihwang-tang can be seen in three sections depending on the classification of medicinal herbs. Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq.(荊芥), Saposhnikovia divaricata Schischk.(防風), Notopterygium incisum Ting(羌活), Aralia cordata Thunb.(獨活), and Plantago asiatica L.(車前子) originated from Hyungbangpaedok-san(荊防敗毒散) included in 『Gogeumuigam』. Poria cocos Wolf.(茯苓) and Alisma canaliculatum(澤瀉) originated from Ohryoung-san(五苓散) included in 『Sanghannon』. Rehmannia glutinosa for hueichingensis(熟地黃) and Cornus officinalis S. et Z.(⼭茱萸) originated from Yukmijihwang-tang(六味地黃湯) included in 『Uihagjeongjeon』. Hyungbangpaedok-san was transformed into "Paedok-san" in 『Chobongwon(草本卷)』, Hyungbangpaedok-san in the 『Gabobon(甲午本)』 and 『Sinchukbon(辛丑本)』. Yukmijihwang-tang was mentioned as a Soyangin medicine in the 『Chobongwon』 and was later transformed into a Suhwagije-tang(水火旣濟湯) in 『Gabobon』. The meaning of Yukmijihwang-tang inherited in 『Sinchukbon』 as Dokhwaljihwang-tang and Hyungbangjihwang-tang. The medicinal herbs in Hyungbangjihwang-tang can be categorized in three sections by their functions, Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq., Saposhnikovia divaricata Schischk., Notopterygium incisum Ting, Aralia cordata Thunb., and Plantago asiatica L. scatter the Pyohan(表寒) and make the Pyoeum(表陰) drop. Poria cocos Wolf.(茯苓) and Alisma canaliculatum(澤瀉) make the Pyoeum(表陰) drop through Lee-su(利水). Rehmannia glutinosa for hueichingensis(熟地黃) and Cornus officinalis S. et Z.(⼭茱萸) tonify Shin-won(腎元). The each principles of medicinal herbs corresponds to the stage of the "Cold-related Diarrhea in Soyangin Spleen Cold-based Exterior Cold disease(少陽人 脾受寒表寒病 亡陰病 身寒腹痛亡陰證)".

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.85-102
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• 2021

Phytosociological characteristics on Quercus acutissima forests distribution in Daechong-dam basin survey has been carried out using Z.-M. School's methodology and numerical-classification analyses. A total of 43 phytosociological relevés were sampled. Syntaxa were described as Oplismenus undulatifolius-Quercus acutissima community(typicum subcommunity, Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica subcommunity, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica subcommunity), Quercus acutissima community and Quercus variabilis-Quercus acutissima community (typicum subcommunity, Castanea crenata subcommunity). The above three plant communities were classified with species composition reflecting local environmental characteristics of mountain topographies, inclination degrees, and rock exposure rates. Conclusively, those communities were recognized as secondary vegetation affected by high intensity and frequency of human impacts as they inhabited in southward hill lands and low lying grounds in mountains adjacent to human settlements and arable lands. Quercus acutissima community was classified as rural type syntax based on their inlandward distribution and species composition differences from urban forests. Afforest process and natural succession were discussed in relation with habitat environmental elements of Quercus acutissima forest in the survey area.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 2002

In vitro bioassays of aqueous extracts of 25 herbal species were performed by ovicidal activity against Strongvloides venuelensis. 500 mg of feces from Mongorian gerbil infected with S. venuelensis were placed into polyvinyl culture with extracts of herb and anthelmintic drugs in triplicates. Larval activity inside the polyvinyl bag was recorded microscopically at 12 hours, and every 24 hours thereafter for up to 72 hrs incubation. Eggs were not hatched within 72 hrs and degeneration was evident in the presence of extracts. The ovicidal activity characterized by the absence of L$_3$ in fecal cultures inside the polyvinyl bag. 1. Among 25 herbs, 12 herbs had ovicidal effects and caused degeneration of larvae in egg. S. angustifolia, I. helenium, A. korenum, P. tenuifolia, F. virridissima, A. asiatica, S. chinensis, A. tataricus, S. baicalensis, M. rimosa, S. glabra and Z. piperitum were the most ovicidal effect. However, P. thunbergiana, T. chinensis, C. flos, G. uralensis, C. obutusifolia, C. fortunei, A. koreana, P. grandiflorum, P. tenuifolia (Radix), P. mume and A. asphodelodes showed no ovicidal effects in vinyl bag culture. 2. Of 25 hrebs, 4 herbs had ovicidal and wormicidal effects, P. thunbergiana, C. flos, B. Striata and T. chinensis were characterized by degeneration of larvae.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2005

An important theme of this paper is to search for more genelalities of diversity and distribution pattern on the trampled plant communities in Daegu area. A total of 50 phytosociological releves were analyzed by the Zurich-Montpellier School's method and generalized habitat characteristics by using Euclidean coefficient and PCoA (Principal Coordinates Analysis). Five plant communities were classified and matched into largely two physiognomic types: grass-types such as Eragrostis ferruginea community, Eleusine indica community, Setaria viridis community, Digitaria ciliaris community, and forb-type of Plantage asiatica community only. These plant communities correspond to quite distinctive four habitat types, with both soil stability and moisture in microhabitat conditions: stable-moderate, unstable-moderate, stable-dry, and unstable-dry. Top-ten species showing the highest relative net contribution degree(r-NCD) were Digitaria ciliaris, Eleusine indica, Eragrostis ferruginea, Plantago asiatica, Echinochloa crus-galli, Trifolium repens, Polygonum aviculare, Setaria viridis, Setaria glauca and Artemisia princeps. The front three species showing more than 50% in percent r-NCD possess florescence after monsoon season. It is critically pointed out that the regional ecological differentiations i.e. the Daegu bioclimatic division, the $C_4$-plant dominant season(post-monsoon) of Korean peninsula, and species composition different from Japan's Plantaginetalia asiaticae, are the basis for deriving characteristics of the roadbed trampled plant communities of Daegu.