• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the physiological activities of stings of Gleditsia sinensis extracts. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring total phenolic contents (TPC), comet assay, and 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (RSA). Anti-diabetic activity was measured by inhibition activities on $\alpha$-glucosidase. Stings of Gleditsia sinensis extracts were prepared by extracting them with methanol and ethanol. The methanolic extracts showed the highest phenol content (1.12 g/100 g gallic acid equivalents). The $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity of methanol extracts were 17.9% higher, and that of ethanol extracts were 10.3% higher at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. These results indicate that stings of Gleditsia sinensis might be potential candidates as antioxidant and anti-diabetic agents.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.565-575
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• 2010

This study is mainly focused on micellar effect of cetylpyridinium chloride(CPyCl) solution including alkylbenzimidazole(R-BI) on dephosphorylation of diphenyl-4-nitrophenylphosphinate(DPNPIN) in carbonate buffer(pH 10.7). The reactions of DPNPIN with R-BI$^{\ominus}$ are strongly catalyzed by the micelles of CPyCl. Dephosphorylation of DPNPIN is accelerated by BI$^{\ominus}$ ion in $10^{-2}M$ carbonate buffer(pH 10.7) of $4{\times}10^{-3}M$ CPyCl solution up to 100 times as compared with the reaction in carbonate buffer by no BI solution of $4{\times}10^{-3}M$ CPyCl. The value of pseudo first order rate constant($k^m_{BI}$) of the reaction in CPyCl solution reached a maximum rate constant increasing micelle concentration. Such rate maxima are typical of micellar catalyzed bimolecular reactions. The reaction mediated by R-BI$^{\ominus}$ in micellar solutions are obviously slower than those by BI$^{\ominus}$, and the reaction rate were decreased with increase of lengths of alkyl groups. It seems due to steric effect of alkyl groups of R-BI$^{\ominus}$ in Stern layer of micellar solution. The surfactant reagent, cetylpyridinium chloride(CPyCl), strongly catalyzes the reaction of diphenyl-4-nitrophenylphosphinate(DPNPIN) with alkylbenzimidazole (R-BI) and its anion(R-BI$^{\ominus}$) in carbonate buffer(pH 10.7). For example, $4{\times}10^{-3}M$ CPyCl in $1{\times}10^{-4}M$ BI solution increase the rate constant ($k_{\Psi}=1.0{\times}10^{-2}sec^{-1}$) of the dephosphorylation by a factor ca.14, when compared with reaction ($k_{\Psi}=7.3{\times}10^{-4}sec^{-1}$) in $1{\times}10^{-4}M$ BI solution(without CPyCl). And no CPyCl solution, in $1{\times}10^{-4}M$ BI solution increase the rate constant ($k_{\Psi}=7.3{\times}10^{-4}sec^{-1}$) of the dephosphorylation by a factor ca.36, when compared with reaction ($k_{\Psi}=2.0{\times}10^{-5}sec^{-1}$) in water solution(without BI). This predicts that the reactivities of R-BI$^{\ominus}$ in the micellar pseudophase are much smaller than that of BI$^{\ominus}$. Due to the hydrophobicity and steric effect of alkyl group substituents, these groups would penetrate into the core of the micelle for stabilization by van der Waals interaction with long alkyl groups of CPyCl.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.790-796
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• 2005

Physiological activities of hot-water extract and various concentration ethanol extracts from Bokbunja (Rubus coreanum F. ) were examined. Total phenol content of extract showed higher content in hot-water extract (41.4 mg/g) than other extracts, Optimum condition of extraction for phenolic was $60\%$ ethanol extract (41.3 mg/g). The ABTS radical decolorilization and antioxidant protection factor were determined. Results shown inhibition rate on ABTS of $60\%$ ethanol extract $(99.8\%)$ and antioxidant protection factor of water extract (1.2 PF). Electron donation ability on DPPH was higher 60$\%$ ethanol extract than another percent ethanol extracts. Also hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of extracts was higher $60\%$ ethanol extracts $(0.03\times100\mu\;M)$ than another extracts because the value of TBARS was lower than another extracts. But hot-water extract had higher inhibitory activities on xanthine oxidase and pancreatin $\alpha$ -amylase than $60\%$ ethanol extract. ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitory activities were equaled to hot water exract and $60\%$ ethanol extract. Protocatecuic acid was the most abundant phenolic compounds as analyzed by HPLC. The results will be useful as natural antioxidants and functional foods for understanding the physiological activities of Bukbunja extracts.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.36
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• pp.393-416
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• 2014

Comics has three components: cuts, gap between cuts, speech balloons. Still, it is true that speech balloons are not commonly subject to the study for comics. A few preceding researches pinpoint exactly the morphological features and functions of speech balloons. In today when webtoon becomes generalized, these features and functions are continued as they are and are used in webtoon. We can catch that speech balloons are also affected since the environmental elements of web induce the change in the overall comics directing. There are two perspectives to sort out the features of speech balloons: first, the placement issue of speech balloons. The unlimited expansion of web space gives the environment for comicss to use the gap between cuts as wide as they can. It leads to turn out some of the ways to place the balloons, so we can sort them out general placement, exterior placement, the upper and lower placement, scroll-use type. Second, as the directing techniques for webtoon become digitalized by the morphological issue, speech balloon itself has been expanded its ways to express by various expression methods. Analyzing and classifying, recording the newly emerged conditions on the preceding study are worthy of trying and will become the cornerstone for the follow research.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.726-732
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• 2007

We fabricated UV absorption functional $10{\sim}50nm-TiO_{2-x}/quartz$ structures layer using ALD (atomic layer deposition) method. We deposited $10nm-TiO_{2-x}$ layer on quartz substrate using ALD, and film thickness was determined by an ellipsometer. The others specimen thickness was controlled by ALD time lineally. We characterized controlling phase UV and visible optical property using an X-ray difractometer, a UV-VIS-IR spectrometer and a digital camera. $ALD-TiO_{2-x}$ layers were non-stoichiometric $TiO_{2-x}$ form and amorphous phases comparing with bulk $TiO_2$. While the conventional bulk $TiO_2$ had band gap of $3.0{\sim}3.2eV$ resulting in absorption edges at 380 nm and 415 nm, $ALD-TiO_{2-x}$ layers showed absorption edges at 197 nm and 250 nm. Therefore, our nano-thick $ALD-TiO_{2-x}$ was able to absorb shorter UV region and showed excellent transmittance in visible region. Our result implies that our newly proposed nano-thick $TiO_{2-x}$ using ALD process may improve transmittance in visible rays and be able to absorb shorter UV light effectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2006

Contents of free sugars and sorbitol and their distributional profiles in Tsugaru, Fuji, Jonathan (Hong-Ok), and New Jonagold (Sin-Heung) apple cultivars were evaluated. Average total sugar contents of Tsugaru, Fuji, Jonathan, and New Jonagold were 9.62, 11.79, 11.20, and 10.28%, respectively. HPLC results showed sucrose, glucose, fructose, and sorbitol contents of apples ranged 0.72-3.26, 1.81-3.16, 5.08-6.96, and 0.22-0.96%, respectively. Ratios of individual sugar and sorbitol to sum of fructose, glucose, sucrose, and sorbitol (TS+S) were estimated for all apples. Fructose/TS+S and glucose/TS+S ratios did not differ significantly among cultivars, whereas sucrose/TS+S and sorbitol/TS+S ratios varied. Fructose/glucose ratios were 2.295, 2.244, 2.161, and 2.393 for Tsugaru, Fuji, Jonathan, and New Jonagold, respectively.

• Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.167-175
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• 2018

Sarcopenia, a common clinical syndrome in older adults, is defined as decreased muscle mass, strength, and physical performance. Since sarcopenia is associated with the incidence of functional decline, falls, and even mortality in older adults, researchers and health care providers have been keen to accumulate clinical evidence to advocate the screening and prevention of sarcopenia progression in older adults. The factors that may accelerate the loss of muscle mass and function include chronic diseases, inactivity, and deficiency in appropriate nutritional support. Among these, nutritional support is considered an initial step to delay the progression of muscle wasting and improve physical performance in community-dwelling older adults. However, a nationwide study suggested that most Korean older adults do not consume sufficient dietary protein to maintain their muscle mass. Furthermore, considering age-associated anabolic resistance to dietary protein, higher protein intake should be emphasized in older adults than in younger people. To develop a dietary protein recommendation for older adults in Korea, we reviewed the relevant literature, including interventional studies from Korea. From these, we recommend that older adults consume at least 1.2 g of protein per kg of body weight per day (g/kg/day) to delay the progression of muscle wasting. The amount we recommend (1.2 g/kg/day) is 31.4% higher than the previously suggested recommended daily allowance (i.e., 0.91 g/kg/day) for the general population of Korea. Also, evidence to date suggests that the combination of exercise and nutritional support may enhance the beneficial effects of protein intake in older adults in Korea. We found that the current studies are insufficient to build population-based guidelines for older adults, and we call for further researches in Korea.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.314-321
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• 2018

In order to quantify nonpoint source pollution, it was proposed to sample at regular intervals of 1 hour for the first 24 hours of storm runoff process by National Institute of Environmental Research for the mixed landuse watershed. However, high frequency sampling requires intensive laboratory analysis and labor costs. In order to investigate the effect of longer sampling interval on the load estimation compared to the 1 hour sampling method, analysis was conducted using monitoring data from rural subwatershed, urban subwatershed, and outlet of the Pungyeongjeongcheon watershed. Statistical analysis revealed that mean of load estimation was not significantly different up to 4 hour sampling frequency. However, 3 hour sampling interval was found to be appropriate for the BOD and TP when it is judged that 10% or less of the difference in loading amount between the 1 hour and other sampling interval is reasonable. The results of this study can be used to conduct an effective monitoring system.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.162-174
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• 2023

In order to prevent water pollution caused by organic matter, Total Organic Carbon(TOC) has been adopted indicator and monitored. TOC can be divided into Dissolved Organic Carbon(DOC) and Particulate Organic Carbon(POC). POC is largely precipitated and removed during stream flow, which making DOC environmentally significant. However, there are lack of studies to define spatio-temporal distributions of DOC in stream affected by various land use. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the past DOC concentration using other water quality indicators to evaluate status of watershed management. In this study, DOC was estimated by correlation and regression analysis using three different organic matter indicators monitored in mixed land-use watersheds. The results of correlation analysis showed that DOC has the highest correlation with TOC. Based on the results of the correlation analysis, the single- and multiple-regression models were developed using Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), and TOC. The results of the prediction accuracy for three different regression models showed that the single-regression model with TOC was better than those of the other multiple-regression models. The trend analysis using extended average concentration DOC data shows that DOC tends to decrease reflecting watershed management. This study could contribute to assessment and management of organic water pollution in mixed land-use watershed by suggesting methods for assessment of unmeasured DOC concentration.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.21-33
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• 2023

While the main purpose of irrigation reservoirs is to supply agricultural water, the needs of environmental flow and flood control has been expanded. The agricultural reservoirs have been operated in the form of carry-over system until now. Therefore, the supply of agricultural water is difficult when the storage rate is not sufficiently secured after large volume of irrigation. In addition, there are regulation of the upper storage rate for some large reservoirs during the flood season, but lower storage rate is not regulated. Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate the capacity of agricultural water and environmental flow supply by setting the management lower storage rate of reservoir. The changes in the supply of agricultural and environmental flow was simulated according to the three different regulating lower storage rate scenarios. As a result, it was judged effective in terms of water supply managing the lower storage rate up to 30% when the initial storage rate of farming period is above annual average for the Naju reservoir considering existing water management practice. If the lower storage rate would have been controlled above 30%, the supply of agricultural water might be increased and non-effective discharge amount would be decreased compared to other scenarios during dry period of 2016-2018.