• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제99권5호
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• pp.686-692
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• 2010

This study described the general pattern of genetic variation among ten teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) provenances in Myanmar and determined the most suitable seed sources for the plantation program in Bago Yoma region. Seeds of ten provenances were collected to cover the whole teak natural distribution in Myanmar and planted at four trial sites in Bago Yoma region in 1998. Seven years after planting, variation was assessed for growth, morphological characteristics and their correlation with geoclimatic factors. Statistical analysis using ANOVA revealed that there were significant differences in most of the traits measured among provenances, trial sites and provenance ${\times}$ site interaction at five percent level. A positive significant correlation (p<0.01) was found among most of the traits. The regression analyses between all traits and geoclimatic factors indicated the existence of ecoclinal variation in teak. Most of the traits were negatively correlated with the latitude while a positive significant correlation was found between longitude and C/B ratio, crown-diameter, average branch angle and leaf-remain. There was no significant correlation between the mean temperature and any other traits in this study. Furthermore, growth traits and crown diameter were positively correlated with the mean annual rainfall while negative correlation was found between the geographical distance and growth traits. Results indicate that the latitudinal pattern of teak genetic variations in growth performance was attributed to the limit of mean annual rainfall. Comparative assessment showed that local provenances were generally the best and could be use as suitable seed sources for the plantation program in the Bago Yoma region.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제96권5호
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• pp.602-608
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• 2007

Forest plantations become important strategy not merely for the financial aspect, but for carbon sequestration and ecosystem stability. Forest plantations increase the density of the forest biomass, which reduce the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Biomass density is also a useful variable for comparing structural and functional attributes of forest ecosystems across a wide range of environmental conditions. In this study, carbon sequestration of teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) in the individual tree and plantation levels estimation was carried out Site-specific allometric equation for the estimation of teak tree biomass was developed based on the direct measurement of fifteen (15) harvested trees in the Oak-twin Township of the Bago Yoma Region, Myanmar. A regression equation of the diameter at breast height (DBH) and the aboveground biomass (carbon content) was constructed to estimate the carbon storage level of plantations, which averaged 79 ton/ha. The average carbon accumulation in the soil (up to 30 cm in depth) was estimated 38.89 ton/ha, The highest mean annual increment (MAI) of total carbon was found in the 6-yr-old teak plantation (12.10 ton/ha/yr) whereas the lowest MAI was in the 26-yr-old teak plantation (4.31 ton/ha/yr).

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제96권5호
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• pp.572-579
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• 2007

Tree species diversity is an important aspect of forest ecosystem stability. Tree species inventories at defined sites and in minimum diameter classes give a reliable indicator of the diversity level as well as the structural stability level of a study site. This study was conducted to investigate the species composition and the stand structure of the natural forest, timber-harvested forest (logged-over forest) and degraded forest of the Oak-twin Township in the Bago Yoma Region of Myanmar. Natural forest showed the highest family and species richness in all the investigated forests. At the family level, Verbenaceae occupied the highest importance value index (IVI) in all the forest stands while teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) occupied the highest IVI at the species level. However, the small diameter classes of T. grandis and other commercial species were less than those of big diameter classes in all the investigated forests. This abnormal pattern of diameter distribution could be a problem for the sustainable production of commercial timber species in the near future.

• 기독교교육논총
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• 제75권
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• pp.33-56
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• 2023

연구 목적 : 유대교 경전 미쉬나 모에드(Moed)의 기원과 텍스트를 분석하고, 교육신학적인 측면에서 고찰하여, 기독교교육에 실제로 적용할 방안을 제시하는 것을 연구 목적으로 한다. 연구내용 및 방법 : 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 연구내용을 다음과 같이 설정하였다. 첫째, 미쉬나 모에드의 기원과 텍스트를 분석하기 위하여 미쉬나 모에드가 편집되기까지의 역사적 과정을 살펴보고, 미쉬나 모에드의 텍스트의 내용을 연구자의 관점에서 12개 마섹콧에 대해, 첫째, 안식일 및 절기에 관한 내용으로, 샤밧(안식일), 페사임(유월절), 요마(속죄절), 숙카(초막절), 로쉬 하샤나(신년), 메길라(두루마리), 절기를 지키기 위한 규정으로, 에루빈(제휴), 쉐칼림(세켈), 베이짜(달걀), 타아닛(금식), 모에드 카탄(소절기), 하기가(축제) 등으로 분류하여 살펴보았다. 둘째, 미쉬나 모에드를 교육신학적으로 분석하기 위해 현재 그리스도교에서 활용하고 있는 절기에 대한 교회력을 교회력의 기원, 교회력의 내용, 교회력의 성서일과 등으로 나누어 분석하였다. 셋째, 미쉬나 모에드를 기독교교육에 적용하기 위한 교육모형으로, 절기교육의 목표, 절기교육의 내용, 절기교육의 방법으로 나누어 제시하였다. 결론 및 제언 : 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 그리스도교 공동체 안에서 성서의 가르침에 기초를 두는 절기 교육이 이루어져야 한다. 둘째, 그리스도교 절기의 역사적 과정을 올바로 이해하고 실천하는 삶을 살도록 인도하는 교육이 필요하다. 셋째, 그리스도교 성서 일과에 따라 다양한 교회교육 프로그램을 개발하여 활용해야 한다. 넷째, 그리스도교 절기가 상징하는 수많은 상징들을 만들어 교육해야 한다. 다섯째, 예수 그리스도의 고난과 수난을 당하는 절기를 제외한 나머지 절기들을 축제로 지켜져야 한다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.89-99
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• 2013

The problem of the sentence-based pronunciation evaluation task is defined in the context of subjective criteria. Three subjective criteria (that is, the minimum subjective word score, the mean subjective word score, and first impression) are proposed and modeled with the combination of word-based assessment. Then, the subjective criteria are approximated with objective sentence pronunciation scores obtained with the combination of word-based metrics. No a priori studies of common mistakes are required, and class-based language models are used to incorporate incorrect and correct pronunciations. Incorrect pronunciations are automatically incorporated by making use of a competitive lexicon and the phonetic rules of students' mother and target languages. This procedure is applicable to any second language learning context, and subjective-objective sentence score correlations greater than or equal to 0.5 can be achieved when the proposed sentence-based pronunciation criteria are approximated with combinations of word-based scores. Finally, the subjective-objective sentence score correlations reported here are very comparable with those published elsewhere resulting from methods that require a priori studies of pronunciation errors.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.395-405
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• 2010

A novel multiclassifier system (MCS) strategy is proposed and applied to a text-dependent speaker verification task. The presented scheme optimizes the linear combination of classifiers on an on-line basis. In contrast to ordinary MCS approaches, neither a priori distributions nor pre-tuned parameters are required. The idea is to improve the most accurate classifier by making use of the incremental information provided by the second classifier. The on-line multiclassifier optimization approach is applicable to any pattern recognition problem. The proposed method needs neither a priori distributions nor pre-estimated weights, and does not make use of any consideration about training/testing matching conditions. Results with Yoho database show that the presented approach can lead to reductions in equal error rate as high as 28%, when compared with the most accurate classifier, and 11% against a standard method for the optimization of linear combination of classifiers.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2016

Traditional acceptance sampling plans have focused on the proportion of nonconforming items as an attribute criterion for quality. In today's modern quality management under high quality production environments, the reduction of the deviation from a target value in a quality characteristic has become the most important purpose. In consequence, various inspection plans for the purpose of reducing the deviation from the target value in the quality characteristic have been investigated. In this case, a concept of the quality loss evaluated by the deviation from the target value has been accepted as the variable evaluation criterion of quality. Further, some quality measures based on the quality loss have been devised; e.g. the process loss and the process capability index. Then, as one of inspection plans based on the quality loss, the rigorous design procedure for the variable sampling plan having desired operating characteristics (VS-OC plan) indexed by the quality loss has been proposed by Yen and Chang in 2009. By the way, since the estimator of the quality loss obeys the non-central chi-square distribution, the rigorous design procedure for the VS-OC plan indexed by the quality loss is complicated. In particular, the rigorous design procedure for the VS-OC plan requires a large number of the repetitive and complicated numerical calculation about the non-central chi-square distribution. On the other hand, an approximate design procedure for the VS-OC plan has been proposed before the proposal of the above rigorous design procedure. The approximate design procedure for the VS-OC plan has been constructed by combining Patnaik approximation relating the non-central chi-square distribution to the central chi-square distribution and Wilson-Hilferty approximation relating the central chi-square distribution to the standard normal distribution. Then, the approximate design procedure has been devised as a convenient procedure without complicated and repetitive numerical calculations. In this study, through some comparisons between the rigorous and approximate design procedures, the applicability of the approximate design procedure has been confirmed.