• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.10-23
• /
• 2021

During the Japanese colonial period, the palaces of Joseon were damaged in many parts. Changgyeonggung Palace is the most demolished palace with the establishment of a zoo, botanical garden, and museum. During the Japanese colonial period, the palaces of Joseon were damaged in many parts. This study examined the construction process of Jangseogak(Yi Royal-Family Museum), located right next to the Jagyeongjeon site, which was considered the most important space in the Changgyeonggung residential area of royal family zone, through historical materials and field research. Built in 1911, Jangseogak is located at a location overlooking the entire Changgyeonggung Palace and overlooking the Gyeongseong Shrine of Namsan in the distance. Changes in the surrounding space during the construction of Jangseogak can be summarized as follows. First, in the early 1910s, the topography of the garden behind Jagyeongjeon and part of the Janggo were damaged to create the site of Jangseogak. The front yard was built in the front of Jangseogak, and a stone pillar was installed, and a staircase was installed to the south. In the process, the original stone system at the rear of Yanghwadang was destroyed, and it is presumed that Jeong Iljae and other buildings were demolished. Second, in the 1920s, many pavilions were demolished and the zoo and botanical gardens and museums were completed through leveling. After the Jangseogak was completed, the circulation of the Naejeon and surrounding areas was also changed. Cherry trees and peonies were planted in the flower garden around the front yard of Jangseogak and the stairs, and a Japanese-style garden was created between Yanghwadang and Jibbokheon. Third, in the 1930s, the circulation around Jangseogak was completed in its present form, and the museum, Jangseogak, Zoological and Botanical Gardens, and Changgyeonggung, which became a cherry tree garden, were transformed into a Japanese-style cultural park. After that, the surrounding space did not change much until it was demolished. The restoration of the present palace is a long-term, national project of the Cultural Heritage Administration. The results of this study will provide important data for the restoration plan of Changgyeonggung Palace in the future, and it is expected that it will provide additional information to related researchers in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.77-84
• /
• 2021

This paper attempted to examine the value of private house garden as a historical garden among local cultural heritages remaining in Chungcheong-do Province. To this end, the following conclusions were drawn through the framework of value analysis in which the contents of Ji Cheng's Yuanye of China, Tachibana Toshitsuna's Sakuteiki in Japan, and HISTORIC GARDENS THE FLORENCE CHARTER 1981 were applied to target sites. First, local cultural heritage belong to unregistered cultural heritage, and a total of 616 local cultural heritages in Chungcheong-do Province were identified, and Cheongju City possesses the largest number of local cultural heritages. Most of the local cultural heritages are distributed in ancient capital or adjacent to it, and five of the local heritages are related to historical garden. Second, the target sites were old houses constructed during the Joseon Dynasty with a long history, and although there were few changes in spatial division, the scale of some gardens and outer yard spaces was reduced due to urban planning, etc. Third, the target site is Sangjihapui(相地合宜) and Inchacheui(因借體宜) in location and space division, so the space is divided according to the surrounding terrain and the landscape is naturally drawn to construct a garden. Fourth, the garden of the target site has a structural value of a garden that is Jeongihapui(精而合宜) and Gyoideukche(巧而得體) as it is subtle and naturally constructed with the garden by grasping the surrounding terrain. Fifth, for the continuous preservation of historical garden, it is necessary to strengthen the already enacted local cultural heritage ordinance, and to establish a documentary project for each spatial component and a plan for climate change.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.10 no.3 s.27
• /
• pp.45-60
• /
• 2001

The Tongdo temple have been transformed continuously since its first establishment about 1300 years ago. Nevertheless three critical elements specified by 'Jajangyulsa', founder of the temple have not varied over the times but rather strengthened and strongly combined. All elements and doctrines of the religion coexist and form a harmony within the whole of the temple. This researcher examined what changes, or combinations, in spatial formation were sought for such unique structures of the Tongue temple by focusing mainly on the Sangrojun area of the temple to obtain the following findings. First. unlike a work by a Japanese researcher 'Sekino Tadashi', the east yard of the main building was found located on the section line which corresponded to the separation line of Yungkuncheokdo(營建尺度=measure running) from the edge of the Keumkangkyedan(金剛戒壇 =Buddhist platform) embankment to the corner column of the Kamrodang. This was confirmed as a result of the review of photos shown in [Chosun Kojukdobo]. Second, the number of stairs used for the Keumkangkyedan was thought to become three when the temple was firstly restored in 1379 as a result that this researcher reviewed Chinese literature 'DoSun' and [Kyedandokyung(戒壇圖經)], records by 'Lee saek' and 'Jung Shihan', studies of Yungkun measure and actual changes in the temple. Then the temple was forth restored in 1705 when the second of the stairs was changed in area and height and at the same time grounded hard for a space for a Buddhist service. Third, the roof of the main building was probably changed in shape during the Koryo period when the plane structure, furnish arrangement, emphasized front, stone lanterns of the building and political factors of that time were all considered. Fourth, the main building was Initially designed to provide a Buddhist sermon service which was assumedly followed by a similar service at a Keumkangkyedan. Thus the main building had a small window on the northern side which might be opened up to look out or otherwise go outside like a door. However, the window was probably locked up like a surrounding wall since the main building was entirely repaired after the end of Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.62-67
• /
• 2015

A very large shell-structure built in shipyards like ship hulls or offshore structures are joined by welding through full process. As the welding contains a high thermal cycle at a local area, the welded structures should be distorted unavoidably. Because a distorted ship block should be revised to the designed value before the next stage, the ability to predict and to control the weld distortion is an accuracy level of the yard itself. Despite the ship block size, several present thermal distortion methodologies can deal those sizes, but it is a different story to deal full ship size model. Even a fully constructed ship hull not remaining any welding can have an accuracy issue like outfitting installation problems. Any present thermal distortion methodology cannot accept this size for its recommended element size and the number. The ordinary welding breadth at erection stage is about 20~40 mm. It can hardly be a good choice to make finite element model of these sizes considering human effort and computational environment. The finite element model for structure analysis of a ship hull is prepared at front-end engineering design stage which is the first process of the project. The element size of the model is as fine as the longitudinal space, and it is not proper to obtain a weld distortion at the erection stage. In this study, a methodology is suggested that a weldment can be shrunk at original place instead of using structural finite element model. We cut the original shell elements at erection weld-line and put truss elements between the edges of cut elements for weld shrinkage. Additional truss elements are used to facsimile transverse weld shrinkage which cannot be from the weld-line truss element shrink. They attach to weld-line truss element like twigs from barks. The capacity of developed elements is verified through an accuracy check of erection process of a container vessel at the apt. hull. It can be a useful tool for verifying a centering accuracy after renew and for block-separating planning considering accuracy.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
• /
• 2004.11a
• /
• pp.111-116
• /
• 2004

This study is aimed to be used as basic data to plan Korean style cohousing for double-income families in the future by studying their lifestyle, housing needs and housing awareness on cohousing. The results of the study are as follows. 1) As for the life style of the subject families, it was a housewife that mainly does the household affairs despite of the status of double-income family. Also, as for the social activity, almost half of the respondents said that the spending in child-care facilities was not sufficient and wanted to send their children to ones within their neighborhood. 2) As far as housing awareness on cohousing concerned, among specific items, the child care area, the household affairs division area, and participatory awareness of residents in housing planning and management got higher scores, while as for awareness on utilizing common space, using the common hobby rooms, promenades and benches, exercise facilities, common yard, and study rooms got higher scores. When asked about the necessity for cohousing in Korea, they gave very positive answers, but the answer to their willingness to reside in it was less positive. 3) Summarizing the housing needs on cohousing, it turned out that more people wanted to reside in suburban area with others having common grounds with them as for a desirable residence environment. They wanted the neighborhood to be composed of 10${\sim}$29 families, and medium-density semi-detached house occupied by owners. They wanted a mixture of independent management and entrust management for managing common facilities, and common meal once a week. They wanted indoor exercise facilities to be more extended than other common facilities, and the house of $100m^{2}{\sim}130m^{2}$ with 3 bedrooms, 2 bath rooms, and a large living room and dining room.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.115-124
• /
• 2008

This study explores the beneficial methodology to increase cultural values of urban style Hanok, Korean traditional residence. Based on the literary geographical approach, this study defines the physical identities of special Bukchon Hanok area in Seoul. The explored physical identities are to provide basic fundamentals for supplying and maintaining new Hanok buildings, including how to preserve and restore the traditional Hanok areas. They are also to develop various Hanok related cultural products and to encourage Hanok popularization. In addition, this study is to add more the humane values and significances to the previous relevant researches. With these perspectives and through above mentioned methodology, the study draws the physical identities of Bukchon Hanok area and meanings as belows: The first one is the collective identity. Bukchon Hanok area is mainly composed of organic spaces with its collective scenary. Narrow alleys and curved lanes created by collective gaps between Hanok buildings, provide residents and visitors with abundant choices of moving path. The second one is the formal identity. Bukchon Hanok maintain their unique layout patterns. The basic units of Chae are combined in specific ways such as 'ㄱ', 'ㄷ', 'ㅁ' types and result typical formal expression of the area. The third one is grounding identity which represent the relationship between the earth and every-day living space. Each Chaes of house always surround Madang, Korean traditional court yard with rare vegetation. And the connection to the ground is transferred to the memories of its dwellers. Lastly, the current Hanok still preserve similar characteristics of past time Hanok such as materials, structure and styles by using unique building technics and exposing traditional ornamenting styles.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.100-112
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study is to construct the evaluation criteria based on the relative importance and various combination of each evaluation index and then to evaluate urban biotope in terms of conservation of species and habitat. After the standard of evaluation had been developed through the literature review, the relative importance of the evaluation index through expert survey was found out, and the evaluation model of biotope value has been established. The results of this study are as follows; 1) We have constructed the nineteen evaluation criteria through literature reviews, and have provided relative importance to each evaluation index of the diversity of typical species in biotope, afforestation rate, stratification, Hemeroby grads, and the diversity of landscape patterns based on the results of expert survey. and then we have constructed the evaluation system using the relative importance criteria. 2) To evluate urban biotope using the evaluation system constructed, we selected 14 sites. The final evaluation results of each site is as follows; The III grade areas are Seohan and Hwasung high-rise apartment at Beummul-Dong, Korea Men Power /Agency in Sungs 대 industrial zone, the adjacent area of St. Tongil, and Hyomyung elementary school. The II grade areas are the farm land behind the third Anshim Jugong apartment, and Ehyun park. The I grade areas are swampy land in front of Kangchon and Anshim construction site, water space with semi-natural style in front of Gangchon Woobang apartment, forest zone near page Temple at mt. Palgong, the edge area of Jisan and Gosan, and the tendril yard against Anshim middle school. The only grade IV area is the commercial zone near Taegu Department 3) It is highly useful to evaluate urban biotope using the evaluation criteria constructed for this research, the evaluation criteria we developed may be difficult to guarantee the ability for reproduction and recovery, the appearance-number of the rare and endangered species are difficult to estimate urban biotopes. In the future, it is highly useful to evaluate biotope in terms of conservation of species and habitat through its valuation criteria developed in this research and it is necessary to develop the evaluation criteria applicable to estimation of biotope inventory and reproduction of biotope.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.113-120
• /
• 2016

If there are containers stacked upon the container to be fetched out of a container yard to vessel, rehandling which moves those containers to other places temporarily is needed. In order to avoid such rehandling, remarshalling which rearranges containers should be done before the vessel arrives. The remarshalling plan is commonly generated within a bay. It happens, however, that the generation of the intra-bay remarshalling plan within the permitted time is not possible because of bad stacking conditions. This paper presents the remarshalling algorithm which uses the empty slots of the neighboring bay as a temporary storage space. Simulation experiments have shown that the presented algorithm can generate the remarshalling plan within the permitted time under any staking conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.21-28
• /
• 2022

Focusing on the creation of a new han ok, especially a mid-rise hybrid-structured Han-ok, this study proposes a middle-rise (four-story) Han-ok on one and two lots located in Seoun-dong, the existing Han-ok intensive housing site in downtown Cheongju. 1) In terms of layout and function, according to the existing L-shaped Han-ok corresponding to the road and the direction, the parking lots and shops on the 1st floor, the business facility on the 2nd floor, the Han-ok on the 3rd and 4th floors are placed. There are yards, open roof yards, and semi-open Daecheong(大廳, main hall), which can be shared by residents. 2) In terms of structure and form, one or two floors (some 3 floors) are 5.4m square and 5.4×6.6m modules of the RC(Reinforced Concrete) group, and the upper floor reflects the 2.7m module, size and shape of the existing Han-ok. By extending the outer wall of the RC group in the lower floors (1st to 3rd floors) to the wooden exterior of the upper floors (2nd to 4th floors), it is attempted to avoid the awkward appearance of the RC group being exposed to wooden structures. And it is also attempted to reflect the wooden shape and design elements through the elevation elements such as horizontal windows, corner windows, picture frames, and vertical slits. 3) In environmental control and facilities, it is attempted to smooth the ventilation of the building by forming a vertical upward airflow from the dark space of the low floor to the positive of the upper floor. This doubles the effect through a vertical rise of cold air generated in a narrow alleyway, piloti parking lot, and the various voids. In addition to the Daecheong and Numaru(loft) of Han ok, the rooftop yard, the terrace, and the balcony, horizontal natural ventilation is generated through divided doors and transom windows.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.86-93
• /
• 2009

This study analyzes the systematic visual images and factors in and outside of the main courtyard in Byungsan-seowon. The results are as follows; In terms of space distribution, Ip-kyo-dang is located at an elevation of 85m and the distance to Byung-san is 365m. Byung-san with the mean gradient over $50^{\circ}$ looked so stiff, and the east side of that cliff is higher than west. In terms of the angle of elevation relationship between Man-dae-ru and Byung-san draw 10.5 degree and it suits with human scale. The D/H ratio of 1:3 makes the given place very spacious but the linear stiff shape of Byung-san may cause the feeling of closeness. The results of the visual image analysis of the main yard facing Byung-san is very positive with a score of 1.70 in openness, 1.78 in wideness, 1.96 in beauty, 1.96 in harmony for the spacious arrangement which overall, makes the seowon beautiful with many open spaces. There are 4 main implicated factors analyzed which are uniqueness, aesthetic, openness and nature. Out of the total variables, these factors' descriptive ability is 55.90% and the remaining 44.10% is error and peculiarities variables. The factor which contributed most to Byungsan-seowon's main yard's visual preference was the 'aesthetic' with B-values of 0.661 and 0.455 in the nature category.