• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.191-205
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was undertaken to determine the effects of orthognathic surgery on speech. The hyposis stated herein is that functional behaviors of the dentofacial complex, such as speech production, may be adversely affected by deviations of a structural nature(especially, Class III malocclusion). Twenty adults with Class III malocclusion(13 female and 7 male) were studied preoperative, immediate postoperative and either 6 or 12 months postoperative lateral cephalograms. They had mandibular prognathism and had undergone mandible setback operation. The position of tongue, soft palate(Uvula), hyoid bone, respiratory track width, and pharyngeal depth were assessed on lateral cephalograms with 23 cephalometric variables, ANOVA, Paired t-tests and Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient tests were used to evalute the operative changes in all cephalometric parameters. A experienced speech and language pathologists performed narrow phonetic transcriptions of tape-recorded words and sentences produced by each of the ninth patients and the recording tapes were analyzed by phonetic computer program(Computerized Speech Lab(CSL) Model 4300BI(U.S.A.)) These judges also recorded their ratings of each patient's overall consonants, hypernasality, hyponasality, and articulation proficiency. The results obtained are as follows; 1. There were significant changes in distance of posterior pharyngeal wall to tongue (TI-TW2, TS-TW3) after the surgery at 6 months postoperatively(each p<0.01 p<0.05). 2. The posterior tongue point(TI, TS, PPT) moved posteriorly after surgery and remained to its changed position at 6 months postoperatively(p<0.05). The displacement of tongue was correlated with the movement of mandibular setback amount(p<0.05). The hyoid bone moved posteriorly superiorly after immediate postoperative period. There was significant changes in hyoid bone movement after immediated postoperative period(p<0.05), but returned to its original position during the follow-up period(p>0.05) 3. The soft palate was displaced posteriorly superiorly after immediated operative period and remained to its changed position at 6 months postoperatively(p<0.05). ANS-PNS-SPT angle increasing, PPU-PPPo distance narrowing was showed after surgery, and remained its appearance 6 months postoperatively(p<0.05). 4. There were significant changes in formant value and squre diagram of vowel sound after the orthognathic surgery and the follow-up period. There were significant changes in /ㅅ/sound and posterior tongue sound. 5. The posterior movement of tongue and the posteriosuperior movement of soft palate was correlated with mandibular setback amount after orthognathic surgery. On the vowel squre diagram, the author found that the place of articulation after operation moved downward, backward, upward. 6. In assessing speech abnormalities, dental occlusion should be considered as a contributing factor. The vast majority of subjects with preoperative misarticulations eliminated or reduced their errors following orthognathic surgery. There was significant difference in speech impovement between pre- and postoperation.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.311-319
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the vertical changes of the lip and perioral soft tissue, following orthognathic surgery in skeletal class III patients by a cephalometric analysis of a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: A total of 20 skeletal class III patients, who had bimaxillary surgery with Le Fort 1 osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy, were included in this study. The surgical plan for maxilla was posterosuperior impaction with the anterior nasal spine, as the rotation center. Further, the surgical plan for mandible was also posterosuperior movement. The soft tissue changes between lateral cephalogram and CBCT were compared. And the correlations between independent variables and dependent variables were evaluated. Results: There were no significant differences of the soft tissues changes between lateral cephalogram and CBCT. Upper lip philtrum length (SnLs), nasolabial angle increased and upper lip vermilion length (LsStms), lower lip length (StmiB'), lower lip vermilion length (StmiLi), lower lip philtrum length (LiB') and soft tissue lower facial height (SnMe') decreased after surgery. Change of SnLs (${\Delta}$SnLs) was influenced by vertical change of menton (${\Delta}$MeV), and change of LsStms (${\Delta}$LsStms) was influenced by upper lip thickness (ULT). Change of StmiLi' (${\Delta}$StmiLi') were influenced by preoperative overjet. Change of StmiB' (${\Delta}$StmiB') were influenced by preoperative overjet, vertical change of lower incisor (${\Delta}$L1V) and horizontal change of posterior nasal spine (${\Delta}$PNSH). Change of LiB' (${\Delta}$LiB') was influenced by ${\Delta}$L1V and ${\Delta}$PNSH. Change of SnMe' (${\Delta}$SnMe') was influenced by ${\Delta}$MeV, horizontal change of upper incisor (${\Delta}$U1H) and horizontal change of lower incisor (${\Delta}$L1H). ${\Delta}$Nasolabial angle was influenced by change of ULT (${\Delta}$ULT). Conclusion: Both soft tissues and hard tissues can be evaluated by CBCT. Posterosuperior rotation of maxillomandibular complex resulted in increase of upper lip philtrum length and nasolabial angle, while the upper lip vermilion length, lower lip philtrum length, lower lip vermilion length, and soft tissue lower facial height showed a decrease.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.620-635
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• 1992

This study identified correlations between perceived family support and hopelessness in patients admitted to Neuro - surgical Intensive Care Units. The purpose was to enhance theoretical understanding of the relationships of these two variables. The subjects of this study were 51 patients admitted to N-lCU, at three general hospitals in Seoul. Data were collected by researcher in structured interviews from Aug. 12 to Oct. 13, 1992. The research tools were parts of the Moos Family Environment Scale and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. The general characteristic data were analyzed for frequency and percentage ; the hypothesis was tested by the pearson product Moment Correlation Coefficient. After normality tests by using Kolmogorov - Sminorvtest, and T- test, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal -Wallis test were used on the Family Support and the Hopelessness about general charcteristics. The results of the above analysis were as follows 1) The average family support score for the group was 63.61 (tool average 51) and item average was 3.74 (tool item average 3) : the family support score of this sample was higher than average. The average family cohesion score of family support was 35.25 (tool average 27) and item average was 3.91 (tool item average 3). The average family expression score of family support was 28.35 (tool average 24) and item average was 3.57 (tool average 3). In this sample, perceived family expression was lower than family cohesion. 2) The average hopelessness score was 45.88 (tool average 60) and item average was 2.29 (tool item average 3) : the hopelessness score of this sample was low in comparison to the average. 3) The hypothesis in this study was supported. The main hypothesis that the higher the perceived family support level, the lower the level Of the hopelessness, was Supported (r＝-.3869 p＝.003). The sub-hypothesis that the higher the perceived family cohesion level, the lower the level of hopelessness, was supported(r＝-.3688 p＝.004). The sub-hypothesis that the higher the perceived family expression level, the lower the level of hopelessness, was supported (r＝-.3068 p＝.014). 4) General characteristics of the objects related to family support were ‘economic status’(p＝.025) and ‘helping person’(P＝.044) : the higher the economic status, the greater the family support. When the patient identified the helping person as a spouse, family support was rated more highly. The only general characteristic related to family cohesion was ‘helping person’(p＝.041). No general characteristics were related to family expression. 5) The one general characteristic related to hopelessness was ‘education’(p＝.002) : the higher their education, the lower their hopelessness. For these ICU patients, were related perceived family support and hopelessness, and family expression level was low in comparison to family cohesion level. The perceived family support of these seriously ill patients in situational crisis may have influenced the patient's emotional reaction of hopelessness. This study concluded that nurses in the ICU confirm the family support of the patient, and involve the family as the most intimate support systems in the care of the patient to help reduce the patient's hopelessness.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2005

Recently, we reported that high extracellular calcium increased receptor activator of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL) expression via p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p44/42 MAPK) activation in mouse osteoblasts. However, the mechanism for p44/42 MAPK activation by high extracellular calcium is unclear. In this study, we examined the role of intracellular calcium increase in high extracellular calcium-induced RANKL induction and p44/42 MAPK activation. Primary cultured mouse calvarial osteoblasts were used. RANKL expression was highly induced by 10 mM calcium treatment. Ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, also increased RANKL expression and activated p44/42 MAPK. U0126, an inhibitor of MEK1/2, an upstream activator of p44/42 MAPK, blocked the RANKL induction by both high extracellular calcium and ionomycin. High extracellular calcium increased the phosphorylation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), one of the known upstream regulators of p44/42 MAPK activation. Bisindolylmaleimide, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, did not block RANKL induction and p44/42 MAPK activation induced by high extracellular calcium. 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, an inhibitor of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor, blocked the RANKL induction by high extracellular calcium. It also partially suppressed the activation of Pyk2 and p44/42 MAPK. Cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of calcineurin, also inhibited high calcium-induced RANKL expression in dose dependent manner. However, cyclosporin A did not affect the activation of Pyk2 and p44/42 MAPK by high extracellular calcium treatment. These results suggest that 1) the increase in intracellular calcium via IP3-mediated calcium release is necessary for RANKL induction by high extracellular calcium treatment, 2) Pyk2 activation, but not protein kinase C, following the increase in intracellular calcium might be involved in p44/42 MAPK activation, and 3) calcineurin-NFAT activation by the increase in intracellular calcium is involved in RANKL induction by high extracellular calcium treatment.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.1 s.35
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• pp.113-129
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• 2005

The purposes of this study are: (1) to develop a family life education program and teaching-learning materials for building family strength, (2) to apply its program & teaching-learning materials to classrooms on the area of 'human development and family relationship' in Home Economics Education in senior high schools, (3) to provide self-directed teaching-learning materials for senior high schools' teachers and 11th-12th grade students. This study was performed according to the following procedure : (1) The area of family life education in the 7th Home Economics Education Curriculum was analyzed. (2) The students' abilities needed to acquire skills for family life were analyzed. (3) A framework for life-span family life education developed by NCFR and Adult Roles and Responsibilities Resource Guide in Utah, U.S. were reviewed and analyzed. Five units of the family life education such as 1)acquiring abilities for self management. 2)acquiring abilities for communicating, ?building family strength, acquiring abilities for crisis management, ?preparing the wise parent's roles was reconstructed. (4) In order to improve the effect of the family life education, the teaching-learning materials including lesson plans, work sheets, materials for teacher. hand outs, ppt materials. cartoons, pictures etc. were developed. (5) The developed teaching-learning materials were applied in the senior high school's classes and were revised. Additionally. a CD-rom title was made.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.185-200
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• 1998

It has been contributed to public health that the hospital has multiplied in the aspect of number and has been a large size with development of modern medical science, meanwhile the problem of hospital infection is coming out seriously. Respiratory hospital infection among hospital infections develops, very commonly from patients having taken the operation of intubation or tracheostomy, which results from a big factor that the infection developed from medical appliances used for respiration aids, contamination of solution and infection of medical staff. This study is separated into four steps-the time to use normal saline and distillation water for storaging catheter which are the cause of the infection of solution to store distillation water and catheter, not to say the catheter used when the patient who should get tracheostomy operation takes suction. The purpose of this study is to offer the basic data which are needed to check contamination degree as time goes by and nurse intervention and grope for a new nursing intervention. The target of this study is hospitalized 1D an intensive care unit having 700 sickbeds which is located in IKSAN city and it targeted patients before 7 days passed after an operaion of a tracheostormy. Materials collected were analyzed by SPSS PC+ figures program. The result of this study were as follows ; 1. The gradual contamination levels of the normal saline used In suction are showing that colony increase in proportion to the length of time. 2. while colony increases in normal saline with the lapse of time. distillation water mixed with 5cc of potadine did not show any sign of the formation of colony from its preparation until it was used for 8 hours. 3. Such variables as the period of intubation insertion. the length of hospitalization in I.C.U. the age and the level of contamination of normal saline have no inter-relationship. Therefore. as the length of normal saline used In suction. the contamination level increases with the excelleration of the contamination speed. 4. Regarding the number of suction and the contamination level of the normal saline. We can observe correlation contamination level in the 3 step of suction(mean value:13.4) and the saline which was used for one hours(r=0.702. P=0.00l). four hours(r=0.694. P=0.00l). eight hours(r=0.488. P=0.029). Further we can observe contamination in the 4 step of suction (mean value: 17 .8) well as saline used for eight hours; [for one hours (r=0.64l. P=0.002). four hours (r=0.670. P=0.00l). eight hours (r=0.57 4. P=0.008)]. Thesedays clinics use normal saline by changing it. three times a day. however. the timing of saline change and the current suction methoed should be changed given the one hour used normal saline contamination number 79.850. Regarding the number of suction and the contamination lend of the normal saline.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.287-294
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• 1995

Studies were carried out to elucidate the efficacy of exogeneous 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment on terminating pupal diapause in the fall webworm. Hyphantria cunea Drury. And the difference was also investigated between normal adult development and post-diapause development after 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment. In the diapause termination rate of pupae treated with 20-hydroxyecdysone after storage for various periods at 16L:8D and $25\pm$$1^{\circ}C$, at the highest rate was observed from the group stored for the longest period and the lowest rate from those stored for 1.5 months. The time needed for adult emergence was inversely proportional to the chilling (at $0\pm$$1^{\circ}C$) period, and the longer its exposure period at low temperature, the higher its sensitivity to 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment. Pupal diapause duration was almost the same, regardless of storage period in the total darkness or at the photoperiod of 16L:8D, and also they successfully emerged to adult even without any experience at low temperature. The oxygen consumption rate in normally developing pupae showed nearly a typical U-form. But, that of diapausing pupae treated with 20-hydroxyecdysone slowly increased and jumped 14 days after the treatment. Pupal diapause began before formation of adult tissues, an a timing of adult tissue formation coincided with ascending timing of the metabolic rate in both normally developing pupae and diapausing pupae treated with 20-hydroxyecdysone. The diapausing pupae treated with 20-hydroxyecdysone was similar to normally developing pupae in band patterns of proteins from haemolymph or fat body.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1991

An anatomic radiolucency called medial sigmoid depression can be observed on a number of panoramic and mandibular oblique lateral views in the ramus just below and anterior to the mandibular sigmoid notch. The radiolucency may be unilateral or bilateral. Seventy-eight mandibles of dry skulls were visually examined and radiographed by panoramic machine. The observable incidence, the location center, and the mean size of the medial sigmoid depression were studied. Additionally, the radiographic incidence of the depression was determined using 500 panoramic radiographs. Normal anatomic radiolucent areas in the jaws are encountered often in the radiographs taken for the usual dental practice purpose. Some of these radiolucencies can be misdiagnosed as pathologic entities. But in most cases, the size, location, and appearance of the radiolucent area, and the presence or absence of symptoms can lead one to the correct diagnosis before surgery is undertaken. And this can be secured if diagnosticians are aware of the common and varied appearances of the normal anatomic radiolucencies A depression in the ramus just below and slightly anterior to the most inferior aspect of mandibular sigmoid notch shows occasionally foramen-like or notch-like radiolucency on some panoramic and oblique lateral views. This radiolucency was named medial sigmoid depression by Langlais et a1. in 1983. Since there're no reports about this medial sigmoid depression after that, (The author retrieved the Mediline from 1983 to 1990: Cambridge scientific abstracts, (7200 Wisconsin Ave Bethesda MD 20814 U.S.A.) National Library of Medicine) the author studied the size and the location of the depression of the mandible specimens, and determined the relationship between the observable anatomic incidence and its reproducibility on the radiographs.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.199-205
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• 2003

The p53 protein was discovered in 1979 as cellular 53-kD nuclear phosphoprotein bound to the large transforming antigen of SV40 virus. $P21^{WAF1/CIP1}$, which has been described as the critical downstream mediator of p53, is known to suppress DNA replication and arrest the G1 cell cycle by quaternary complex with cyclin D, cyclin-dependent kinase(CDK) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA). In these days, some studies shows that the p21 can be induced by independent pathways. There are various reports about the expression of p21 (67%.82.4%) in oral squamous cell carcinoma. But these studies are mostly done in malignant tumor not in benign tumor. So we decided to study the expression of p21 in ameloblastoma and the relationship between p53 and p21 as a downstream mediator of p53 in ameloblastoma. We investigated the expression of p21 and p53 with the method of immunohistochemistry. We selected 30 cases of ameloblastoma tissue blocks (acanthomatous type: 5 cases, follicular type: 8 cases, plexiform type: 17 cases) imbedded in paraffin. We used 30 cases of normal gingival tissues and 30 cases of squamous cell carcinoma tissues (SCC) respectively and compared their results with those of ameloblastoma. We made slides with the streptavidin-biotin methods and used monoclonal antibody DO-7 (Novocastra, Newcastle, United Kingdom) as p53 antibody and monoclonal antibody M7202 (DAKO, California, U.S.A.) as p21 antibody. We used Pearson's correlation coefficient to analyse the relationship. The results were as follows: 1. p21 was expressed in ameloblastoma about 30% and this is lower than that of normal gingiva and SCC. 2. In normal gingiva and ameloblastoma, p21 expression was correlated with p53 expression. 3. In SCC, p21 were expressed about 83.3% and this is more than that of p53. But there was no correlation between p21 and p53 expression. We confirmed p21 expression and relation with p53 in ameloblastoma. But, to confirm the function of p21, more studies about p21 expression in malignant ameloblastoma and ameloblastic carcinoma are needed.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 2014

PURPOSE. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of the implant-abutment connection design and diameter on the screw joint stability. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Regular and wide-diameter implant systems with three different joint connection designs: an external butt joint, a one-stage internal cone, and a two-stage internal cone were divided into seven groups (n=5, in each group). The initial removal torque values of the abutment screw were measured with a digital torque gauge. The postload removal torque values were measured after 100,000 cycles of a 150 N and a 10 Hz cyclic load had been applied. Subsequently, the rates of the initial and postload removal torque losses were calculated to evaluate the effect of the joint connection design and diameter on the screw joint stability. Each group was compared using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test as post-hoc test (${\alpha}$=0.05). RESULTS. The postload removal torque value was high in the following order with regard to magnitude: two-stage internal cone, one-stage internal cone, and external butt joint systems. In the regular-diameter group, the external butt joint and one-stage internal cone systems showed lower postload removal torque loss rates than the two-stage internal cone system. In the wide-diameter group, the external butt joint system showed a lower loss rate than the one-stage internal cone and two-stage internal cone systems. In the two-stage internal cone system, the wide-diameter group showed a significantly lower loss rate than the regular-diameter group (P<.05). CONCLUSION. The results of this study showed that the external butt joint was more advantageous than the internal cone in terms of the postload removal torque loss. For the difference in the implant diameter, a wide diameter was more advantageous in terms of the torque loss rate.