• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.486-490
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• 2015

Two-demensional echocardiography is routinely used for evaluation of cardiac function. Visualization of the endocardial border is essential for the assessment of global and regional left ventricular with cardiac disease. SonoVue$^{TM}$ is a microbubble contrast agent that consists of sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubbles in a phospholipid shell. There were many studies about contrast echocardiographic examination using SonoVue$^{TM}$ contrast agent, and various doses of SonoVue$^{TM}$ were used. To our knowledge, in published veterinary medicine, there was not reported for diagnostic efficient dose of SonoVue$^{TM}$ to evaluate contrast enhanced left ventricular endocardial border delineation (LVEBD). The purpose of this study is to compare the visualization time of LVEBD and find efficient dose of SonoVue$^{TM}$ for using various doses in dogs. Ten healthy Beagles were recruited to the study. Three different doses (0.03 ml/kg, 0.05 ml/kg and 0.1 ml/kg) of SonoVue$^{TM}$ were injected. Endocardial segments were assigned based on previously established methodology, where by the four-chamber views of the LV were divided into 6 segments. In this study, Contrast enhancement of the LVEBD after each injection was evaluated visually at the time point of overall contrast enhancement (Segmental scoring 5+) in the LV by three investigators in a blind manner. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 14.0. All data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, the multiple comparison Scheffe test. When data for the three offsite readers were combined, mean durations of useful contrast were $3.54({\pm}2.14)$, $6.15({\pm}2.61)$, and $24.39({\pm}11.10)$ seconds for the 0.03 ml/kg, 0.05 ml/kg, and 0.1 ml/kg SonoVue$^{TM}$ doses, respectively. After injection of contrast agent, there were no significant change in side effects such as urticaria, angioedema, hypersensitivity reactions, and digestive system disorders. This study suggests that efficient dose of SonoVue$^{TM}$ contrast agent for improvement of the left ventricle visualization is 0.1 ml/kg. The duration of useful enhancement of LVEBD and the reproducibility were also the highest at the 0.1 ml/kg dosage.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.949-966
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• 1996

To establish the method for the most effective radiography and fluoroscopy, the abdominal organs of cats were investigeted using omnidirectional angles with the center of the body as the axis using an omnidirectional protective shielding X-ray system and a $360^{\circ}$ rotary restraint unit for use in small animals. The organs examined were the diaphragm, liver, stomach, colon, spleen and kidney. The results obtained in the present study were as follows: 1. Regardless of gas in the stomach present or not, it was feasible to distinguish the left and right crura in the lumbar portion of diaphragm in the oblique projection inclined over $30^{\circ}$ and under $90^{\circ}$ from the lateral projection. 2. Outlines of the exterior left lobe and the interior right lobe of the liver were observed in the oblique image inclined up to $60^{\circ}$ from the lateral image, while that of the exterior right lobe was noted in the oblique image inclined up to $60^{\circ}$ from the ventrodorsal-dorsoventral images. 3. It was necessary to have gas present in the stomach for detailed morphological observations of the stomach. It was most clearly observed in the right $30^{\circ}$ ventral-left dorsal oblique projection($120^{\circ}$ image) and the left $60^{\circ}$ dorsal-right ventral oblique projection($300^{\circ}$ image). 4. Morphology of the colon was observable in detail by the oblique projection inclined over $30^{\circ}$ from the lateral projection. 5. To observe the whole spleen it was required to have images from the ventrodorsal projection ($90^{\circ}$ image) to the right $60^{\circ}$ ventral-left dorsal oblique projection ($150^{\circ}$ image) as well as those from the dorsoventral projection ($270^{\circ}$ image) to the left-right lateral projection $0^{\circ}$ image). 6. Dorsal and ventral sides of the kidney were observable in the oblique images inclined $30^{\circ}$ from the lateral image. 7. Considering above findings collectively, it was thought that the results of present study might be useful for the analysis of abnormalies in each organ of cat.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2004

The purpose of this work was to investigate the relationships between acrylamide degradation by Pseudomonas sp. JK-7 and several relevant physicochemical environment parameters. In initial experiments, the bacterial culture, strain JK-7 isolated from paddy soil sample was developed to grow aerobically with acrylamide as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The bacterium was identified as genus Pseudomonas in the basis of use BIOLOG test, and designated as Pseudomunas sp. JK-7. Strain JK-7 could degrade 50 mM acrylamide completely within 72 hours of incubation. Major intermediates resulting from acrylamide degradation were not detected with the HPLC methodology except acrylic acid which appeared to accumulate transiently in the growth medium. The pH increased from 7.0 to 8.7 with complete degradation of the initial 50 mM acrylamide within 72 hours of incubation. pH control in the range of 5 to 9 influenced the growth of JK-7 and acrylamide degradation, whereas it was not examined the growth and degradation at pH 3 or pH 11, respectively. The effect of supplemented carbons (e.g., glucose, fructose, citrate, succinate) on the acrylamide degradation by the test culture of JK-7 was evaluated. The results indicated that the addition of carbons accelerated the bacterial growth and acrylamide degradation compared to those in the absence of supplemented carbons. The effect of supplemented nitrogens on the degradation was monitored. Increasing concentrations of yeast extract resulted in higher growth yield, based on the turbidity measurement, and complete degradation of acrylamide. However, acrylamide degradation was essentially uninfluenced by the addition of $(NH_{4})_{2}SO_{4}$, $NH_4Cl$ or urea. Addition of $AgNO_3$, $CuSO_4$ or $HgCl_2$ except $ZnSO_4$ in the test culture inhibited the degradation of acrylamide and growth of JK-7.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.13-17
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• 2008

Purpose: The aim of the study is to provide for prospects of Department of Ophthalmic Optics. Methods: This study surveyed on notion in sunder of the frist grade 100 people, second grade 100 people, third grade 100 people in the third educational system of Department of Ophthalmic Optics. Results: 1. Recognition of beforehand information for Department of Ophthalmic Optic were investigated the highest rate at frist grade 40 people(40%) by ordinary, at second grade 42 people(42%) by ordinary and at third grade 34 people(34%) by low. 2. Goodness of fit of register for a course and content for Department of Ophthalmic Optic were investigated the highest rate at frist grade 54 people(54%) by ordinary, at second grade 51 people(51%) and at third grade 47 people(47%) by suitableness. 3. Satisfaction of choice for Department of Ophthalmic Optics were investigated the highest rate at frist grade 43 people(43%) by high, at second grade 45 people(45%) by ordinary and at third grade 41 people(41%) by high. 4. Consideration of instruction for Department of Ophthalmic Optic were investigated the highest rate at frist grade 55 people(55%), at second grade 60 people(60%) and at third grade 49 people (49%) by good. 5. Relationship of friend in Department of Ophthalmic Optics were investigated the highest rate at frist grade 40 people(40%), at second grade 50 people(50%) and at third grade 51 people(51%) by good. 6. Relationship a senior-younger men in Department of Ophthalmic Optics were investigated the highest rate at frist grade 47 people(47%), at second grade 50 people(50%) and at third grade 41 people(41%) by ordinary. 7. Prospects of future for Department Ophthalmic Optics were investigated the highest rate at frist grade 47 people (47%), at second grade 50 people(50%) and at third grade 45 people(45%) by ordinary. 8. Affairs after graduation of Department of Ophthalmic Optics were investigated the highest rate at frist grade 60 people(60%), at second grade 68 people(68%) and at third grade 66 people(66%) by optical shop. Conclusions: Satisfaction of choice for Department and Prospects of future for Department were investigated to be good as a whole.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.243-252
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• 1995

Purpose : Intraluminal high dose rate brachytherapy is an accepted treatment for the tumors of GI tract. However, there is only some limited clinical data for intraluminal high dose rate brachytherapy for the tumors of GI tract. Materials and Methods : Between February 1991 and July 1993, 18 Patients who have the tumors of GI tract (esophageal cancer-8 cases, rectal cancer-10 cases) were treated with high dose rate Iridium-192 afterloading system (Microselectron-HDR, Nucletron CO, Netherland) at the department of therapeutic radiology, St. Mary's hospital, Catholic university medical college. Age range was 47-87 years with a mean a9e 71 years. All patients were treated with intraluminal high dose rate brachytherapy within two weeks after conventional external radiation therapy and received 3-5 Gy/fraction 3-4 times per week to a total dose 12-20 Gy (mean 17 Gy). Standard fractionation and conventional dose were delivered for external radiation therapy. Total dose of external radiation therapy ranged 41.4-59.4 Gy (mean 49.6 Gy). Median follow up was 19 months Results : The analysis was based on 18 patients, The complete response and partial response in esophageal cancer was similar (38%). Two year rates for survival and median survival were 13% and 10 months, respectively. Among 10 patients of rectal cancers, partial response was obtained in 6 patients (60%). There was no complete response in the patients with rectal cancer, but good palliative results were achieved in all patients. Conclusion : Although the number of patients was not large and the follow-up period was relatively short, these findings suggested that intraluminal high dose rate brachytherapy could be useful in the treatment of the patients with advanced tumors of GI tract.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.497-504
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• 1998

Purpose : To evaluate the usefulness of electronic portal imaging device through objective compare of the images acquired using an EPID and a conventional port film Materials and Methods : From Apr. to Oct. 1997, a total of 150 sets of images from 20 patients who received radiation therapy in the pelvis area were evaluated in the Inha University Hospital and Severance Hospital. A dual image recording technique was devised to obtain both electronic portal images and port film images simultaneously with one treatment course. We did not perform double exposure five to ten images were acquired from each patient. All images were acquired from posteroanterior (PA) view except images from two patients. A dose rate of 100-300 Mu/min and a 10-MV X-ray beam were used and 2-10 MUs were required to produce a verification image during treatment. Kodak diagnostic film with metal/film imaging cassette which was located on the top of the EPID detector was used for the port film. The source to detector distance was 140 cm. Eight anatomical landmarks (pelvic brim, sacrum, acetabulum. iliopectineal line, symphysis, ischium, obturator foramen, sacroiliac joint) were assessed. Four radiation oncologist joined to evaluate each image. The individual landmarks in the port film or in the EPID were rated - very clear (1), clear (2), visible (3), not clear (4), not visible (5). Results : Using an video camera based EPID system. there was no difference of image quality between no enhanced EPID images and port film images. However, when we provided some change with window level for the portal image, the visibility of the sacrum and obturator foramen was improved in the portal images than in the port film images. All anatomical landmarks were more visible in the portal images than in the port film when we applied the CLAHE mode enhancement. The images acquired using an matrix ion chamber type EPID were also improved image qualify after window level adjustment. Conclusion : The quality of image acquired using an electronic portal imaging device was comparable to that of the port film. When we used the enhance mode or window level adjustment. the image quality of the EPID was superior to that of the port film. EPID may replace the port film.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.441-446
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• 1998

Purpose : The incidence of esophageal carcinoma is increasing. Radical surgery is the treatment of choice, but large proportion of the esophageal cancer patients are with unresectable disease at the time of initial diagnosis, so radiation therapy has been the major treatment modality. We carried out retrospective analysis to see the outcome and prognostic factors of radiation therapy alone for esophageal carcinoma. Methods and Materials : From June of 1979 through December 1992, 289 patients with esophageal carcinoma were treated with radiation therapy alone at Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital. Of these patients, 84 patients were excluded as they were ineligible for the current analyses. Twenty-two patients had distant metastasis other than supraclavicular lymph node metastasis, 52 patients received less than 45 Gy, and 10 patient were lost from follow-up. Therefore 205 patients constituted the base population of this study. According to AJCC s1aging system, there were 2 patients with stage 1, 104 with stage IIA, 26 with stage IIB, 48 with stage III, and 25 with stage IV Radiation dose ranged from 4500 cGy to 6980 cGy with median dose of 5940 cGy. Follow-up period of the alive patients ranged from 77 to 180 months. Results : The Median survival period of all the patients was II months and the 2-, 5-, and 10-year overall survival rates were 22.4$\%$, 10.2$\%$ and 5.3$\%$, respectively. Most of the failures were local recurrences. Of 169 failures, 134 had local failure as a component and 111 had local recurrence only. The Lymph node was most common distant metastatic site and the next was the lung. The stage, T-stage, N-stage, functional status, tumor size, and aim of treatment were statistically significant prognostic factors for survival by univariate analyses. But only tumor size and N-stage were significant by multivariate analyses. Conclusion : We could get 10.2$\%$ of 5 year survival rate and 5.3$\%$ of 10 year survival rate with radiation therapy alone. The size of tumor and N-stage were statistically significant prognostic factors for survival on multivariate analyses.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2002

Chrysanthemum boreale M. (hereafter, C. boreale M.), a perennial flower, has been historically used as a natural medicine in Korea. With increasing concerns for health-improving foods, the demand for C. boreale M. has become higher than ever. Howevr, the amount of wild C. boreale M. collected from mountainous areas is not enough to cover all demands. The cultivation system and fertilization strategy are required to meet increasing demand on C. boreale M. with a good quality. We investigated the effects of nitrogen application on plant growth and effective components of C. boreale M. to suggest optimum rate of nitrogen fertilization. C. boreale M. was cultivated in a pot scale (1/2000a scale), and nitrogen applied with rate of 0(N0), 50(N50), 100(N100), 150(N150), 200(N200), and $250(N250)kg\;ha^{-1}$. Phosphate and potassium were applied at the same level ($P_2O_5-K_2O=80-80kg\;ha^{-1}$) in all treatments. Maximum yield achieved in 246 and $226kg\;ha^{-1}$ N treatment on the whole plant and the flower part, a valuable part as a herbal medicine, respectively. Proline was the most abundant amino acid in the flower of C boreal M. and the contents of amino acids increased with increasing nitrogen application rate in flower. Nitrogen recovery efficiency was high more than 41% in all nitrogen treatments and increased to 61.8% in nitrogen N100 treatment. From the nitrogen content, the high nitrogen uptake, the low residue of mineral N and the reasonably good apparent fertilizer recovery, it can be inferred that C. boreale M. made efficient use of the available nitrogen. In flower, contents of Cumambrin A. which is a sesquiterpene compound and has the effect of blood-pressure reduction, decreased with increasing nitrogen application. However, the amount of Cumambrin A in flower increased as nitrogen rate increased, because of increasing flower yield. Conclusively, nitrogen fertilization could increase yields and enhance quality. The optimum nitrogen application rate might be on the range of $225{\sim}250kg\;ha^{-1}$ in a mountainous soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 1984

Two Fe-hydrous oxide A,B and one Al-hydroxide minerals were synthesized precipitating Fe $Cl_3$ and $AlCl_3$ with alkali solution(NaOH) at pH 6.0, 12.0 and 4.5 respectively, for precise understanding of physico-chemical and surface charge characteristics of soils in which these minerals are dominant. Identification of these final products, effect of free and amorphous materials on X-ray diffraction analysis, particle size distribution and surface change characterics of these minerals were performed. Fe-hydroxide A and B were identified as great deal of X-ray amorphous material and as goethite with large amount of X-ray amorphous material, respectively. Dehydration by oven at $105^{\circ}C$ of these minerals exhibited akaganeite peaks with low X-ray amorphous hump and pure goethite peaks for Fe-hydroxide A and B, respectively. Both minerals, however, turned into hematite upon firing at $550^{\circ}C$. On the other hand, Al-hydroxide identified as mixture of gibbsite and bayerite of around 7:3 ratio. Application of sodium dithionite and ammonium oxalate solutions for removal of free or amorphous Fe and Al from these minerals revealed that only peak intensities of Al-hydroxide system were enhanced upon Al-extraction by oxalate solution even though dithionite solution was much powerful to extract Fe from Fe-hydrous oxide systems. Original(wet) Fe-hydrous oxide A has the highest specific surface and surface charge development(negative and positive), and the greatest amount of less than $2{\mu}m$ sized particles. Specific surface and clay sized particles(less than $2{\mu}m$) of Fe-hydrous oxide A, however, were drastically reduced upon dehydration($P_2O_5$ and oven drying) compare to the rest minerals. The Z.P.C. of these synthetic minerals were 8.0-8.5, 7.5-8.0 and 5.5-6.0 for Fe-hydrous oxide A, B and Al-hydroxide, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 1984

To obtain the basic date for the improvement of cultural and managemental problems caused by soil characteristics and soil productivity in rice cultivation of Honam area, morphological characteristics of rice soils were investigated in Mangeng-Dongjin and Yeongsan Water-sheds, and compaired differences between two major Watersheds. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. According to U.S.D.A. Soil Taxonomy Classification System, eight great groups are distributed in rice soils of two major Watersheds. More than 50% of rice paddy soils are classified as Haplaquepts. 2. Two Watersheds are quite different in soil parent materials. In Mangeong-Dongjin Watershed, most soils (55.1%) are derived from fluvic-marine deposits. Remainders are derived from local alluvium (24.7%) and alluvium (14.2%). But in Yeongsan Watershed, the order is local alluvium>alluvium>fluvio-marine deposits. 3. Rice soils occur mostly in coastal and inland flat-site with the slope of less than 2% (57.8%) in Mangeong-Dongjin Watersheds. However, in Yeongsan Watershed, flat-site and low undulating terrace are mostly distributed (52.9%). 4. About 81.9, 61.4 and 53.3% of rice soils are classified as fine textured in Yeongsan, Dongjin, and Mangeong Watersheds, respectively. 5. More normal paddy soils and less sandy paddy soils are distributed in Yeongsan Watershed. The results indicate that more rice soils are classified as productivity classes of I and II in Yeongsan Watershed than in Mangeong-Dongjin Watersheds.