• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.243-249
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• 2015

Myrrh, Angelicae Radix, and Schisandrae Fructus have been used to treat diverse diseases including neurological disorder in the traditional Korean medicine. In the present study, we investigated the ameliorating effects of HPM-1, a combined extract of Myrrh, Angelicae Radix and Schisandrae Fructus, on scopolamine-induced memory impairments in mice. First, we assessed HPM-1, HPM-2 and HPM-3, in which Myrrh was extracted with water, 30% ethanol, and 30% ethanol/3% vinegar, respectively. The oral administration of HPM-1, HPM-2, or HPM-3 significantly reversed scopolamine-induced reduction of spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze task. In the passive avoidance task, HPM-1 or HPM-3 restored the decreased latency time of the retention trial by scopolamine treatment, but in terms of efficacy, HPM-1 showed more beneficial effects than HPM-3. In addition, HPM-1 administration reversed scopolamine-induced reduction of spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze task and scopolamine-decreased latency time in the passive avoidance in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that HPM-1 has the therapeutic potential in memory impairments.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.61-73
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• 2006

Objective : This study was to investigate the effects of Banhabaekchulchunma-Tang(BCT) on Dementia induced by focal ischemic injury in the rats. Method : Experimental groups were divided into 4 groups ; Normal group, Control group, BCT1 group and BCT2 group. Control group were no treated after focal brain ischemic injury. BCT1 group were administered BCT 0.3 ml/kg to focal brain ischemic injuried rats for 21 days, BCT2 group were administered BCT 1.2 ml/kg to focal brain ischemic injuried rats for 21 days. The present author observed the number of errors on the eight-arm radial maze task , the rate of correct choice on the eight-arm radial maze task, the values of density of Cresyl Violet-stained sections in the hippocampal CA1 and the values of density of Acetlycholin Esterase(AchE) stained nuclei in the hippocampal CA1. Result : 1. The number of errors in the eight-arm radial maze task was significantly decreased in BCT1 group on 1-6th days. And it was significantly decreased in BCT2 group on 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 6th day compared with control group. 2. The rate of correct choice on the eight-arm radial maze task was increased in BCT1 group and BCT2 group compared with control group, but the value was not significant. 3. The values of density of Cresyl Violet-stained sections in the hippocampal CA1 were significantly increased in BCT1 group and BCT2 group compared with control group. 4. The values of density of AchE stained nuclei in the hippocampal CA1 were significantly increased in BCT1 group compared with control group. Conclusion : The present author thought that Banhabaekchulchunma-Tang could be used to cure dementia derived by the phlegm retention of fluid.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.45-56
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• 2006

Objective: Yukmijibwang-Tang(UJT) has been used for Dementia derived by deficiency of Kidney-Yin in the oriental medicine. This study was planned to examine the effects of UJT on the memory loss induced by focal brain ischemic injury in the rats. Methods : Experimental groups were divided into 4 groups ; Normal group, Control group, UJT1 group and UJT2 group. Control group were no treated after focal brain ischemic injury. UJT1 group were administered UJT 0.3 $m{\ell}/kg$ to focal brain ischemic injuried rats for 21 days, UJT2 group were administered UJT 1.2 $m{\ell}/kg$ to focal brain ischemic injuried rats for 21 days. The present author observed the number of errors on the eight-arm radial maze task, the rate of correct choice on the eight-arm radial maze task, the values of density of Cresy1 violet- stained sections in the hippocampal CA1 and the values of density of Acetlycholine Esterase (AchE)stained nuclei in the hippocampal CA1. Results : The number of errors in the Eigth-arm radial maze task was significantly decreased in UJT1 group on 1, 2, 3, 5, 6days, And it was significantly decreased in UJT2 group on 1-6days compared with control group. The rate of correct choice in the eight-arm radial maze task was significantly increased in UJT1, UJT2 group compared with control group. The values of density of Cresyl violet-stained stained sections in the hippocampal CA1 were significantly increased in UJT1, UJT2 group compared with control group. The values of density of AchE in the hippocampal CA1 were increased in UJT1, UJT2 group compared with control group, but the values were not significant. Conclusions: The present author thought that Yukmijihwang-Tang could he used for curing dementia induced by focal brain ischemic injury.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.85-105
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to characterize the neuroprotective effects and anxiolytic-like effects of Gongjin-dan and Polygala japonica, Polygala tenuifolia, Acorus gramineus mixed pills(G.J.D-P.P.A.). Methods : The neuroprotective effects of G.J.D-P.P.A. determined by the passive avoidance and Y-maze tasks and Morris water maze task, and the anxiolytic-like effects of the G.J.D-P.P.A. using an elevated plus-maze(EPM) in mice. Results : Drug-induced amnesia was induced by treating animals with scopolamine(1 mg/kg, i.p.). A single G.J.D-P.P.A.(400 and 800 mg/kg) administration significantly enhanced cognitive function and attenuated scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments as determined by the passive avoidance and Y-maze tasks(P < 0.05) and also reduced escape-latency on the Morris water maze task(P < 0.05). The administration of GJD-PPA(400 and 800 mg/kg) significantly increased the percentage of time spent in open arms and entries into the open arms of the EPM compared with saline-treated control group(P < 0.05). Moreover, there were no changes in the locomotor activity and myorelaxant effects in any group compared with saline-treated control group. Conclusions : These results suggest that GJD-PPA dramatically possesses the anti-amnestic and cognitive-enhancing activities related to the memory processes, and promotes the anxiolytic-like activity in mice.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.229-233
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• 2013

This study was aimed at investigating the possible effects of phytoceramide (Pcer) on learning and memory and their underlying mechanisms. Phytoceramide was orally administered to ICR mice for 7 days. Memory performances were assessed using the passive avoidance test and Y-maze task. The expressions of phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured with immunoblot. The incorporation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) in hippocampal regions was investigated by using immunohistochemical methods. Treatment of Pcer enhanced cognitive performances in the passive avoidance test and Y-maze task. Immunoblotting studies revealed that the phosphorylated CREB and BDNF were significantly increased on hippocampus in the Pcer-treated mice. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the number of immunopositive cells to BrdU was significantly increased in the hippocampal dentate gyrus regions after Pcer-treatment for 7 days. These results suggest that Pcer contribute to enhancing memory and BDNF expression and it could be secondary to the elevation of neurogenesis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.471-476
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• 2006

Chongmyung-tang(CMT, 聰明湯), oriental herbal medicine which consists of Polygaglae Radix(遠志), Acori Graminei Rhizoma(石菖蒲) and Hoelen(白茯神) has effect on amnesia, dementia. In order to evaluate effect of CMT on memory and learning in mice, CMT extract was used for studies. This paper describes the effects of CMT extract on memory and learning processes by using the passive and active avoidance performance tests, novel object recognition task and water maze task. The CMT extract ameliorated the memory retrieval deficit induced by ethanol in the passive avoidance responses but did not affect ambulatory activity of normal mice. These results suggest that CMT has an ameliorating effect on memory retrieval impairment. CMT extract decreased spontaneous motor activity(SMA) in the latter sessions of memory registration in active avoidance responses. These results suggest that CMT has partly transquilizing or antianxiety effects. In novel object recognition task to measure visual recognition memory, CMT-administered mice enhanced in long term memory for 1-3 days. In water maze task to measure spatial learning, which requires the activation of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus, spatial learning in CMT-administered mice was faster than in wild-type mice. These results suggest that CMT enhances memory and activates NMDA receptors.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.39-49
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• 2000

This study was conducted to prove that there exists a relation between the spleen and learning and memory as Oriental medicine believesTo promote the function of the Spleen, Guibitang was administered to rats in this study. Rats were 250～300g Sprague-Dawley, and were divided into three groups. One was the normal group without any pretreatment. Another was the control group which was administered normal saline and the abdominal injection of L-NAME before learning and memory test. And the 3rd was the sample group, to which was administered Guibitang extract and (no 'the') abdominal injection of L-NAME before the learning and memory test. Each group was made up of 12 rats. Morris water maze and radial arm maze tasks were performed in the learning test and Morris water maze task in the memory test. For 2 days to evaluate the ability of learning in the Morris water maze, 16 trials were carried out and first latency(lapse time to find the escape platform for the first time) was measured. The next day, to evaluate the ability of memory, the escape platform was eliminated from the maze, and total path, target entry number, first latency and memory score were measured. 48hrs before the radial arm maze task was performed, bait was deprived from each group. After learning test, bait was permitted to each group. So 85% of the body weight was maintained for 6 days of the test. Each of the eight arms was baited; correct choice numer and error were counted; each trial was finished when the rat had entered each of the eight arms, or more than 10 minutes had elapsed. The results were as follows: In the learning test, the first latency of the sample group in the Morris water maze showed evident improvement of learning compared to control group at the 11th, 12th, 13th trial of 16 trials, and correct choice number in radial arm maze showed noticeable improvement compared to the control group at 3rd, 4th and 5th; In the memory test, the memory score of the sample group showed evident improvement compared to the control group. From the above results, the administration of Guibitang, which tonifies the function of the Spleen, could enhance the ability of learning and memory. So it was suggested that the Spleen has a relation with learning and memory.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.281-285
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• 2008

Cherry tomatoes are rich in antioxidants, which may protect against neurodegeneration and consequent memory loss. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cherry tomatoes on scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Male ICR mice (4 weeks old) were maintained for 4 weeks on a diet containing 10 or 20% tomato powder (TP), and then administered scopolamine (1 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) 45 min before memory testing. Passive avoidance and Morris water maze testing revealed that scopolamine-induced amnesia was significantly reduced in the TP groups compared to the non TP-received (control) group. Accordingly, acetylcholinesterase activities in the serum and brain of TP groups were lower than those in the control group. These findings suggest that cherry tomatoes may be useful for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as amnesia and Alzheimer's disease.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.431-437
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• 2011

Recently, there are so many studies that herbal composition has the effect on enhancing the memorial ability. But there are few studies whether it has effect on enhancing attentional ability. The purpose of present study is to prove the effects of a herbal composition(ChongA 100) on enhancing not only memorial but also attentional ability. The memorial ability interfered by amyloid-${\beta}$ was evaluated with passive avoidance test Y-maze task. The attentional ability was studied with attentional set-shifting task(ASST). The 200mg/kg of ChongA100 could significantly recover the shortened latency of passive avoidance test and the interfered alternation of Y-maze task. The number of trials in ASST was significantly reduced as well. Our study suggests that it has effects on enhancing both memorial and attentional ability.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.253-264
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• 2006

Object: This research investigated effects of Jujadokseo-hwan on mice with Alzheimer's Disease induced by $amyloid-{\beta}$. According to Dongyibogam, Jujadokseo-hwan can cure amnesia. Amyloid-B is believed to induce oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, postulated to play important roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In this way $Amyloid-{\beta}$ induces Alzheimer's Disease. Methods : In order to make an efficient prescription and cope with dementia, learning and memory functions of mice were tested on passive avoidance test and V-maze task. $NF-{\kappa}B$ were measured from protein derived from the brain. RT-PCR was done for !gene analysis. Primers were protein kinase Band $NGF-{\alpha}$. Results : 1. Jujadokseo-hwan was effective for memory capacity on passive avoidance test. but noneffective for spatial memory capacity and locomotor activity on Y -maze task. 2. The measurement of $NF-{\kappa}B$ showed upward tendancies and the result of RT-PCR showed up-regulation when given Jujadokseo-hwan by mouth. Conclusion: Results suggest that Jujadokseo-hwan is effective on mice with Alzheimer's Disease induced by $amyloid-{\beta}$.