• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.432-435
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• 2009

The preventive effect of chewing gum containing maltitol, xylitol, gum base, and sugar on remineralization were investigated. The clinical study consisted of 8 weeks' randomized, double blind, controlled, cross-over clinical trials including 24 healthy adults had chew gum. After each test week, remineralization effect was evaluated by measuring microhardness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Microhardness of experimental chewing gum containing maltitol or xylitol was significantly higher than that of sugar gum (p<0.005). Images of SEM showed the remineralization effect of gum containing gum base, maltitol, or xylitol compared with sugar gum. Maltitol and xylitol gums were more effective in remineralization than sugar gum. It was concluded that maltitol and xylitol can be used as sugar substitute to prevent dental caries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.212-218
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• 2009

This study was carried out to determine the quality characteristics of Jeju mandarin orange jellies containing sugar (control) and sugar derivative sweeteners (erythritol, isomaltooligosaccharide, sorbitol, and xylitol) to be consumed by the elderly. The gelling agents were carrageenan and gellan gum at the concentration of 0.27%, respectively. The average age of the subjects for the acceptance test was 78. The lightness (L), redness (a), and yellowness (b) values of the carrageenan gel were higher than those of the gellan gum gel using the same sugars. The L, a, and b values of the carrageenan gel made with sugar derivative sweeteners were higher than those of the respective gel made with sugar. Whereas there were almost no differences between the color values of the gellan gum gels made with sugar and sugar derivative sweeteners, respectively. The gelling and melting temperatures of the carrageenan gel with erythritol were highest and those of the respective gel with xylitol were lowest among the sugar derivative sweeteners. The gelling and melting temperatures of the gellan gum gels with erythritol and isomaltooligosaccharide, respectively, were lower, and those of the respective gel made with xylitol were higher compared to that with sugar. There was no break down in the gellan gum gel. The break down rate of the carrageenan gel made with isomaltooligosaccharide was highest and that of the respective gel with xylitol was lowest among the sugar derivative sweeteners. The hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, and chewiness of the gellan gum gel were greater compared to the carrageenan gel. The adhesiveness levels of the carrageenan gels made with sugar derivative sweeteners were lower, and their springiness was higher than the respective gel with sugar. All the TPA characteristics of the gellan gum gels made with erythritol and xylitol, respectively, were higher than the respective gel with sugar. The rupture properties of the gels were the same as their TPA characteristics. The sensory acceptance of the carrageenan and gellan gum gels made with sugar were highest among all the sweeteners. There were no significant differences in the sensory acceptance scores of the carrageenan gels made with xylitol, erythritol, and sugar, respectively, and there were also no significant differences in the sensory acceptance scores of the gellan gum gels made with xylitol, sorbitol, and sugar, respectively. Xylitol was preferred in both the carrageenan and gellan gum gels. Thus, xylitol appears to be an appropriate alternative sweetener to sugar in Jeju mandarin orange jelly for consumption by the elderly, with regard to the acceptability and stability of the gel.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.632-638
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of xylitol chewing gums on mutans streptococci (MS) counts in saliva. Sixty two children 6 to 11 years old were randomly assigned into one of three groups. Stimulated saliva specimens were plated in duplicate on conventional selective culture (mitis salivarius kanamycin bacitracin agar) for mutans streptococci. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplication was performed to identify MS. After the 4-month period a significant decrease of the MS counts occurred in the group B (two gum 3 times a day; P < 0.05) but not in group A (one gum 3 times a day) and control group (didn't receive xylitol gum). According to qualitative evaluations, xylitol use did reduce the levels of MS in mixed dentition children. It has been suggested that a daily intake of 2 tablet for 3 times a day (about 10g) is needed in order to obtain a clinical anticariogenic effect.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.436-442
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• 2010

Objective: Transmission of S. mutans, a major dental caries pathogen, occurs mainly during the first 2.5 years of age. Children appear to acquire S. mutans mostly from their mothers, but few studies have investigated preventive effect of xylitol to S. mutans transmission from mother to child. The aim of this study was to perform a follow-up evaluation the preventive effect of xylitol chewing gum of the S. mutans of children's oral cavities, which included the characteristics of vertical transmission from mother to child. Methods: The mothers voluntarily participating in a women's oral health prevention program were divided into two groups (a control and a xylitol group). The subjects were 20 mother-child pairs, who were monitored for 30 months. Xylitol chewing gum group had consumed 2 gum pellets, 3 times a day for 24 months, and then they were followed until 30 months. At baseline, 24 and 30 months whole stimulated saliva samples were collected from the mothers. Children were also recruited from 6 months to 30 months after birth and were collected their dental plaque samples. After isolation and identification, the analysis of the colony count, transmission electron microscopy and real-time RT-PCR were performed to analyze the characteristics of S. mutans. Results: The S. mutans counts decreased steadily in the xylitol group at 24 months, but increased at 30 months. The similar results were showed at their children. While the glucan synthesis was decreased at xylitol group both mother and child. The expression of gtfB, gtfD and ftf were significantly reduced in the xylitol group both mother and child (p<0.05). Conclusions: These findings indicate that chewing xylitol gum over a long period may decrease the expression of the genes associated virulence and reduced the glucan synthesis of S. mutans, which can result the preventing the mother-to-child transmission of S. mutans.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.315-322
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• 2008

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a chewing gum containing 70% xylitol and 0.23% Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract to remove dental plaque and reduce gingivitis when used as a supplement to daily toothbrushing for 3 weeks. The study group consisted of 75 adults with moderate gingvitis. Participants were divided into 3 groups(contol 1 group - Gum base, contol 2 group - 70% Xylitol, experiment group - 70% xylitol and 0.23% xanthorrhizol) and instructed to chew the study gum for 3 times daily for 3 weeks in addition to regular daily toothbrushing. Chewing xylitol/xanthorrhizol gum significantly reduced plaque index with significant difference by week 3(p<0.01). Gingival index and bleeding on probing were decreased in xy/ Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract group by 35.9% and 31.65% each in the same period. No adverse effects on the oral tissues were observed in any of the participants for the duration of the study. In conclusion, regular use of a chewing gum containing 70% xylitol and 0.23% Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract appears safe and effective for the removal of dental plaque and reduction of gingivitis when used in conjunction with daily toothbrushing.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.303-311
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate the possibility of polyols for coating material of chewing gum. Five polyols xylitol, maltitol, isomalt, erythritol, and sorbitol were compared the coating quality, coating and drying time, and color differences. Maltitol was evaluated to be the best quality for coating the gum, whereas erythritol and sorbitol were not considered for coating materials for gum. These results derived from irregular surface layer and low productivity due to increased coating time. According to changes in color of chewing gum, samples coated maltitol and xylitol and isomalt stored at high temperature. In addition, color difference of sample coated maltitol was calculated 2.88 stored at $80^{\circ}C$ for 1 day, but those of xylitol and maltitol were highly evaluated. Sample coated maltitol in polypropylene bag was stored and measured for 1 month. Changes in color of sample was slightly occurred at below $40^{\circ}C$ and the color difference was not more than 3 at $60^{\circ}C$. Chewing gum coated maltitol as coating material was expected more stable in the quality of color during distribution. Current study was performed to color changes during storage, further study will be proceeded about shelf-life of chewing gum coated polyols.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.159-168
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• 2004

The effect of xylitol and sorbitol chewing gums on dental caries levels among 5-year old kindergarteners was investigated. Three kindergartens the operations of which were partly subsidized by municipal government of Daegu city, Korea, were chosen as the study sites. The child base of the kindergartens were considered demographically and ethnically similar, representing middle-income families. The subjects were examined at their own kindergarten by the two dentists. Participation in the program was voluntary. Over 12 months, 123 participants chewed xylitol chewing gums(X group; 42 subjects), sorbitol chewing gum(S group; 42 subjects), or did not receive chewing gum as a control group(C group; 39 subjects). Consumption of xylitol and sorbitol was 4.5 to 5.0 g/day/subject, consumed in five daily chewing episodes of 5 min. Oral examination, Dentocult-SM test and interproximal dental plaque collection were completed at baseline and 12 months later. The dmfs of group C increased 59.2%, but group S increased 33.4% and group X increased only 31.3% during 12 months study period. The caries prevention ratio was 47.1% at group X and 43.6% at group S. There also appeared the reduction of caries activity at group X(1.39), group S(1.50) than control group(1.79). Compared with groups S and C, there was a statistically significant reduction of S. mutans in interproximal plaque in group X. The results suggest that xylitol chewing gum can prevent dental caries of deciduous dentition, and may be a little more effective than a sorbitol-containing product in controlling some caries-associated parameters in kindergarten-age subjects.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2010

To examine whether the effects of chewing gum containing xylitol are purely based on xylitol itself rather than the preventive effects on dental caries based on other constituents or factors, gargling was done using xylitol solution which was diluted in a distilled water. Then, attempts were made to perform an experiment for the bacterial activity of S. mutans depending on the amount of xylitol. Gargling was done using solutions containing xylitol at an amount of 30, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90% with the same methods after 48 hours. When gargling was done using a solution containing xylitol at a volume of 60% in those who experienced dental caries, the bacterial activity of S. mutans was decreased by 35% as compared with the control group. When gargling was done using a solution containing xylitol at a volume of 70%, the bacterial activity of S. mutans was decreased by 80% as compared with the control group. These results indicate that there was a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05). Besides, similar result appeared in those who did not experience dental caries(p<0.05). Based on the above results, under the hypothesis that the effects of xylitol contained in a chewing gum were not associated with other constituents, it is presumed that the amount of xylitol at a ratio of > 70% is effective in reducing the bacterial activity of S. mutans with no respect to experiences of dental caries. But we need an another experiment to confirm whether this result is due to xylitol's effect or not.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.510-513
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• 2008

Two dogs were referred due to vomiting, depression and anorexia after ingestion of xylitol gum. Both dogs were presented with hepatic failure and one dog had concurrent renal failure. Aggressive supportive treatment was performed, but these dogs died. Necropsy of one dog revealed acute hepatic necrosis, severe renal damages, and hemoperitoneum. This case report demonstrates potential hazard of xylitol toxicity for dogs with clinicopathological and pathological findings.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.531-538
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• 2009

Xylitol has the ability to reduce the adherence of Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans), which can make it easier to remove plaque, decrease acid production and inhibit dental caries. There are few reports on the effects of xylitol on the expression of the virulence related genes in S. mutans. This study examined the inhibitory effect of chewing gum containing xylitol on glucan synthesis related gene expression of S. mutans. Participants were voluntarily recruited for a women's oral health prevention program, classified into two groups(a control and a xylitol group), and then followed for 2 years. Twenty salivary samples were randomly selected from each group. Colony count and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to analyze the characteristics of S. mutans. The following results were obtained: The S. mutans counts decreased steadily in the xylitol group over the study period(p<0.05). The expression of the virulence related genes (gtfB, gtfC and gtfD) was significantly lower in the xylitol group than in the control groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that chewing xylitol gum for a long period of time may reduce the expression of the genes associated with S. mutans virulence, which can result in a decrease growth of S. mutans colonies as a result.