• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2011

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have many attractive features for widespread applications in generation systems. Recently, stainless steels have attractive materials for metallic bipolar plate because metallic bipolar plates have many benefits compared to others such as graphite and composite bipolar plates. SOFC operates on high temperature of about $800{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$ than other fuel cell systems. Thus, many studies have attempted to reduced the operation temperature of SOFC to about $600{\sim}800^{\circ}C$, which is the intermediate temperature (IT) of SOFC. Low cost and high-temperature corrosion resistance are very important for the practical applications of SOFC in various industries. In this study, two specimens, 304 and 430 stainless steels with and without different pre-surface treatments on the surface were investigated. And, specimens were exposed at high temperature in the box furnace under oxidation atmosphere of $800^{\circ}C$. Oxidation behavior have been investigated with the materials exposed at different times (100 hrs and 400 hrs) by SEM, EDS and XRD. By increasing exposure time, the amount of metal oxide increased in the order like; STS304 < STS430 and As-received < As-polished < Sand-blast specimens.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.666-673
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• 2022

The optimization of a transmission type bremsstrahlung conversion target was carried out with Monte Carlo code FLUKA for intense pulsed electron beams with electron energy of several hundred keV for maximum photon fluence. The photon emission intensity from electrons with energy ranging from 300 keV to 1 MeV on tungsten, tantalum and molybdenum targets was calculated with varied target thicknesses. The research revealed that higher target material element number and electron energy leads to increased photon fluence. For a certain target material, the target thickness with maximum photon emission fluence exhibits a linear relationship with the electron energy. With certain electron energy and target material, the thickness of the target plays a dominant role in increasing the transmission photon intensity, with small target thickness the photon flux is largely restricted by low energy loss of electrons for photon generation while thick targets may impose extra absorption for the generated photons. The spatial distribution of bremsstrahlung photon density was analyzed and the optimal target thicknesses for maximum bremsstrahlung photon fluence were derived versus electron energy on three target materials for a quick determination of optimal target design.

• 청정기술
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2022

Titanate nanotubes (TNTs) were synthesized via alkaline hydrothermal treatment using commercial TiO₂ nanoparticles (P25). The TNTs were prepared at various TiO₂/NaOH ratios, hydrothermal temperatures, and hydrothermal times. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms, field-emission transmission electron microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. TNTs were generated upon a decrease in the TiO₂/NaOH ratio due to the dissolution of TiO₂ in the alkaline solution and the generation of new Ti-O-Ti bonds to form titanate nanoplates and nanotubes. The hydrothermal treatment temperature and time were important factors for promoting the nucleation and growth of TNTs. The TNT catalyst with the largest surface area (389.32 m² g^-1) was obtained with a TiO₂/NaOH ratio of 0.25, a hydrothermal treatment temperature of 130 ℃, and a hydrothermal treatment time of 36 h. Additionally, we investigated the photocatalytic activity of methyl violet 2B (MV) over the TNT catalysts under UV irradiation and found that the degradation efficiencies of the TNTs were higher than that of P25. Among the TNT catalysts, the TNT catalyst that was hydrothermally synthesized for 36 h (TNT 36 h) exhibited a 96.9% degradation efficiency and a degradation rate constant that was 4.8 times higher than P25 due to its large surface area, which allowed for more contact between the MV molecules and TNT surfaces and facilitated rapid electron transfer. Finally, these results were correlated with the specific surface area.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권12호
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• pp.4514-4521
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• 2022

In this study, the effects of heat and radiation on the degradation behaviour of fluoroelastomer under simulated normal operation and a severe accident environment were investigated using sequential testing of gamma irradiation and thermal degradation. Tensile properties and Shore A hardness were measured, and thermogravimetric analysis was used to evaluate the degradation behaviour of fluoroelastomer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the structural changes of the fluoroelastomer. Heat and radiation generated in nuclear power plant break and deform the chemical bonds, and fluoroelastomer exposed to these environments have decreased C-H and functional groups that contain oxygen and double bonds such as C-O, C=O and C=C were generated. These functional groups were formed by auto oxidation by reacting free radicals generated from the cleaved bond with oxygen in the atmosphere. In this auto oxidation reaction, crosslinks were generated where bonded to each other, and the mobility of molecules was decreased, and as a result, the fluoroelastomer was hardened. This hardening behaviour occurred more significantly in the severe accident environment than in the normal operation condition, and it was found that thermal stability decreased with the generation of unstable structures by crosslinking.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.68-73
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• 2024

In this study, the praseodymium-doped yttrium phosphate (YPO₄:Pr³⁺) powder, which is well known for its high luminescent efficiency, and long life in the UV range, was synthesized with various content ratios of Pr₆O₁₁ and calcination temperature. Crystal structure and luminescent properties of various phosphor powders based on different concentrations and calcination conditions were characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and PL (photoluminescence) spectrometers. From the XRD analysis, the structure of YPO₄:Pr³⁺ which is calcinated at 1,200℃ was stable tetragonal phase and crystal size was calculated about 25 nm by Scherrer equation. PL emission of YPO₄:Pr³⁺ with a different content ratio of Pr₆O₁₁ by excitation λ_exc=250 nm shows that 0.75 mol% phosphor powder has maximum PL intensity and PL decreases with the increase of the ratio of Pr₆O₁₁ up to 1.25 mol% which is caused by changes of crystallinity of phosphor powders. With increasing dopant ratio, photo-luminescence Emission decreases due to Concentration quenching, which is commonly observed in phosphors. Currently, 0.75 mol% is considered the optimal doping concentration. A hybrid ultraviolet-emitting device incorporating YPO₄:Pr³⁺ fluorescent material with plasma discharge was fabricated to enhance UV germicidal effects while minimizing ozone generation. UV emission from the plasma discharge device was shown at about 200 nm and 350 nm which caused additional emission of the regions of 250 nm, 315 nm, and 370 nm from the YPO₄:Pr³⁺ phosphor.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.415-417
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• 2008

현재 방사선치료는 선형가속기에 의하여 대다수 이루어지고 있으며 사용되는 방사선인 광자도 의학의 발전에 의해 고에너지화 고선량화 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 방사선치료 조사면에서 중성자 측정이 가능한 CR-39를 이용한 중성자 검출법을 이용하였다. 선형가속기에서 발생되는 X선(광자)치료 시 발생 되는 중성자의 선량을 CR-39를 이용한 중성자 검출법을 이용하여 측정하고, 임상적 응용으로 고에너지 광자를 이용하여 암 치료에 사용할 때 중성자의 발생이 환자치료 선량과 연관되는 어떤 문제를 발생시키는지를 연구한 결과는 다음과 같다. 속중성자의 경우 광자 1Gy 조사 시 평균 0.35mSv, 2Gy 조사 시 평균 0.65mSv, 5Gy 조사 시 평균 1.82mSv, 열중성자의 경우 광자 1Gy 조사 시 평균 0.26mSv, 2Gy 조사 시 평균 0.56mSv, 5Gy 조사 시평균 1.23mSv의 중성자 발생하였다. Wedge Filter를 사용하여 중성자의 발생을 측정한 결과 Wedge Filter를 사용했을 때 중성자의 발생이 증가하였다. 고선량을 요구하는 SRS Cone을 사용했을 때에는 기존의 실험결과 보다 많은 중성자가 검출되었다. 속중성자의 경우 광자 5Gy 조사 시 평균 2.85mSv, 열중성자의 경우 광자 5Gy 조사 시 평균 1.37mSv의 중성자가 발생하였다. 일반 치료 시 광자 5Gy 조사했을 때 보다 속중성자의 경우 약 1.6배, 열중성자의 경우 약 1.12배 정도의 중성자가 더 발생하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.606-610
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• 2010

Films consisting of a silicon quantum dot superlattice were fabricated by alternating deposition of silicon rich silicon nitride and $Si_3N_4$ layers using an rf magnetron co-sputtering system. In order to use the silicon quantum dot super lattice structure for third generation multi junction solar cell applications, it is important to control the dot size. Moreover, silicon quantum dots have to be in a regularly spaced array in the dielectric matrix material for in order to allow for effective carrier transport. In this study, therefore, we fabricated silicon quantum dot superlattice films under various conditions and investigated crystallization behavior of the silicon quantum dot super lattice structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed an increased intensity of the $840\;cm^{-1}$ peak with increasing annealing temperature due to the increase in the number of Si-N bonds. A more conspicuous characteristic of this process is the increased intensity of the $1100\;cm^{-1}$ peak. This peak was attributed to annealing induced reordering in the films that led to increased Si-$N_4$ bonding. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed that peak position was shifted to higher bonding energy as silicon 2p bonding energy changed. This transition is related to the formation of silicon quantum dots. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis also confirmed the formation of silicon quantum dots. This study revealed that post annealing at $1100^{\circ}C$ for at least one hour is necessary to precipitate the silicon quantum dots in the $SiN_x$ matrix.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.252-260
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• 2022

국내에서 카올린 순도가 낮은 저품질의 고령토는 고순도의 고령토보다 월등히 많은 매장량과 우수한 경제성에도 불구하고 제품으로 활용되지 못하고 대부분 사장되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 국산 저품질 고령토를 석회석 소성점토 시멘트(LC³)의 원료로 활용할 수 있는 가능성과 최적의 소성온도를 도출하는 것으로, 고령토의 소성온도(600 ℃, 700 ℃, 800 ℃, 900 ℃)에 따른 LC³ 페이스트의 수화물 생성과 기계적 특성을 평가하기 위해 등온 열량 측정, X-선 회절 분석, 열 중량 분석 및 압축강도 시험을 실시하였다. 결과적으로 국산 저품질 고령토 점토는 클링커의 50 %를 대체하였음에도 불구하고 수화 3일차부터 메타카올린의 포졸란 반응에 의해 카르보알루미네이트 수화물과 C(A)SH를 생성하여 OPC와 거의 동등하거나 그 이상의 강도를 나타냈으며, 소성온도에 따라 강도발현에 큰 차이가 발생하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bone regeneration capacity of silk fibroin (SF) when combined with beta tricalcium phosphate (${\beta}$-tricalcium phosphate [TCP]) and rh-bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in vivo by micro-computed tomography (CT), soft x-ray, and histological analysis. Methods: A total of 56 critical size defects formed by a trephine bur made on 28 adult female Spague-Dawley rats were used for this study and the defect size was 5.0 mm in diameter. The defects were transplanted with (1) no graft material (raw defect), (2) autogenous bone, (3) SF ($10{\mu}g$), (4) SF-BMP ($10{\mu}g$, $0.8{\mu}g$ each), and (5) SF+${\beta}$-TCP ($10{\mu}g$). At 4 and 8 weeks after operation, the experimental animals were sacrificed. Samples were evaluated with soft x-ray, histological examinations and 3-dimensional micro-CT analysis. Results: In the 3-dimensional micro-CT evaluation, bone volume and bone surface data were higher in the SF-BMP ($12.8{\pm}1.5$, $138.6{\pm}45.0$ each) (P<0.05) and SF-TCP ($12.3{\pm}1.5$, $144.9{\pm}30.9$ each) group than in the SF group ($6.1{\pm}3.3$, $77.2{\pm}37.3$ each) (P<0.05), except for the autogenous group ($15.0{\pm}3.0$, $190.7{\pm}41.4$ each) at 4 weeks. At 8 weeks, SF-BMP ($16.8{\pm}3.5$, $173.9{\pm}34.2$ each) still revealed higher (P<0.05) bone volum and surface, but SF-TCP ($11.3{\pm}1.5$, $1132.9{\pm}52.1$ each) (P=0.5, P=0.2) revealed the same or lower amount compared with the SF group ($13.8{\pm}2.7$, $127.5{\pm}44.8$ each). The % of bone area determined by radiodensity was higher in the SF-TCP ($31.4{\pm}9.1%$) and SF-BMP ($36.2{\pm}16.2%$) groups than in the SF ($19.0{\pm}10.4$) group at the period of 4 weeks. Also, in the histological evaluation, the SF-BMP group revealed lower inflammation reaction, lower foreign body reaction and higher bone healing than the SF group at postoperative 4 weeks and 8 weeks. The SF-TCP group revealed lower inflammation at 4 weeks, but accordingly, as the TCP membrane was absorbed, inflammatory and foreign body reaction are increased at 8 weeks. Conclusion: The current study provides evidence that the silk fibrin can be used as an effective grafted material for tissue engineering bone generation through a combination of growth factor or surface treatment.

• 천문학논총
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.47-63
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• 2021

와이즈/네오와이즈 자료를 사용하여 1형 활동은하핵의 근적외선 장기 변광 특성을 살펴보았다. 활동은하핵은 밀리퀘이사 목록을 사용해 가시광에서의 등급 제한을 두어 선정하였고, 여러 번의 다중시점 측광 자료를 확보하기 위해 황도북극과 황도남극에 가까운 대상으로 한정하였다. 이후 와이즈와 네오와이즈 데이터베이스에서 해당 대상들의 측광 자료를 추출하였다. 일부 근적외선에서 검출되지 않은 경우와 관측 횟수가 지나치게 적은 경우를 제외하고 총 73개의 1형 퀘이사 및 활동은 하핵, 140개의 측광학적으로 선택된 활동은하핵 후보에 대해 W1 (3.4 ㎛), W2 (4.6 ㎛) 밴드 광도곡선을 구성하고 이를 이용해 변광 분석을 수행하였다. 변광 여부를 판단하기 위해 초과 분산 값과 변광의 유의확률 P_var를 계산하였다. 초과 분산이 포아송 오차에 의해 추정되는 오차값보다 큰 경우, 그리고 P_var이 0.95보다 크거나 같은 경우를 변광으로 판단했는데, 활동은하핵 73개 중 19개, 활동은하핵 후보 140개 중 12개가 W1, W2 밴드 모두에서 변광 대상으로 판단되었다. W1 밴드보다 W2 밴드에서 변광 대상으로 판단되는 숫자가 작게 나타났는데, 이는 긴 파장으로 갈수록 변광의 정도가 작아짐을 시사하는 것으로 보인다. 약 9 ~ 26%의 대상들이 근적외선 변광을 보였다. 감쇠 랜덤워크 모형을 사용하여 변광 폭(σ)과 완화 시간(τ), W1과 W2 밴드 사이의 시간 지연 등을 추정하였다. 변광 폭 및 완화시간은 W1 등급과 큰 상관관계를 보이지 않았으며, 두 변수 사이에도 특별히 두드러지는 상관관계가 나타나지 않았다. 단, 감쇠 랜덤워크 모형을 사용해서 시간 규모를 추정할 때 광도곡선의 분량이 충분한지를 감안하면, 완화시간이 짧은 대상들에 대해서는 변광 폭과 완화시간이 음의 상관관계를 보인다고도 볼 수 있다. 대상의 개수가 통계적으로 유의미한 결과를 제시하기에는 부족하다. X선 광도와 변광 특성을 비교했을 때에는 상관관계를 찾아보기 어려웠으나, 앞으로 얻어질 X선 탐사자료와 전천 스펙트럼 탐사자료와 결합한 추가 연구가 기대된다. 전체 대상 중에서는 시간에 따라 (W1-W2) 색이 변하는 것으로 판단되는 흥미로운 대상이 4개가 존재했는데, 이들의 특성에 대해서는 추후 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 전망한다.