• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권
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• pp.227-236
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• 2001

The IARC Monographs Programme on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans has reviewed, summarized and evaluated 869 environmental agents and exposures as oj June 2000. This large collection includes all relevant published epidemiological data on cancer in exposed humans and results of bioassays for carcinogenicity in experimental animals. Since 1986. cancer data have been systematically supplemented by summaries of other toxicological data that are relevant to assessments of carcinogenic hazard. These include summaries qf genetic and related effects of chemicals. which have been prepared as Genetic Activity Profiles (GAP) by the U.S. EPA in collaboration with IARC. As the Mono-graphs have proved increasingly valuable and influential worldwide. they have evolved into an encyclopedia on environmental carcinogenic risks to humans. However. the Monographs have historically been prepared only as printed books with limited distribution. and the Monographs Programme has needed to adjust to expectations oj wider availability. Since 1998 the evaluations and summaries have been globally accessible by Internet from IARC (http://www.iarc.fr) and the GAP profiles by Internet from EPA (http://www.epa.gov/gapdb/). with the two web sites linked. Improved EPN/ARC GAP database and software. GAP2000. now link GAP profiles directly to the appropriate IARC web pages for summaries of evaluations of a given compound and its overall IARC classification. During the year 2000. by means of optical character recognition (OCR) technology the entire series of IARC Monographs is being converted to an electronic version. The first edition is now available commercially in CD-ROM format and will soon become available on-line at .

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.289-298
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• 2017

본고는 방송사가 일정비율 이상의 외주제작물을 편성하여 방송하도록 규제하고 있는 외주제작 정책의 성과를 분석했다. 외주제작 정책으로 방송 프로그램의 다양성이 제고되었는지를 살펴본 결과, 외주제작 정책시행으로 제작사가 증가하여 방송 프로그램의 제작원이 다양해졌으나 제공하는 프로그램이 특정 장르에 집중되는 한계를 갖고 있었다. 방송영상 콘텐츠의 경쟁력이 증가했는지를 살펴본 결과, 방송 프로그램의 해외 시장 진출이 증가하는 등 긍정적인 효과가 있었으나 드라마 중심의 한정된 장르에 머물렀고, 지상파방송사와 외주제작사 간에 제작비와 저작권 논란 등으로 제작여건이 개선되지 못했다. 따라서 방송사에 대한 외주 편성 비율을 최저로 설정하여 방송사와 외주제작사의 제작의 자율성을 확대하는 것이 필요하고, 방송사와 외주제작사 간의 갈등의 원인인 제작비와 저작권의 문제를 표준제작비와 같은 기준을 만들어 활용함으로써 공정한 거래가 이뤄질 수 있도록 제도화하는 것이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2003년도 Challenges and Achievements in Environmental Health
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• pp.183-186
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• 2003

To evaluate the effect of air pollution on respiratory health in children, we conducted a longitudinal study in which children were asked to record their daily levels of peak expiratory flow rate using potable peak flow meter (mini-Wright) far 4 weeks. The relationship between daily PEFR and ambient air particle levels was analyzed using a mixed linear regression models including gender, age in you, weight, the presence of respiratory symptoms, and relative humidity as an extraneous variable. The daily mean concentrations of PM$\_$10/ and PM$\_$2.5/ over the study period were 64.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and 46. l$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, respectively. The range of daily measured PEFR in this study was 170-481 l/min. Daily mean PEFR was regressed with the 24-hour. average PM$\_$10/ (or PM$\_$2.5/) levels, weather information such as air temperature and relative humidity, and individual characteristics including sex, weight, and respiratory symptoms. The analysis showed that the increase of air particle concentrations was negatively associated with the variability in PEFR. We estimated that the IQR increment of PM$\_$10/ or PM$\_$2.5/ were associated with 1.5 l/min (95% Confidence intervals -3.1, 0.1) and 0.8 l/min (95% Cl -1.8, 0.1) decline in PEFR. Even though this study shows negative findings on the relationship between respiratory function and air particles, it is worth noting that the findings must be interpreted cautiously because exposure measurement based on monitoring of ambient air likely results in misclassification of true exposure levels and this is the first Korean study that PM$\_$2.5/ measurement is applied as an index of air particle quality.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2015

PURPOSE. To compare the shear bond strength of various veneering materials to grade II commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Thirty specimens of CP-Ti disc with 9 mm diameter and 10 mm height were divided into three experimental groups. Each group was bonded to heat-polymerized acrylic resin (Lucitone 199), porcelain (Triceram), and indirect composite (Sinfony) with 7 mm diameter and 2 mm height. For the control group (n=10), Lucitone 199 were applied on type IV gold alloy castings. All samples were thermocycled for 5000 cycles in $5-55^{\circ}C$ water. The maximum shear bond strength (MPa) was measured with a Universal Testing Machine. After the shear bond strength test, the failure mode was assessed with an optic microscope and a scanning electron microscope. Statistical analysis was carried out with a Kruskal-Wallis Test and Mann-Whitney Test. RESULTS. The mean shear bond strength and standard deviations for experimental groups were as follows: Ti-Lucitone 199 ($12.11{\pm}4.44$ MPa); Ti-Triceram ($11.09{\pm}1.66$ MPa); Ti-Sinfony ($4.32{\pm}0.64$ MPa). All of these experimental groups showed lower shear bond strength than the control group ($16.14{\pm}1.89$ MPa). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the Ti-Lucitone 199 group and the control group, and the Ti-Lucitone 199 group and the Ti-Triceram group. Most of the failure patterns in all experimental groups were adhesive failures. CONCLUSION. The shear bond strength of veneering materials such as heat-polymerized acrylic resin, porcelain, and indirect composite to CP-Ti was compatible to that of heatpolymerized acrylic resin to cast gold alloy.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2003

Both MgO and $Sc_2O_3$ are shown to provide low interface state densities (in the $10^{11}{\;}eV^{-1}{\;}cm{\;}^{-2}$ range)on n-and p-GaN, making them useful for gate dielectrics for metal-oxide semiconductor(MOS) devices and also as surface passivation layers to mitigate current collapse in GaN/AlGaN high electron mobility transistors(HEMTs).Clear evidence of inversion has been demonstrated in gate-controlled MOS p-GaN diodes using both types of oxide. Charge pumping measurements on diodes undergoing a high temperature implant activation anneal show a total surface state density of $~3{\;}{\times}{\;}10^{12}{\;}cm^{-2}$. On HEMT structures, both oxides provide effective passivation of surface states and these devices show improved output power. The MgO/GaN structures are also found to be quite radiation-resistant, making them attractive for satellite and terrestrial communication systems requiring a high tolerance to high energy(40MeV) protons.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.40-46
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• 1989

Recently, the researches on cutting the new material have been done for development of aerospace industrial engineering. Especially, titanium ally is well known as heat resisting, antiwear, anticorrosion and difficult-to-machine materials. Many studies on the analysis of shear angle have been done for improving productivity in cutting these materials. In case of titanium alloy, the saw-toothed type of chip which has wave surface of a triangular form, an eccentric from of a continuous type of chip that is produced in the cutting process, was checked. Nakayama supposed that a maximum shear strewss plane and the shear crack in the free surface made an angle of $45^{\circ}$ .deg. , but it's usually much larger than that. In this paper, the author analyzed the shear conditions of the cutting process in the quick-stopping device with the help SEM-photographs, and measured the hypotenuse angle directly in the photographs of the chips. In conclusion, the author tried to find the shear angle in the cutting process with the saw-toothed chip and compared it with the shear angles which can be calculated from the theories established by others. The results obtained are as follows. 1. In case of the saw-toothed chips, the equivalent cutting ratio can be calculated by using the chip thickness to two-thirds of ramp height. 2. The theory of Ernst-Merchant is not applicable to the titanium and its alloys which does not fractured in accordance with the theory of maximum shear stress. 3. When we cut the titanium alloys which produced the saw-toothed chips, the shear angle can be found with the theories of Rowe-Spick, P.K. Wright and the measurement of hypotenuse angle.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2016

Background: Adipocyte-macrophage communication plays a critical role regulating white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammatory gene expression. Because WAT inflammation contributes to the development of metabolic diseases, there is significant interest in understanding how exogenous compounds regulate the adipocyte-macrophage crosstalk. An aqueous (AQ) extract of North American (NA) ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) was previously shown to have strong inflammo-regulatory properties in adipocytes. This study examined whether different ginseng extracts influence adipocyte-macrophage crosstalk, as well as WAT inflammatory gene expression. Methods: The effects of AQ and ethanol (EtOH) ginseng extracts ($5{\mu}g/mL$) on adipocyte and macrophage inflammatory gene expression were studied in 3T3-L1 and RAW264.7 cells, respectively, using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Adipose tissue organ culture was also used to examine the effects of ginseng extracts on epididymal WAT (EWAT) and inguinal subcutaneous WAT (SWAT) inflammatory gene expression. Results: The AQ extract caused significant increases in the expression of common inflammatory genes (e.g., Mcp1, Ccl5, Tnf-${\alpha}$, Nos2) in both cell types. Culturing adipocytes in media from macrophages treated with the AQ extract, and vice versa, also induced inflammatory gene expression. Adipocyte Ppar-${\gamma}$ expression was reduced with the AQ extract. The AQ extract strongly induced inflammatory gene expression in EWAT, but not in SWAT. The EtOH extract had no effect on inflammatory gene expression in either both cell types or WAT. Conclusion: These findings provide important new insights into the inflammo-regulatory role of NA ginseng in WAT.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.451-456
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• 2016

Background Comprehensive aesthetic surgery training continues to be a challenge for residency programs. Our residency program developed a rhinoplasty-based objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) based upon validated methods as part of the residency education curriculum. We report our experience with the rhinoplasty-based OSCE and offer guidance to its incorporation within residency programs. Methods The encounter involved resident evaluation and operative planning for a standardized patient desiring a rhinoplasty procedure. Validated OSCE methods currently used at our medical school were implemented. Residents were evaluated on appropriate history taking, physical examination, and explanation to the patient of treatment options. Examination results were evaluated using analysis of variance (statistical significance P<0.05). Results Twelve residents completed the rhinoplasty OSCE. Medical knowledge assessment showed increasing performance with clinical year, 50% versus 84% for postgraduate year 3 and 6, respectively (P<0.005). Systems-based practice scores showed that all residents incorrectly submitted forms for billing and operative scheduling. All residents confirmed that the OSCE realistically represents an actual patient encounter. All faculty confirmed the utility of evaluating resident performance during the OSCE as a useful assessment tool for determining the Next Accreditation System Milestone level. Conclusions Aesthetic surgery training for residents will require innovative methods for education. Our examination showed a program-educational weakness in billing/coding, an area that will be improved upon by topic-specific lectures. A thoroughly developed OSCE can provide a realistic educational opportunity to improve residents' performance on the nonoperative aspects of rhinoplasty and should be considered as an adjunct to resident education.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.544-554
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 여대생의 체중조절에 대한 주관성을 확인하고자 Q 방법론을 적용하여 주관적, 해석적 접근을 함으로써 여대생의 체중조절에 대한 구조적 유형과 유형별 특성을 비교분석하고자 시도하였다. 연구대상자는 여대생 39명을 P 표본으로 하여 선정된 41개의 Q 표본을 강제 분류하도록 한 결과 3가지 유형이 도출되었다. 첫 번째, '강박적 체중조절을 시도하는 부정적 체형인식형', 두 번째, '지속적인 체중조절을 통한 건강관리 추구형', 세 번째, '체중조절의 자기통제가 가능한 자아확신형'으로 명명하였다. 본 연구 결과 3가지 유형 간의 구조적인 차이점이 발견되었고, 유형에 따른 특성에 기초하여 바람직하고 올바른 체중조절 행동을 위한 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.631-637
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• 2013

Luteolin is a naturally occurring flavonoid present in many plants with diverse applications in pharmacology. Despite several studies elucidating its significant anti-cancer activity against various cancer cells, the mechanism of action in skin cancer is not well addressed. Hence, we investigated the effects of luteolin in HaCaT (human immortalized keratinocytes) and A375 (human melanoma) cells. The radical scavenging abilities of luteolin were determined spectrophotometrically, prior to a cytotoxic study (XTT assay). Inhibitory effects were assessed by colony formation assay. Further, the capability of luteolin to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were demonstrated by flow cytometry and cellular DNA fragmentation ELISA, respectively. The results revealed that luteolin possesses considerable cytotoxicity against both HaCaT and A375 cells with $IC_{50}$ values of 37.1 ${\mu}M$ and 115.1 ${\mu}M$, respectively. Luteolin also inhibited colony formation and induced apoptosis in a dose and time-dependent manner by disturbing cellular integrity as evident from morphological evaluation by Wright-Giemsa staining. Accumulation of cells in G2/M (0.83-8.14%) phase for HaCaT cells and G0/G1 (60.4-72.6%) phase for A375 cells after 24 h treatment indicated cell cycle arresting potential of this flavonoid. These data suggest that luteolin inhibits cell proliferation and promotes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in skin cancer cells with possible involvement of programmed cell death, providing a substantial basis for it to be developed into a potent chemopreventive template for skin cancer.