• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 1991

Four male swamp buffaloes weighing $460.5{\pm}44.6kg$ were used to study the effects of different cooling techniques on draught capacity. Each animal carted an 882 kg load on the same asphalt road for one hour during four different time periods: 9:00-10:00 A.M., 10:30-11:30 A.M., 2:00-3:00 P.M. and 3:30-4:30 P.M. Simultaneously, all animals were subjected to five different treatments on five days of similar environmental conditions. In Treatment 1, animals were put stationary in a field and did no work; in Treatment 2, animals were worked without any cooling method; in Treatment 3, fifteen-minute wallow was allowed to animals prior to working; in Treatment 4, animals were covered with wetted jute bags while working, and in Treatment 5, two buckets of water were poured over the buffaloes' trunks just prior to working. The experiment was conducted from April to July 1989, when the weather was very hot. It was found that cooling methods and working times did not affect the draught efficiency of buffaloes during the one hour, but did affect physiological traits. The work load had a larger partial effect on physiological responses of buffalo other than respiration rate than did climatic variables except on the respiration rate of the buffaloes. One cooling technique that seemed to slow the increase of body temperature while working was covering the buffalo's back with wetted jute bags. Animals working at different times had significant differences in the increase of physiological traits except pulse rate.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• v.35
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• pp.17.1-17.6
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• 2023

The current 52-hour workweek in South Korea consists of 40 hours of regular work and 12 hours of overtime. Although the average working hours in South Korea is declining, it is still 199 hours longer than the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development average of 1,716 hours per year. In view to this, the South Korean government has now proposed to reform the workweek, mainly intending to increase the workweek to 69 hours when the workload is heavy. This reform, by increasing the labor intensity due to long working hours, goes against the global trend of reducing work hours for a safe and healthy working environment. Long working hours can lead to increased cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, industrial accidents, mental health problems, and safety accidents due to lack of concentration. In conclusion, the Korean government's working hour reform plan can have a negative impact on workers' health, and therefore it should be thoroughly reviewed and modified.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.9
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• pp.79-87
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether employed mothers' extended working hours have effects on childcare style and work-family conflicts. The data came from the 2007 Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Family(KLoWF) of the Korean Women's Development Institute. 475 females with preschoolers or elementary-school children were used in this study. The major findings can be summarized as follows: (1) Weekly average working hours varied by education, salary, and the presence of preschoolers. (2) The time of childcare was significantly shorter in mothers who work more than 50 hours/week (3) Mothers who worked more than 50 hours/week felt significantly high work-family conflict. These analyses pointed to the importance of obeying the law related to working hours as the most important thing to sustain work-family balance. Institutional foundations should be enabled to keep legal working hours.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1996.06c
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• pp.488-499
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• 1996

A propeller type mistblower was designed and manufactured. The machine consisted of a 770 millimeters diameter propeller driven by the power take off of a tractor. It delivered 26,400 cubic meters of air per hour and has the outlet speed about 180 kilometers per hour. Spray liquid was injected at 30 bars pressure through hollow cone type nozzles which were located around the air outlet of the machine bya poston type pump. Power consumption of the machine was found to be 12.46 kilowatts and the effective forward travel speed was about 2.7 kilometers per hour. Upon spraying mango trees, it was shown that the density of spray partices was about 100 microns and consumed 3.12 liters per tree. Working speed in 6 meters row spacing mango orchard was about one hectare per hour.

• Korean Architects
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• s.648
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• pp.119-121
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• 2023

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.269-276
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate muscle pains of emotional laborers and determine whether there were differences in their muscle pains depending on the hours spent on emotional labor. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the data collected from the 3rd (2011) Korean Working Conditions Survey. 50,032 participants responded to the study's questionnaire. Among them, 15,669 participants were emotional laborers who directly dealt with people such as customers, passengers, pupils, patients, etc. Results: Thirty three percent of subjects had reported muscle pains. Muscle pains of subjects were positively related to the hours spent on emotional labor (p<.001). According to the logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odd ratio of the subjects who spent about almost all of the work hours on emotional labor was 1.32 (95% CI: 1.15~1.52), compared to the subjects who spent about a quarter of their work hours on emotional labor, when other factors were controlled. Conclusion: The study's findings indicate that engaging in emotional labor for longer hours increases the risks of muscle pains. Occupational nurses must pay closer attention to the management of muscle pains of emotional laborers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.79-88
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to understand the client relationship experience of the physical therapists working at elderly care facilities and to lay the foundation for finding the identity of physical therapists. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted on eight incumbent physical therapists who had experienced working in elderly care facilities for at least one year. Data collection was conducted between June and September 2017, and the interview took an hour to an hour and a half to complete. After an in-depth interview, it was arranged as a file and analyzed according to the four steps of the phenomenological research method of the Giorgi. Results: Data were collected and analyzed; 19 categories, 6 themes and 5 domains were derived. Six themes were presented according to the 5 domains; the subject of relationships included 'diversity elderly'; context of relationships included 'the world of elderly nursing homes I did not know'; influence of relationships included 'the physical therapist is heartbroken because of the tormenting elderly'; condition of relationships included 'a reality that is tied to work'; aspects of relationships included 'how to reestablishing relationships with the elderly' and 'recognized and identified as a physical therapist'. Conclusion: This study shows that physical therapists working in elderly care facilities generally tend to fulfill their responsibilities and interact with clients; we found that identity of physical therapists was primarily defined by relationship experiences with patients.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.512-518
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• 1994

One of most laborious work in rice farming is transplanting of rice seedling which has been required preparation of nursury bed and care of seedling during one month period. In this research, direct seeding in dry paddy(DS) was practiced to compare with traditional tansplanting(TP) in Suwon and Milyang. Growth stages in DS were delayed as its planting time was about 36 days later than TP. Heading stage of DS at Suwon was delayed about 15 days as compared to transplanting culture. Rice yield in DS was decreased 8.2%(Suwon) and 0.11%(Milyang), repectively. Working-hour saving in DS was about 34.0%(Suwon) and 54.0%(Milyang). Production cost of DS was decreased 19%(Suwon) and 29% (Milyang), repectively. Amount of rice production per a unit working-hour in DS could incresed 37%(Suwon) and 113%(Milyang) compared to that of TP, respectively. Therefore, DS was decreased little in rice yield, but it could save working hour and production cost, significantly. Warm region like Milyang had more advantage in DS than Suwon. But, DS needs varietal selection for better emergence in low temperature, and more research in weed control and water management.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.115-122
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• 1996

One of the most laborious work in rice farming is transplanting of rice seedling which has been required preparation of nursery bed and care of seedling during one month period. In this research, direct seeding in dry paddy(DS) and direct seeding in wet paddy(WS) were practiced to compare with traditional transplanting(TP) in Suwon. Growth stages in direct seeding were delayed as its planting time was about 21 days later than those of TP. Heading stage of direct seeding at Suwon was delayed about 9 days as compared to transplanting culture. Rice yield was not different between the seeding practises. Working-hour saving was about 17％(DS) and 28％(WS). Production cost of direct seeding was decreased 20％(DS) and 32％(WS), respectively. Amount of rice production per a unit working-hour in direct seeding could increase 14％(DS) and 39％(WS) compared to that of TP, respectively. Therefore, direct seeding could save significantly working hour and production cost without reducing rice yield. WS was more effective than DS in saving labor and production cost. Direct seeding was not efficient method in input of farming energy and agricultural chemicals.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.63-89
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• 1988

This paper examines the relationship between working women's health status and working environment. The result of this study is that working women's health is effected on their working environment. The data used in the present study was collected from 7,091 organized women worker by survey conducted in 1987. The independent variables chosen for analysis were job classification, working condition, women workers' characteristics, job satisfaction and health management. The findings of this study can be summarized as follows; First, technical experts had higher health status than other jobs. Manufacturizing workers had lower health status than other jobs. Second, the women who were 20-24 years old, not married and started working at 19 and less year and worked during 3-5 years had lower health status than others. Third, the women who worked bad condition were not healthy. It was bad working condition that working hour was 11-12 per day and did not have holiday and monthly wage was 100,000-200,000 won. Fourth, the women who satisfied the job had higher health status than the women who dissatisfied the job. Fifth, it showed high health status that the women worked the place where health was well managed.