• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.62-70
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• 2014

In the knowledge and information society of 21st century, 'Creativity' which is the core of national competitiveness and an important foundation for the development of the country has been emphasized on the importance of it. As a result, the convergence educational programs, as known as STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, mathematics) became more and more needed to children for cultivating creativity. As a follow-up study on STEAM program combining robotics and design for children developed by Design Promotion Committee of KIID, this study intends to modify and reanalyze the program and to seize the educational effectiveness of the groups of university students as mentors and children as mentees, The results are as follows; First, although the importance of STEAM education is highlighted, short-term educational programs tend to consist of only the contents of each field: design or science. Second, pre-training and mentoring were helpful to both mentors and children. Third, Children expanded the perception of STEAM concept and increased their interests in career. Mentors recognized the importance and the necessity of STEAM education, and were very satisfied with team activities which gave a new experience of working with other field of people. Therefore, this program provide to children an experience of logical thinking, having interests on uninterested field, and encouraging teamwork. Also, it provides to mentors a chance to develop their potential and experience, and set up a new vision for future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1438-1442
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• 2003

A method for the determination of nitrogen in ruminant feedstuffs, products and excreta (e.g. milk and urine) using a spectrophotometer is developed, where samples processed for P determination are also used to determine N. Samples are digested with sulphuric acid and subsequently with hydrogen peroxide in Kjeldahl tubes. Digested solutions along with phenol and buffered alkaline hypochlorite reagents are incubated in a water bath at $37^{\circ}C$ for 30 min and presented in the spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer set at 625 nm measures the concentration of N of each sample. Nitrogen in 261 of the samples was also determined by the classical Kjeldahl method in order to develop a relationship between N determined by the Kjeldahl method (Y) and the colorimetric method (X). The mean value of Y was as high as that of X (0.92 vs. 0.96; p>0.05). The colorimetric method predicted Kjeldahl N highly significantly (Y=0.985X-0.024, $R^2=0.993$, p<0.001; or more simply Y=0.974X, $R^2=0.993$, p<0.001). An analysis of regression found no difference (p>0.05; both t-test and F-test) between colorimetric (0.96% N) and adjusted (0.96% N) N. In comparison with the Kjeldahl method, the analytical capacity of N by colorimetric method increases greatly, where 200-300 determinations of N are possible in a working day. In addition, the system provides an opportunity to use not only the same digested solution for both N and P determination of a particular sample, but also uses the same spectrophotometer to assay both N and P. Therefore, the system may be attractive in situations where both elements of a sample are to be determined. In conclusion, the speed of N determination, low cost, efficient use of labour, time and reagents, fewer items of equipment, and the reduction of environmental pollution by reducing effluent and toxic elements are the advantages of this method of N determination.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.151-170
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• 1998

This study is about Le Corbusier's early years of loarning and training at La Chaux-de-Fonds. It is an attempt to show how Le Corbusier's groundwork was laid which characterize his work throughout the life. Charles Edouard Jeanneret was trained as a watch engraver and wished to be a painter. C. L'Eplattenier was to play a decisive role in shaping the young introspective boy's future. He encouraged Jeanneret's habit of the close study and observation of nature. Jeanneret was not the product of an established school, but instead made the unusual choice of educating himself. He found two indispensible sources of inspiration in study the past and in contemplating nature. His four years of self-education consisted of extensive reading, summer travels and winter layovers in larger cities-Vienna, Paris, Berlin-while sketching in museums or apprenticing local architects-Pellet, Behrens-. All these impressions then blended together to become part of a comprehensive source book of knowledge and imagination of the later Le Corbusier. A largely self-taught man, he never stopped making notes, drawing and writing, always aspiring to a clearer understanding of the meaning and underlying principles of objects and architecture. Jeanneret's five villas in La Chaux-de-Fonds are barometers which show the sequences of his development and change as an architect. In 1917, being thirty, he uprooted himself from his hometown to get a wider range of opportunities and moved to Paris. By that time Jeanneret was almost ready to blossom into Le Corbusier It was during this formative years of his life that Le Corbusier established the working method, mind-set and philosophical basis that determined the course of an architect in the making.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.149-156
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• 1999

초크랄스키 결정성장계의 산소농도에 영향을 주는 유동거동에 대한 정보를 얻기 위해 저온모델을 이용하여 실험적으로 초크랄스키 멜트에 내의 유속을 측정하였다. 실리콘 멜트와 유사한 프란틀(Pr) 수를 갖는 저 융점의 Woods metal을 작동유체로 채택하였다. 전기 전도성을 갖는 유체에서 속도 측정이 가능한 일체형 자석 프로우브(Incorporated magnet probe)를 제작하여 멜트 내부의 여러 지점에서 유속을 3차원저긍로 측정하였다. 측정 결과 관찰된 속도장은 자연대류가 지배적이며 비축대칭적인 유동양상을 나타내었다. 또한 멜트의 두 지점에서 동시에 측정된 온도 데이터로부터 상관계수 및 도가니 회전에 의한 온도 wave의전파를 분석한 결과 상관계수의 크기는 기존의 소형 실리콘 멜트의 연구에서 구한 값보다 작게 나타났으며 이러한 현상은 규모가 큰 멜트의 유동은 난류인 거동이 더 강해지기 때문에 발생하는 것으로 파악되었다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.116-122
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• 1992

A comprehensive, nonsteady state, computer simulation program for the environmental conditions in advancing tunnels (the HEADSIM simulation program) is constructed and successfully validated with heat balance amongst all heat sources, and with mass conservation amongst various airflows including the leakage air from ducts, under timedependent variations of inlet air conditions. which include sudden, diurnal and seasonal changes. Heat conduction in the wall strata and face strata is simulated with most complicated boundary conditions using the finite difference method, and the climatic conditions in roadway sections which contain air ducts, booster fan, spray cooler, compressed air pipes, cold water pipes, return water pipes, machinery and broken rock are simulated taking into account the variations of face operation and the heat storage mechanism in the strata. The limitations of simulation time steps and roadway section lengths are defined according to the stability criteria satisfying the principles of thermodynamics. Variations of heat transfer coefficients, which are newly set, and those of wetness factors are taken into account according to the variations of other parameters and the stepwise advance of the face. Newly-derived formulae are used for computing the air duct leakage and the pressure inside of the duct. A new concept of an 'imaginary duct' is introduced to simulate the climatic conditions in tunnels during holiday periods, which directly affect conditions on subsequent working days under the consideration of natural convection. A subsidiary program (the WALLSIM simulation program) is made to compute the dimensionless tunnel surface temperatures and to compare the results with those from analytical approaches, and to demonstrate the stability, convergence and accuracy of the strata heat conduction simulation, adopting the finite difference method. The WALLSIM also has wide applications, including those for the computation of age coefficients.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.463-473
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• 2006

The effect of tube diameter on heat and mass transfer characteristics of absorber in absorption chiller/heater using LiBr solution as a working fluid has been investigated by both of numerical and experimental study to develop a high performance and compact absorber. The diameter of the heat exchanger tube inside absorber was changed from 15.88mm to 12.70mm and 9.52mm. In numerical study a model of vapor pressure drop inside tube absorber based on a commercial 20RT absorption chiller/heater was performed. The effect of tube diameter, longitudinal pitch, vapor Reynolds number, longitudinal pitch to diameter ratio on vapor pressure drop across the heat exchanger tube banks inside absorber have been investigated and found that vapor pressure drop decreases as tube diameter increases, longitudinal pitch increases, vapor Reynolds number decreases and longitudinal pitch to diameter ratio increases. In experimental study, a system includes a tube absorber, a generator, solution distribution system and cooling water system was set up. The experimental results shown that the overall heat transfer coefficient, mass transfer coefficient. Nusselt number and Sherwood number increase as solution flow rate increases. In both of study cases, the heat and mass transfer performance increases as tube diameter decreases. Among three different tube diameters the smallest tube diameter 9.52mm has highest heat and mass transfer performance.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.139-155
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• 2017

The study of job satisfaction among female dentists is essential to improve the quality of their life. In this study, a job satisfaction survey of female dentists in Gwangju was performed and the factors affecting job satisfaction were examined. A survey of female dentists in Gwangju was conducted using a custom-designed and validated questionnaire which incorporated the Korean Dentist satisfaction Survey (KDSS) as well as questions regarding socio-demographics and professional characteristics. Satisfaction for each question was measured by a 5-point Likert scale. The final analysis was performed with 89 questionnaires, after excluding 3 non-response questionnaires. Analysis of the data for each group was carried out using a Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test. The reliability of the questionnaire was identified by the internal consistency of the survey using Cronbach coefficient. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics 19, SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill, USA). The level of statistical significance was set at p = 0.05. On analyzing with use of the above mentioned method, the following findings were observed: Income, leisure time, time for self-development, and overall job satisfaction were lower than the average, especially the percentage of dissatisfaction was much higher than that of satisfaction. Satisfaction was associated with age, duration of employment, and the number of assistants. The limitations of this study are the lack of an adequate sample size, convenience sampling during extraction, the lack of questionnaire items, the limitations of quantitative research, and failure to perform measurement in the non-response group. However, female dentists can be expected to achieve a more satisfactory and enhanced working environment if the research based on the current study is followed up in an expanded target group.

• 복식
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2001

Since the beginning of the 90's, Fashion shows appear to be a type of performance form of art combining with other areas to visually entertain the viewers. This can be explained by the modern tendency to escape from society which requires formality and complicated lifestyles. Fashion shows take place in a scene Influenced by the idea of post-modernism which redefines the definition of space. A church, old factory, unoccupied ground, subway stations, or even place like a waste disposal are used as a setting. The stage set is no longer the T shape run way and the procinium arch has disappeared. The gap between audience and stage has diminished and theatrical element is added to the fashion performance by using viewers living and working environments as setting of the show. The human relation with machine based on the cutting edge technology such as the stage automation, robots and mist making sprinkler system introduces new elements with spontaneity and detailed planning in the stage performance. Music also plays an Important role in attracting viewers. The sound track covers house music to techno music. Instead of music being abstract, folks orchestral music, choirs, piano. even live concert performed by pop artist provide the liveliness of the fashion show. And the catwalk itself is a performance. Model needs to be well trained as the capable talent who can handle sensitive gestures, facial expressions, dancing and choreography. The improvisatorial interaction between audience and model lead to audience participation. Models now range from pop star, ordinary people, handicapped people, to elderly and so on. John Galliano introduced the theatrical factors for the fashion show and Alexander Mcqueen approached the fashion show as the visual art of communication. Hussein Chalayan utilized high technology skewing futurism as if in a magic show. Today the Fashion show tends to be a total performance which includes audience participation, impromptu, and that break the limitation that fashion shows previously had. This will lead the fashion industry in opening new horizon of its own.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.250-259
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• 1996

The school foodservice(FS) dietitians of conventional, co-management and central kitchen systems were compared for their levels of fatigue degrees in order to examine their work specification but no to diminish their educational roles. One hundred and thirtheen primary schools in Taejon and Chungcheongnam-Do participated in the survey, of which foodservice were consisted of 99 conventional types, 7 comanagement types and central kitchen types. Information was collected about the various working hours dietary behavior and fatigue symptoms of the dietitians. The results of this study were as follows : Among 3 school foodservice types, dietitians spent 8 hours and 16 minutes daily for their for their work on the average. However, the central kitchen type dietitans in cities spent 3 hours more compared to the others. The data from the dietitians' work schedule sheets showed that the 5 parts of dietitian's duties set in the school foodservice laws were not well performed. In the central kitchen type they spent more time for food production whereas in the conventional they spent more time for menu formation and hygiene control. It was found that fatigue levels of school foodservice dietitians were chronic with no difference among foodservice systems or among school locations. Our results indicated that nutrition education in primary schools was almost neglected. It is suggested that the school foodservice should meet all the objectives of school-lunch program even though they saved dietitians' work load more or less. The importance of students to improve their dietary habits could never be overlooked. (Korean J Community Nutrition 1(2) : 250-259, 1996)

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.121-144
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• 2004

Developing a personalized system on a user's behalf which is working around the Internet-based marketplace is one of the challenging issues in intelligent e-business, especially mobile commenrce. It has been highly recommended that such a mobile personalized system has to perceive the user's needs a priori by tracking user's current context such as location with activity and then to identify the current needs dynamically and proactively. Automatically and unobtrusively getting user's context is an inevitable feature for the development of autonomous mobile commenrce. However, personalization methodologies and their feasible architectures for context-aware mobile commerce have been so far very rare. Hence, this paper aims to propose a context-aware mobile commerce development methodology by applying agent and semantic web technologies for personalized reminder system, which is one of the mobile commerce support system. We revisited associationism to understand a buyer's need identification process and adopt the process as 'purchase based on association' to implement a personalized reminder system. Based on this approach, we have showed how the agent-based semantic web service system can be used to realize need-aware reminder system. NAMA(Need-Aware Multi-Agent), a prototype system, has been implemented to show the feasibility of the methodology and framework under mobile setting proposed in this paper. NAMA embeds bluetooth-based location tracking module and identify what a user is currently looking at through her/his mobile device such as PDA. Based on these capabilities, NAMA considers the context, user profile with preferences, and information about currently available services, to aware user's current needs and then link her/him to a set of services, which are implemented as web services.