• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.14
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• pp.5781-5785
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• 2014

Background: As in other developing countries, cervical cancer is the most frequent gynecologic malignancy in Indonesia. Persistent high risk genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) that infect the cervical tissue have been established as the etiology of cervical cancer. This study aimed to explore the profile of cervical cancer patients and the infected HPV genotypes at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital-Bandung. Materials and Methods: During the year 2010, 554 cervical cancer patients were registered. In a subset of the patients during July - November 2010, 40 randomized fresh biopsies were tested for HPV genotype after obtained informed consent. The distribution of HPV genotypes and the association to risk factors were analysed. Results: The result showed that 62.5% of the tested biopsies were infected by multiple HPV infections, with HPV-16 found in most of the cervical cancer patients (90%). Marriage at age younger than 16 years old was statistically significant in relation to multiple HPV infection (p=0.003), but not parity more than three times (p=0.59). Conclusions: Although high paritiy in our study was not associated with multiple HPV infection, good family planning programs and reproductive health education need to be emphasized in Indonesia as high parity and marriage at young age might increase the chance of cervical cancer development.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2011

Objectives : This study aimed to design manual of guideline book for combined medicaion of the oriental and the western drugs in the disease of the aged. Method : First, we collected informations about guideline book for drug medication, and we investigated wishes of professors who are working for an oriental medicine at universities. Result & Conclusion : 1. The greater part of professors recognized necessity of guideline book for combined medicaion of the oriental and the western drugs. 2. The basic stages of framing guideline book for combined medicaion of the oriental and the western drugs are as follows. The first step is planning of framing guideline book for combined medicaion of the oriental and the western drugs. The second step is organization of framing group and advisory committee for guideline book. The next steps are searching the core of items and making a searching all the literature and estimating the literature. And then, we should complete basic contents of guideline book in a row, and those must be examined thoroughly by external experts. Finally we can make public the guideline book for combined medicaion of the oriental and the western drugs. If there are reform contents in the guideline book, we can amend contents and make public the revision guideline book again. 3. We need guideline information center for combined medicaion of the oriental and the western drugs in the disease of the aged for framing, wide-spread and development of guideline book. 4. We think that the guideline information center should be composed of a steering committee, a committee of controlling informations and advisory committee for guideline book.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.589-592
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• 2007

Ubiquitous environment means the environment in which users can access the Internet at anytime and anywhere. Network mobility support is needed for seamless Internet service in ubiquitous environment. When users try to access the Internet in public transportation such as bus, train, airplane, to support network mobility by composing several sub-networks is more efficient than to support host mobility. IETF established 'Network Mobility(NEMO)' working group to research and develop network mobility technology. In this paper, we investigate the concept of network mobility, trends of research in NEMO and developed technology on the basis of 'Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol' standardized by IETF.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.837-846
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• 2013

Recently, new technologies based on wireless LAN is being studied because utilization on smart phone using Wi-Fi is increased. 802.11 b/g/a is universalized wireless LAN technologies based on ISM, the standard developed in 11's working group of IEEE 802. standardization about IEEE 802.11ac that overcame limitation on Blue-ray of IEEE 802.11n or uncompressed video transmission and IEEE 802.af's technologies using TVWS is being actively studied. In this paper, ability of transmission considering the security on AP operated by these technologies have measured and done a comparative analysis with existing wireless LAN environment ability of transmission measured when appling security is more stable than existing ability of transmission in an environment with obstacles and shorten of transmission time is confirmed as a result of analysis.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.11B
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• pp.1178-1190
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• 2009

IEEE 802.11e proposed by IEEE 802.11 working group to guarantee QoS has contention based EDCA and contention free based HCCA. HCCA, a centralized polling based mechanism of 802.11e, needs a scheduling algorithm to allocate the network resource efficiently. The existing standard scheduler, however, is inefficient to support for QoS guarantee for real-time service having VBR traffic. To efficiently assign resource for VBR traffic, in this paper, we propose TXOP algorithm based on dual leaky bucket using average resource allocation and peak resource allocation. The minimum TXOP of each station is obtained by using statistical approach to maximize number of stations of which performance satisfy QoS target. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has much higher performance compared with reference scheduler in terms of throughput and delay.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.38B no.4
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• pp.247-256
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• 2013

According to the complete standard document for PHY/MAC layer of visible light communication through the IEEE 802.15.7 WG on Sept. 2011, visible light communication lays a good foundation for developing a variety of application services. Thus, visible light communication moves to the advanced research period for developing application services, but most of applications are limited only to PtP service model. However, PtMP communication environment for VLC is required to accommodate more various applications. In this paper, we analyze an effect of key parameters on network performance in the star topology based visible personal area network system. We implement a simulator with considering attributes of PHY and MAC layer which are defined by IEEE 802.15.7 standard documents, and analyze the VLC performance.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the actual care costs paid to Korean Oncology Advanced Practice Nurses (KOAPN). Methods: We collected data using a group discussion and questionnaire identified 115 tasks from job descriptions developed by the Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing. Forty-two KOAPN working at three university hospitals in Seoul were asked to evaluate each task as to type and whether the cost is paid or not. They were also asked to indicate the tasks in urgent need of development of a care cost with high priority. Results: Only five tasks (4.3%) related to treatment and complication related interventions or education were paid, and they were paid only once during the entire treatment period and were not covered by national health insurance. It was approved as a medical fee by health insurance review & assessment service. Furthermore, the names of the authority (doctor) and the actual provider (nurse) of the prescriptions were different for three of those tasks. Most of the suggested tasks needing development of care costs were actions specifically performed by nurses (physical-psychosocial-spiritual assessment, independent nursing interventions). Conclusion: KOAPN are currently paid for few tasks. To maximize the utilization of KOAPN, the establishment of a clear rational payment system directly related to their actual activities is needed.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.257-274
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• 2015

The purpose of the current study was to validate Fetzer Institute & National Institute on Aging Working Group[NIA](1999)'s Brief-Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality Scale (BMMRS) in Korean adults. The Korean version of BMMRS, Spiritual Well-Being Scale(SWS), Korean Sprituality Scale(KSS), Penn State Worry Questionnaire(PSWQ), and Intolerance of uncertainty Scale(IUS) were administered to the 286 students and community samples. A principle axis factoring analysis with direct oblimin rotation and Kaiser normalization identified a six-factor solution accounting for 66.24% of the variance in scores, labeled as: positive spiritual experience, negative spiritual experience, forgiveness, religious practices, negative congregational support, and positive congregational support. Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that 6 factor model of BMMRS have a good fitness. Also, the internal consistency(.64~.97) and the test-retest reliablity was adequate.(.72~.88) Korean version of BMMRS has adequate psychometric characteristics so it can be used to verify the effects of various compassion-related psychotherapeutic approaches.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.134-141
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• 2014

Purposes: This study was to validate the Robotic Smart Work System that can provides better working conditions and high productivity in unstructured environments like bio-industry, based on a tele-operation system for fruit harvesting with low cost 3-D positioning system on the laboratory level. Methods: For the Robotic Smart Work System for fruit harvesting and cultivation management in agriculture, a vision based tele-operating system and 3-D position information are key elements. This study proposed Robotic Smart Farming, an agricultural version of Robotic Smart Work System, and validated a 3-D position information system with a low cost omni camera and a laser marker system in the lab environment in order to get a vision based tele-operating system and 3-D position information. Results: The tasks like harvesting of the fixed target and cultivation management were accomplished even if there was a short time delay (30 ms ~ 100 ms). Although automatic conveyor works requiring accurate timing and positioning yield high productivity, the tele-operation with user's intuition will be more efficient in unstructured environments which require target selection and judgment. Conclusions: This system increased work efficiency and stability by considering ancillary intelligence as well as user's experience and knowhow. In addition, senior and female workers will operate the system easily because it can reduce labor and minimized user fatigue.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.20
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• pp.467-493
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• 2003

There are situations in e-commerce that are altogether new and to which the existing rules cannot apply. The uncertainty and business risk is too high for trading partners to deal with certainty. Therefore existing law must be changed to e-commerce law so that it provides certainty and enforceability in the e-commerce. Legal rules applying to the commerce and international commerce, in particular, contracts, proper law, jurisdiction and so on, have improved with time and experience. It has been found that the problems arising in the context of e-contracting were due to the absence of experience in electronic contracting and an absence of knowledge on how best to solve the problems. Thus, UNCITRAL Working Group on Electronic Commerce held an extensive discussion on issues related to electronic contracting and prepared and revised the Preliminary Draft Convention on International Contracts Concluded or Evidenced by Data Message from the thirty-ninth session in 2002 and prepared the Draft Convention from forty-first session which applies to international contracts concluded or evidenced by means of data messages. An electronic contract is concluded when the acceptance of an offer becomes effective, and an offer becomes effective when it is received by the offeree, and an acceptance of an offer becomes effective when the indication of assent is received by the offeror according to this Convention. Electronic contract may be concluded by the interaction of an automated computer system and natural person or by the interaction of automated computer systems, and a contract formed by a natural person that accesses an automated computer system of another person has no legal effect in case the neutral person made a material error in a data message. The purpose of this paper is to raise the understanding of the Convention on the Electronic Contracting by studying the contents of Draft Convention on Electronic Contracting and comparing Draft Convention with preliminary Draft Convention and finding the difference, characteristics and problem.