• Title/Summary/Keyword: Word

Search Result 6,341, Processing Time 0.031 seconds

A Word Line Ramping Technique to Suppress the Program Disturbance of NAND Flash Memory

  • Lee, Jin-Wook;Lee, Yeong-Taek;Taehee Cho;Lee, Seungjae;Kim, Dong-Hwan;Wook-Ghee, Hahn;Lim, Young-Ho;Suh, Kang-Deog
    • JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
    • /
    • v.1 no.2
    • /
    • pp.125-131
    • /
    • 2001
  • When the program voltage is applied to a word line, a part of the boosted channel charge in inhibited bit lines is lost due to the coupling between the string select line (SSL) and the adjacent word line. This phenomenon causes the program disturbance in the cells connected to the inhibited bit lines. This program disturbance becomes more serious, as the word line pitch is decreased. To reduce the word line coupling, the rising edge of the word-line voltage waveform was changed from a pulse step into a ramp waveform with a controlled slope. The word-line ramping circuit was composed of a timer, a decoder, a 8 b D/A converter, a comparator, and a high voltage switch pump (HVSP). The ramping voltage was generated by using a stepping waveform. The rising time and the stepping number of the word-line voltage for programming were set to $\mutextrm{m}-$ and 8, respectively,. The ramping circuit was used in a 512Mb NAND flash memory fabricated with a $0.15-\mutextrm{m}$ CMOS technology, reducing the SSL coupling voltage from 1.4V into a value below 0.4V.

  • PDF

Eine methodologische Untersuchung der koreanisch-deutschen ILI-Verbindung zur Anwendung der auf dem EuroNet basierten lexikalisch-semantischen Datenbasis (유로워드넷 기반의 어휘 데이터베이스 활용을 위한 한국어-독일어 ILI 대응 방법론 연구)

  • Oh Jang-Geun
    • Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
    • /
    • v.6
    • /
    • pp.323-344
    • /
    • 2002
  • EuroNet ist eine multilinguale Datenbasis mit WordNets $f\"{u}r\;einige\;europ\"{a}ische$ Sprachen ($holl\"{a}ndisch$, italienisch, spanisch, deutsch, $franz\"{o}sisch$, tschechisch und estnisch). Die WordNets werden genauso wie das amerikanische WordNet $f\"{u}r$ Englisch (Princeton WordNet, Miller et al. 1990) in Synsets (Zusammensetzen der synonymen $W\"{o}rter$) mit grundlegenden lexikalisch-semantischen Relationen zwischen ihnen $ausgedr\"{u}ckt$ strukturiert. Jedes WordNet stellt also ein einzigartiges innersprachliches System $f\"{u}r$ die lexikalischen und konzeptuellen Relationen dar. $Zus\"{a}tzlich$ werden diese auf dem Princeton WordNet basierten WordNets (z.B. GermaNet) mit einem Inter-Linguale-Index (kurz, ILI) verbunden. $\"{U}ber$ diesem Index werden die Sprachen zusammengeschaltet, damit zu gehen ist $m\"{o}glich$, von den $W\"{o}rtern$ in einer Sprache zu den $\"{a}hnlichen\;W\"{o}rtern$ in jeder $m\"{o}glicher$ anderen Sprache. Der Index gibt auch Zugang zu einer geteilten Top-Ontologie von 63 semantischen Unterscheidungen. Diese Top-Ontologie stellt einen allgemeinen semantischen Rahmen $f\"{u}r$ aile Sprachen zur $Verf\"{u}gung,\;w\"{a}hrend$ sprachspezifische Eigenschaften in den einzelnen WordNets beibehalten werden. Die Datenbasis kann, unter anderen, $f\"{u}r$ einsprachige und multilinguale Informationsretrieval benutzt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt sich also um eine methodologische Untersuchung der koreanisch-deutschen ILI-Verbindung zur Anwendung der auf dem EuroNet basierten lexikalischen, semantischen Datenbasis. Dabei werden einzelnen Lexeme in koreanischen, deutschen WordNets $zun\"{a}chst$ mit Hilfe der Sense-Analyse semantisch differenziert, und dann durch lexikalische und konzeptuelle Relationen(ILI) miteinander verbunden. Die Equivalezverbindungen dienen, sprachspezifische Konzepte zum ILI abzubilden. Sie werden von einem anderen Synset der moglichen Relationen aus der Euronet-Spezifikation genommen. Wenn es keinen ILI-Rekord gibt, der ein direktes Equivalenz zu einem gegebenen Konzept darstellt, kann das Konzept in der Frage $\"{u}ber$ EQ-Near-Synonymie, EQ-Hyperonymie oder EQ-Hyponymie Relationen verbunden werden.

  • PDF

Korean Word Segmentation and Compound-noun Decomposition Using Markov Chain and Syllable N-gram (마코프 체인 밀 음절 N-그램을 이용한 한국어 띄어쓰기 및 복합명사 분리)

  • 권오욱
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
    • /
    • v.21 no.3
    • /
    • pp.274-284
    • /
    • 2002
  • Word segmentation errors occurring in text preprocessing often insert incorrect words into recognition vocabulary and cause poor language models for Korean large vocabulary continuous speech recognition. We propose an automatic word segmentation algorithm using Markov chains and syllable-based n-gram language models in order to correct word segmentation error in teat corpora. We assume that a sentence is generated from a Markov chain. Spaces and non-space characters are generated on self-transitions and other transitions of the Markov chain, respectively Then word segmentation of the sentence is obtained by finding the maximum likelihood path using syllable n-gram scores. In experimental results, the algorithm showed 91.58% word accuracy and 96.69% syllable accuracy for word segmentation of 254 sentence newspaper columns without any spaces. The algorithm improved the word accuracy from 91.00% to 96.27% for word segmentation correction at line breaks and yielded the decomposition accuracy of 96.22% for compound-noun decomposition.

The Effects of Banking Service Quality on Consumer Satisfaction andPositive Word-of- Mouth: With Special Comparisons according to Genderand Age Groups (은행서비스 질이 소비자만족도 및 긍정적 구전에 미치는 영향 : 성별, 연령집단에 따른 비교)

  • Jeong, Woon-Young;Kim, Young-Seen
    • Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
    • /
    • v.47 no.1
    • /
    • pp.13-24
    • /
    • 2009
  • The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of banking service quality on consumer satisfaction and positive word-of-mouth. A total of 330 bank consumers were investigated between Sept. 11 and Oct. 11, 2006. After sorting through the data, the responses of 299 consumer ( > 24 yrs old) were used for analysis. SERVPERF, the performance component of the Service Quality scale (SERVQUAL), was used to measure the four dimensions of reliability, responsiveness/empathy, assurance, and tangibles. Responses were partitioned by age and gender. The major findings were as follows; The effect of service quality by SERVPERF on consumer satisfaction and positive word-of-mouth did not differ according to gender. However, positive recommendation in males was directy related to the technical quality evaluate. In females, higher the functional quality evaluate was directly related to higher positive word-of-mouth recommendation. The effect of service quality by SERVPERF on consumer satisfaction was not revealed differently according to age. However, with respect to respondents under the age of 45, tangibles and assurance had a positive relationship with word-of-mouth recommendation. Furthermore, the higher the functional quality evaluate, the higher the level of positive word-of-mouth. Responsiveness/empathy was the most significant factor on positive word-of-mouth recommendation in respondents over the age of 45. In this age group, the higher the technical quality evaluate, the higher the level of positive word-of-mouth recommendation. These results have implications for banking service managers, particularly in improving service quality to increase consumer satisfaction and positive word-of-mouth. Future research is needed to replicate this study using more broad and representative samples in order to test the generalization of these findings.

The Locus of the Word Frequency Effect in Speech Production (말소리 산출에서 단어빈도효과의 위치)

  • Koo, Min-Mo;Nam, Ki-Chun
    • Proceedings of the KSPS conference
    • /
    • 2006.11a
    • /
    • pp.99-108
    • /
    • 2006
  • Three experiments were conducted to determine the exact locus of the frequency effect in speech production. In Experiment 1. a picture naming task was used to replicate whether the word frequency effect is due to the processes involved in lexical access or not. The robust word frequency effect of 31ms was obtained. The question to be addressed in Experiment 2 is whether the word frequency effect is originated from the level where a lemma is selected. To the end, using a picture-word interference task, the significance of interactions between the effects of target frequency, distractor frequency and semantic relatedness were tested. Interaction between the distractor frequency and semantic relatedness variables was significant. And interaction between the target and distractor frequency variables showed a significant tendency. In addition, the results of Experiment 2 suggest that the mechanism underlying the word frequency effect is encoded as different resting activation level of lemmas. Experiment 3 explored whether the word frequency effect is attributed to the lexeme level where phonological information of words is represented or not. A methodological logic applied to Experiment 3 was the same as to Experiment 2. Any interaction was not significant. In conclusion, the present study obtained the evidence supporting two assumptions: (a) the locus of the word frequency effect exists in the processes involved in lemma selection, (b) the mechanism for the word frequency effect is encoded as different resting activation level of lemmas. In order to explain the word frequency effect obtained in this study, the core assumptions of current production models need to be modified.

  • PDF

Research Trends of Ergonomics in Occupational Safety and Health through MEDLINE Search: Focus on Abstract Word Modeling using Word Embedding (MEDLINE 검색을 통한 산업안전보건 분야에서의 인간공학 연구동향 : 워드임베딩을 활용한 초록 단어 모델링을 중심으로)

  • Kim, Jun Hee;Hwang, Ui Jae;Ahn, Sun Hee;Gwak, Gyeong Tae;Jung, Sung Hoon
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
    • /
    • v.36 no.5
    • /
    • pp.61-70
    • /
    • 2021
  • This study aimed to analyze the research trends of the abstract data of ergonomic studies registered in MEDLINE, a medical bibliographic database, using word embedding. Medical-related ergonomic studies mainly focus on work-related musculoskeletal disorders, and there are no studies on the analysis of words as data using natural language processing techniques, such as word embedding. In this study, the abstract data of ergonomic studies were extracted with a program written with selenium and BeutifulSoup modules using python. The word embedding of the abstract data was performed using the word2vec model, after which the data found in the abstract were vectorized. The vectorized data were visualized in two dimensions using t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE). The word "ergonomics" and ten of the most frequently used words in the abstract were selected as keywords. The results revealed that the most frequently used words in the abstract of ergonomics studies include "use", "work", and "task". In addition, the t-SNE technique revealed that words, such as "workplace", "design", and "engineering," exhibited the highest relevance to ergonomics. The keywords observed in the abstract of ergonomic studies using t-SNE were classified into four groups. Ergonomics studies registered with MEDLINE have investigated the risk factors associated with workers performing an operation or task using tools, and in this study, ergonomics studies were identified by the relationship between keywords using word embedding. The results of this study will provide useful and diverse insights on future research direction on ergonomic studies.

Modified multi-sense skip-gram using weighted context and x-means (가중 문맥벡터와 X-means 방법을 이용한 변형 다의어스킵그램)

  • Jeong, Hyunwoo;Lee, Eun Ryung
    • The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
    • /
    • v.34 no.3
    • /
    • pp.389-399
    • /
    • 2021
  • In recent years, word embedding has been a popular field of natural language processing research and a skip-gram has become one successful word embedding method. It assigns a word embedding vector to each word using contexts, which provides an effective way to analyze text data. However, due to the limitation of vector space model, primary word embedding methods assume that every word only have a single meaning. As one faces multi-sense words, that is, words with more than one meaning, in reality, Neelakantan (2014) proposed a multi-sense skip-gram (MSSG) to find embedding vectors corresponding to the each senses of a multi-sense word using a clustering method. In this paper, we propose a modified method of the MSSG to improve statistical accuracy. Moreover, we propose a data-adaptive choice of the number of clusters, that is, the number of meanings for a multi-sense word. Some numerical evidence is given by conducting real data-based simulations.

The Impact of Emotional Expression on Online Word-of-Mouth by Kano's Attributes of Hospital Selection Factors (병원선택요인의 카노속성별 감정표현이 온라인 입소문에 미치는 영향)

  • Sujung Kim
    • Korea Journal of Hospital Management
    • /
    • v.29 no.2
    • /
    • pp.18-36
    • /
    • 2024
  • This study delved into the complex nature of medical services as experience goods and trust services, investigating the profound impact of online word-of-mouth on medical consumers' decisions to visit hospitals. Considering the restrictive legal framework for medical advertising, consumers are increasingly dependent on unrestricted sources of information like online reviews. This research aimed to provide empirical evidence for the significant role online word-of-mouth plays in hospital selection. Utilizing data from Naver reviews, hospital choice factors were classified based on the Kano model, revealing the subtle yet significant influence that word-of-mouth has on consumers' hospital visit intentions beyond merely positive or negative messages. In particular, the study provided insights into how the categorized positive and negative information, along with the presence or absence of emotional expression, affects the efficacy of word-of-mouth. The experiment targeted medical consumers aged over 20 and, through analysis using the SPSS statistical program, yielded important findings. The direction of online word-of-mouth, the presence of emotional expression, and the interaction of Kano attributes all created significant differences in hospital visit intentions. Notably, emotional expression included in negative word-of-mouth concerning one-dimensional attributes markedly decreased visit intentions, whereas the absence of emotional expression in attractive attributes actually enhanced reliability and increased visit intentions. These findings offer critical implications for redefining strategies in medical marketing and online review management. The discoveries of this study underscore the importance of active engagement and strategic management of online reviews by medical service providers, urging careful consideration of the various elements of online word-of-mouth that influence medical consumers' hospital visit intentions.

  • PDF

Selective Word Embedding for Sentence Classification by Considering Information Gain and Word Similarity (문장 분류를 위한 정보 이득 및 유사도에 따른 단어 제거와 선택적 단어 임베딩 방안)

  • Lee, Min Seok;Yang, Seok Woo;Lee, Hong Joo
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
    • /
    • v.25 no.4
    • /
    • pp.105-122
    • /
    • 2019
  • Dimensionality reduction is one of the methods to handle big data in text mining. For dimensionality reduction, we should consider the density of data, which has a significant influence on the performance of sentence classification. It requires lots of computations for data of higher dimensions. Eventually, it can cause lots of computational cost and overfitting in the model. Thus, the dimension reduction process is necessary to improve the performance of the model. Diverse methods have been proposed from only lessening the noise of data like misspelling or informal text to including semantic and syntactic information. On top of it, the expression and selection of the text features have impacts on the performance of the classifier for sentence classification, which is one of the fields of Natural Language Processing. The common goal of dimension reduction is to find latent space that is representative of raw data from observation space. Existing methods utilize various algorithms for dimensionality reduction, such as feature extraction and feature selection. In addition to these algorithms, word embeddings, learning low-dimensional vector space representations of words, that can capture semantic and syntactic information from data are also utilized. For improving performance, recent studies have suggested methods that the word dictionary is modified according to the positive and negative score of pre-defined words. The basic idea of this study is that similar words have similar vector representations. Once the feature selection algorithm selects the words that are not important, we thought the words that are similar to the selected words also have no impacts on sentence classification. This study proposes two ways to achieve more accurate classification that conduct selective word elimination under specific regulations and construct word embedding based on Word2Vec embedding. To select words having low importance from the text, we use information gain algorithm to measure the importance and cosine similarity to search for similar words. First, we eliminate words that have comparatively low information gain values from the raw text and form word embedding. Second, we select words additionally that are similar to the words that have a low level of information gain values and make word embedding. In the end, these filtered text and word embedding apply to the deep learning models; Convolutional Neural Network and Attention-Based Bidirectional LSTM. This study uses customer reviews on Kindle in Amazon.com, IMDB, and Yelp as datasets, and classify each data using the deep learning models. The reviews got more than five helpful votes, and the ratio of helpful votes was over 70% classified as helpful reviews. Also, Yelp only shows the number of helpful votes. We extracted 100,000 reviews which got more than five helpful votes using a random sampling method among 750,000 reviews. The minimal preprocessing was executed to each dataset, such as removing numbers and special characters from text data. To evaluate the proposed methods, we compared the performances of Word2Vec and GloVe word embeddings, which used all the words. We showed that one of the proposed methods is better than the embeddings with all the words. By removing unimportant words, we can get better performance. However, if we removed too many words, it showed that the performance was lowered. For future research, it is required to consider diverse ways of preprocessing and the in-depth analysis for the co-occurrence of words to measure similarity values among words. Also, we only applied the proposed method with Word2Vec. Other embedding methods such as GloVe, fastText, ELMo can be applied with the proposed methods, and it is possible to identify the possible combinations between word embedding methods and elimination methods.

The Automatic Extraction of Hypernyms and the Development of WordNet Prototype for Korean Nouns using Korean MRD (Machine Readable Dictionary) (국어사전을 이용한 한국어 명사에 대한 상위어 자동 추출 및 WordNet의 프로토타입 개발)

  • Kim, Min-Soo;Kim, Tae-Yeon;Noh, Bong-Nam
    • The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
    • /
    • v.2 no.6
    • /
    • pp.847-856
    • /
    • 1995
  • When a human recognizes nouns in a sentence, s/he associates them with the hyper concepts of onus. For computer to simulate the human's word recognition, it should build the knowledge base (WordNet)for the hyper concepts of words. Until now, works for the WordNet haven't been performed in Korea, because they need lots of human efforts and time. But, as the power of computer is radically improved and common MRD becomes available, it is more feasible to automatically construct the WordNet. This paper proposes the method that automatically builds the WordNet of Korean nouns by using the descripti on of onus in Korean MRD, and it proposes the rules for extracting the hyper concepts (hypernyms)by analyzing structrual characteristics of Korean. The rules effect such characteristics as a headword lies on the rear part of sentences and the descriptive sentences of nouns have special structure. In addition, the WordNet prototype of Korean Nouns is developed, which is made by combining the hypernyms produced by the rules mentioned above. It extracts the hypernyms of about 2,500 sample words, and the result shows that about 92per cents of hypernyms are correct.

  • PDF