• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.372-377
• /
• 2021

We report a previously unrecorded woody species, Stachyurus praecox Siebold & Zucc. (Stachyuraceae), in Korea. This species is considered to be endemic to Japan. Stachyurus praecox was collected for the first time in an evergreen forest on an uninhabited island of Bongsun-ri, Saengil-myeon, Wando-gun, Jeollanam-do in Korea. The inflorescence of the species was racemose and pendulous on the axils of the previous year's branches. Flowers bloomed from March to April. They were functionally dioecy but morphologically hermaphrodite. This woody species was named 'Wan-do-sul-kkot-na-mu' in Korean based on the shape of its inflorescence. Morphological characteristics and illustrations of this woody species have been provided with a distribution map and photographs of the natural habitat.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2007

A variety of revegetation methods are being utilized and developed. However, most of revegetation methods used on highway slopes in Korea are based on foreign-introduced plant varieties to stabilize road surfaces and to administer afforestation for surface covering at an earlier phase. Therefore. it results in various problems. such as failure to achieve harmony with the surrounding vegetation and 10 cause re-denudation of slopes as the foreign-in introduced plant varieties wane out from 2~3 years after hydro-seeding, etc. In addition, some of the revegetation plants seeded in the earlier phase grow excessively high, thus causes successional problems, such as to inhibit the invasion of the secondary vegetation from the surrounding areas, etc. Therefore, in this study, 160 slopes located in the nationwide express highways have been investigated and analyzed in order to produce basic data for restoration of ecological environment in slopes created on a long-term basis by investigating and analyzing locational characteristics of cut and filled slopes in express highways, status of revegetation methods, characteristics of soil and plant-ecological environment. 1. Investigation on cut and embanked slopes in express highways was carried out in the total of 160 locations, which include 108 cut slopes and 52 embanked slopes. As a whole, the most frequently used revegetation method was seed spray, which was found to be used in the total of 55 target slops investigated. 2. Planting method of Wistaria floribunda applied to some of the blasted rock zones was found to cause damages as Wistaria floribunda trailed up the surrounding vegetation and the secondary invaded trees. In order to prevent this, this method must be used only in the lowest parts of large-sized slopes. Also, it will be required to administer continuous management and maintenance in the areas already planted with this plants. 3. The areas of blasted rock and ripping rock slopes were applied with coir net (net + seeding) method. However, many of these areas failed in achieving ground covering. Most areas where revegetation was in progress, they were covered with Eragrostis curvula(Weeping lovegrass) only. In areas with soil, such as decomposition of granite, where afforestation is difficult. In this slopes, soil base must be improved by hrdroseeding with thin-layer vegetation base application methods in order to achieve success in afforestation with native plants. 4. Woody species, rather than herb species, are more helpful in stabilization of slope surfaces. Therefore, it is important to be able to grow and protect woody species on highway slopes. Growth of woody vegetation is most largely influenced by soil depth. Thus, when hydro-seeding woody plants, it is recommended to apply at the upper layer of the slopes, which is capable to sufficiently provide the fundamentals required in plant growth.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.163-168
• /
• 1997

Taxa of the herbivorus insect larvae and their foodplant species were surveyed in a temperate forest of Namhansansung Area, Sungnam City, Kyonggi Province, in 1994-1996 growing season, Sixty two taxa of insect larvae fed on leaves of 18 woody species in 11 families during three growing season. Larvae began to be detected from the mid-April when the leafing time began. The number of larvae taxa reached to the maximum value(32 taxa) early in May, 1994. It was the time that the value of specific leaf area reached to the maximum. It decreased up to 3-4 taxa in the mid-June. Taxa of insect larvae were different year by year even in the same season. Most of larvae fed on various plant species, suggesting that they were generalist or polyphagous species. Fagaceae, Betulaceae, Ulmaceae, Rosaceae. Aceraceae, Ericaceae, Oleaceae and Styracaceae were fed on by many taxa of insect larvae, while Euonymus spp. (Celastraceae). Lindera obtusiloba(Lauraceae) and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa(Symplocaceae) were mainly fed on by a few taxon.. Erannis, Calospilos and Phigalia were observed to feed on various species, but Illiberis, Pryeria and Chalocosia fed on only Rosaceae, Euonymus spp.(Cerastraceae) and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa(Symplocaceae), respectively. An unidentified larva was observed only on Lindera obtusiloba (Lauraceae).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.1046-1049
• /
• 2005

Acanthopanx senticosus (Araliaceae) is a long-lived woody species primarily distributed throughout East Asia. This species is regarded as medically and ecologically important woody plants in Korea. To identify the variation of the RAPD patterns between domestic and foreign A. senticosus species, 22 random primers were applied to Korean A. senticosus and A. senticosus for. inermis, Chinese and Russian A. senticosus. Six primers of them could be used to discriminate the origins and 58 polymorphisms among 92 scored DNA fragments. Six bands are specific for Korean A. senticosus and A. senticosus for. inermis. Especially, three primers, OPD04, OPD11 and OPE10, were useful to differentiate between domestic and foreign Acanthopanax species. RAPD analysis was a useful method to discriminate among A. senticosus populations or accessions and Korean accessions are distinct genetically.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.234-240
• /
• 2013

Increasing global $CO_2$ concentration and temperature is leading to the phenomenon of global warming and impacting the growth of plants. In order to determine the effects of global warming on the woody plants of Korea, five woody species, Pinus densiflora (Korea's dominant species), Ginkgo biloba (a commonly used street tree), Quercus glauca (dominant species in sub-tropical forests), Quercus gilva and Abeliophylum distichum (both endangered species), were grown at control (ambient $CO_2$+ambient temperature) and treatment (elevated $CO_2$+elevated temperature) conditions in a glasshouse, and were monitored for their ecological response. Shoot lengths and number of leaves were measured once a month from April to October in 2010, and were again measured in November 2011. Shoot lengths of P. densiflora, G. biloba and Q. glauca were not significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$ and temperature conditions. However. those of Q. gilva and A. distichum were both higher for plants grown under treatment than for those grown under control. The number of leaves of five woody species was not significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$ and temperature. These results indicate that P. densiflora, G. biloba and Q. glauca react more favorably than Q. gilva and A. distichum (each of which are designated as endangered plants) under global warming situations.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.12 no.8
• /
• pp.853-860
• /
• 2003

Plants sequester atmospheric CO$_2$, a major agent of climate change, during the growing periods and mitigate its rising accumulation in the atmosphere. Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica are the native tree species dominant in the temperate forests of Korea. This study quantified the annual CO$_2$ uptake by the two species at forest sites in Chuncheon in the middle of the country. The quantification was based on seasonal measurements of CO$_2$ exchange rates under natural conditions by an infrared gas analyzer over the growing season (1999). The monthly CO$_2$ uptake per unit leaf area ranged from 1.6-6.7 mg/d㎡/h for P. densiflora and from 3.7-8.9 mg/d㎡/h for Q. mongolica, with a maximum in mid-summer. An equation for each species was generated to estimate easily the annual CO$_2$ uptake by total leaf area per tree, which subtracted the CO$_2$ release (i.e. respiration) by leaves and woody organs from the gross CO$_2$ uptake (diurnal uptake and release by leaves). Annual CO$_2$ release by leaves and woody organs accounted for 58-73％ of the gross CO$_2$ uptake across tree specimens. Annual CO$_2$ uptake per tree increased with increasing dbh (stem diameter at breast height) for the study diameter range, and was greater for Q. mongolica than for P. densiflora in the same dbh sizes. This was mainly associated with a greater total leaf area in the former. For example, the annual CO$_2$ uptake by one tree with dbh of 25 cm was 35.6 kg/yr for P. densiflora and 47.9 kg/yr for Q. mongolica. The results from this study can be applied to evaluate an atmospheric CO$_2$ reduction of woody plants by forest type and age class.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.143-149
• /
• 2007

To certify predictability for the times of phenological stages from cumulative air temperature in springtime, the first times of budding, leafing, flower budding, flowering and deflowering for 14 woody plants were monitored and air temperature was measured from 2005 to 2006 at Namsan. Year day index (YDI) and Nuttonson's Index (Tn) were calculated from daily mean air temperature. Of the 14 woody species, mean coefficient of variation was 0.04 in Robinia pseudo-acacia and 0.09 in Alnus hirsuta. However, mean coefficient of variation was 0.30 in Forsythia koreana and Stephanandra incisa and 0.32 in Zanthoxylum schinifolium. Therefore, the times of each phenological stage could be predicted in the former two species but not in latter three species by two indices. Of the five phenological stages, mean coefficient of variation was the smallest at deflowering time and the largest at budding time. In five phenological stages, mean coefficient of variation of YDI was in the range of $0.11{\sim}0.21$ but that of Tn was in the range of $0.15{\sim}0.26$. Therefore, the former was a better index than the latter. Of the species-phenological stage pair, coefficient of variation of YDI was 0.01 in Acer pseudo-sieboldianum - flower budding and below 0.05 in 11 pairs, whereas the YDIs over 0.40 were 4 pairs comprising of Prunus leveilleana - budding (0.51). Coefficient of variation of Tn was 0.01 in A. hirsuta - budding and below 0.05 in 8 pairs. The Tns over 0.40 were 5 pairs comprising of F. koreana - flower budding (0.66).

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.90-99
• /
• 2020

This study aimed to screen for plants with antimicrobial potential among the evergreen woody species of South Korea that are used for horticulture and landscaping and to provide basic information about plants with proven antimicrobial activity to underpin future research. The plant materials were extracted under various conditions, and the antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated by agar diffusion assay. The screening tests demonstrated that the crude extracts of 43 species had inhibitory effects against S. aureus. The inhibitory activities of four species (Elaeocarpus sylvestris, Camellia japonica, Cleyera japonica, and Quercus salicina) were relatively higher than that of the synthetic antimicrobial agents methylparaben and phenoxyethanol. The highest inhibitory activity was observed with the leaf extracts (extracted with methanol for 30 minutes) of E. sylvestris, based on induction of the largest inhibition zone of 23.3 mm in size. In addition, solvent fractions of E. sylvestris were evaluated. The largest inhibitory zone of 23.1 mm was observed for the n-butanol fraction, which is likely to contain effective compounds that exhibit inhibitory activity against S. aureus. In contrast, n-hexane and residual aqueous fractions showed no antimicrobial activity. Overall, our findings confirm that evergreen woody plants native to South Korea have potential antimicrobial activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.11 no.5
• /
• pp.25-37
• /
• 2008

A field survey was performed at the Human-made Wetlands along Boknaecheon of Juam Lake from March 2004 to October 2007 for the purpose of investigating changes of flora for 4 years since its creation. A total of 15 species including 10 families, 13 genera, 12 species and 3 varieties were planted at the Human-made Wetlands along Boknaecheon of Juam Lake which was completed in December 2002. The survey conducted in 2004, 15 months after creation of the Human-made Wetlands, revealed a flora composed of 47 families, 102 genera, 112 species and 19 varieties, 131 taxa in total. In 2007, further increase was registered with 46 species added compared to 2004 reaching 177 species in total. A 4-year monitoring of naturalized plants showed that no quick but constant increase was featured yearly in their number of species with 12 in 2004, 17 in 2005, 18 in 2006 and 19 in 2007. As for changes in life form, 13 species of perennial plants and 2 woody species, 15 in total, were planted initially but, in the survey 2004, 1- or 2-year old therophytes numbered 73, perennial plants 54 and woody species 4, indicating a large change of life form accompanied with increase in overall number of species. The number of 1- or 2-year old therophytes and perennial plants featured a steady increase each year from 2005 to 2007. The distribution ratio of 1- or 2-year old therophytes, however, showed a gradually decreasing tendency while perennial plants tended to increase, instead. As evidenced in changes of flora at the Human-made Wetlands, most of species in it have been determined to be fit or not within 1 to 2 years after its creation and, since the stable settlement of these species onward, its life forms have undergone stepwise changes together with the number of species and individuals in parallel with repeated extinction and penetration of plants.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.233-242
• /
• 2018

This study explored the richness patterns of vascular plant species and evaluated the effects of the climatic and habitat variables on the observed patterns along elevational gradients on the Mt. Baekhwa, South Korea. Plant data were recorded from 70 plots and a total of 187 plant species with 78 woody and 109 herbaceous species were recorded along two study transects, the Banyasa and Bohyunsa transects, on the Mt. Baekhwa. A total of 154 plant species with 66 woody and 88 herbaceous species and 131 plant species with 58 woody and 73 herbaceous species were recorded along the Banyasa and Bohyunsa transects, respectively. We used simple ordinary least squares regression model, multi-model inference and variation partitioning to analyze the relative contribution of climatic and habitat variables on the elevational richness patterns. Species richness pattern for vascular plants along the Banyasa transect monotonically decreased with elevation, whereas plant species richness showed reversed hump-shaped pattern along the Bohyunsa transect. Although the elevational patterns of species richness for vascular plants were different between the both transects, habitat variables are more important predictors than climatic variables for the elevational patterns of plant species richness along our study transects on the Mt. Baekhwa. These results indicate that elevational diversity patterns of vascular plants may be different even between nearby elevational transects in a mountain ecosystem but the diversity patterns may be controlled by same drivers.